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Tong K, Zhang JW, Jing SQ, Zhao XY, Han J, Song YT, Yang L, Wu T, Hao JR, Sun N, Gao C. Up-regulating GABA transporter-3 in the zona incerta prevents surgery-induced memory impairment in mice. Neuropharmacology 2024; 257:110034. [PMID: 38878858 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Clinical surgery can lead to severe neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunctions. It has been reported that astrocytes mediate memory formation and postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), however, the thalamic mechanism of astrocytes in mediating POCD remains unknown. Here, we report that reactive astrocytes in zona incerta (ZI) mediate surgery-induced recognition memory impairment in male mice. Immunostaining results showed that astrocytes are activated with GABA transporter-3 (GAT-3) being down-expressed, and neurons were suppressed in the ZI. Besides, our work revealed that reactive astrocytes caused increased tonic current in ZI neurons. Up-regulating the expression of GAT-3 in astrocytes ameliorates surgery-induced recognition memory impairment. Together, our work demonstrates that the reactive astrocytes in the ZI play a crucial role in surgery-induced memory impairment, which provides a new target for the treatment of surgery-induced neural dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Tong
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China; Department of Anesthesia, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Jing-Wei Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Si-Qi Jing
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Jie Han
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Yu-Tong Song
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Anesthesia, The Affiliated Xuzhou Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 269 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China
| | - Tong Wu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China; Department of Anesthesia, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Jing-Ru Hao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Nan Sun
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Can Gao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China; School of Life Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China.
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Yamaguchi J, Andrade MA, Truong TT, Toney GM. Glutamate Spillover Dynamically Strengthens Gabaergic Synaptic Inhibition of the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1851222023. [PMID: 38154957 PMCID: PMC10869154 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1851-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is strongly inhibited by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from the surrounding peri-nuclear zone (PNZ). Because glutamate mediates fast excitatory transmission and is substrate for GABA synthesis, we tested its capacity to dynamically strengthen GABA inhibition. In PVN slices from male mice, bath glutamate applied during ionotropic glutamate receptor blockade increased PNZ-evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (eIPSCs) without affecting GABA-A receptor agonist currents or single-channel conductance, implicating a presynaptic mechanism(s). Consistent with this interpretation, bath glutamate failed to strengthen IPSCs during pharmacological saturation of GABA-A receptors. Presynaptic analyses revealed that glutamate did not affect paired-pulse ratio, peak eIPSC variability, GABA vesicle recycling speed, or readily releasable pool (RRP) size. Notably, glutamate-GABA strengthening (GGS) was unaffected by metabotropic glutamate receptor blockade and graded external Ca2+ when normalized to baseline amplitude. GGS was prevented by pan- but not glial-specific inhibition of glutamate uptake and by inhibition of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), indicating reliance on glutamate uptake by neuronal excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3) and enzymatic conversion of glutamate to GABA. EAAT3 immunoreactivity was strongly localized to presumptive PVN GABA terminals. High bath K+ also induced GGS, which was prevented by glutamate vesicle depletion, indicating that synaptic glutamate release strengthens PVN GABA inhibition. GGS suppressed PVN cell firing, indicating its functional significance. In sum, PVN GGS buffers neuronal excitation by apparent "over-filling" of vesicles with GABA synthesized from synaptically released glutamate. We posit that GGS protects against sustained PVN excitation and excitotoxicity while potentially aiding stress adaptation and habituation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Yamaguchi
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio 78229-3900, Texas
| | - Mary Ann Andrade
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio 78229-3900, Texas
| | - Tamara T Truong
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio 78229-3900, Texas
| | - Glenn M Toney
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio 78229-3900, Texas
- Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio 78229-3900, Texas
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Rogério da Silva Moraes E, Santos-Silva M, Grisólia AA, Braga DV, Reis Leão LK, Bahia CP, Soares de Moraes SA, Passos AF, de Jesus Oliveira Batista E, Herculano AM, Matos Oliveira KRH. High performance liquid chromatography-based method to analyze activity of GABA transporters in central nervous system. Neurochem Int 2022; 158:105359. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Carpi-Santos R, de Melo Reis RA, Gomes FCA, Calaza KC. Contribution of Müller Cells in the Diabetic Retinopathy Development: Focus on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040617. [PMID: 35453302 PMCID: PMC9027671 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a neurovascular complication of diabetes and the main cause of vision loss in adults. Glial cells have a key role in maintenance of central nervous system homeostasis. In the retina, the predominant element is the Müller cell, a specialized cell with radial morphology that spans all retinal layers and influences the function of the entire retinal circuitry. Müller cells provide metabolic support, regulation of extracellular composition, synaptic activity control, structural organization of the blood–retina barrier, antioxidant activity, and trophic support, among other roles. Therefore, impairments of Müller actions lead to retinal malfunctions. Accordingly, increasing evidence indicates that Müller cells are affected in diabetic retinopathy and may contribute to the severity of the disease. Here, we will survey recently described alterations in Müller cell functions and cellular events that contribute to diabetic retinopathy, especially related to oxidative stress and inflammation. This review sheds light on Müller cells as potential therapeutic targets of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Carpi-Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (R.C.-S.); (F.C.A.G.)
| | - Ricardo A. de Melo Reis
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Flávia Carvalho Alcantara Gomes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (R.C.-S.); (F.C.A.G.)
| | - Karin C. Calaza
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Neurobiologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi 24210-201, RJ, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Dietary Supplement Enriched in Antioxidants and Omega-3 Promotes Glutamine Synthesis in Müller Cells: A Key Process against Oxidative Stress in Retina. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093216. [PMID: 34579093 PMCID: PMC8468588 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To prevent ocular pathologies, new generation of dietary supplements have been commercially available. They consist of nutritional supplement mixing components known to provide antioxidative properties, such as unsaturated fatty acid, resveratrol or flavonoids. However, to date, only one preclinical study has evaluated the impact of a mixture mainly composed of those components (Nutrof Total®) on the retina and demonstrated that in vivo supplementation prevents the retina from structural and functional injuries induced by light. Considering the crucial role played by the glial Müller cells in the retina, particularly to regulate the glutamate cycle to prevent damage in oxidative stress conditions, we questioned the impact of this ocular supplement on the glutamate metabolic cycle. To this end, various molecular aspects associated with the glutamate/glutamine metabolism cycle in Müller cells were investigated on primary Müller cells cultures incubated, or not, with the commercially mix supplement before being subjected, or not, to oxidative conditions. Our results demonstrated that in vitro supplementation provides guidance of the glutamate/glutamine cycle in favor of glutamine synthesis. These results suggest that glutamine synthesis is a crucial cellular process of retinal protection against oxidative damages and could be a key step in the previous in vivo beneficial results provided by the dietary supplementation.
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Ryan RM, Ingram SL, Scimemi A. Regulation of Glutamate, GABA and Dopamine Transporter Uptake, Surface Mobility and Expression. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:670346. [PMID: 33927596 PMCID: PMC8076567 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.670346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmitter transporters limit spillover between synapses and maintain the extracellular neurotransmitter concentration at low yet physiologically meaningful levels. They also exert a key role in providing precursors for neurotransmitter biosynthesis. In many cases, neurons and astrocytes contain a large intracellular pool of transporters that can be redistributed and stabilized in the plasma membrane following activation of different signaling pathways. This means that the uptake capacity of the brain neuropil for different neurotransmitters can be dynamically regulated over the course of minutes, as an indirect consequence of changes in neuronal activity, blood flow, cell-to-cell interactions, etc. Here we discuss recent advances in the mechanisms that control the cell membrane trafficking and biophysical properties of transporters for the excitatory, inhibitory and modulatory neurotransmitters glutamate, GABA, and dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renae M. Ryan
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan L. Ingram
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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de Melo Reis RA, Freitas HR, de Mello FG. Cell Calcium Imaging as a Reliable Method to Study Neuron-Glial Circuits. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:569361. [PMID: 33122991 PMCID: PMC7566175 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.569361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex dynamic cellular networks have been studied in physiological and pathological processes under the light of single-cell calcium imaging (SCCI), a method that correlates functional data based on calcium shifts operated by different intracellular and extracellular mechanisms integrated with their cell phenotypes. From the classic synaptic structure to tripartite astrocytic model or the recent quadripartite microglia added ensemble, as well as other physiological tissues, it is possible to follow how cells signal spatiotemporally to cellular patterns. This methodology has been used broadly due to the universal properties of calcium as a second messenger. In general, at least two types of receptor operate through calcium permeation: a fast-acting ionotropic receptor channel and a slow-activating metabotropic receptor, added to exchangers/transporters/pumps and intracellular Ca2+ release activated by messengers. These prototypes have gained an enormous amount of information in dynamic signaling circuits. SCCI has also been used as a method to associate phenotypic markers during development and stage transitions in progenitors, stem, vascular cells, neuro- and glioblasts, neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia that operate through ion channels, transporters, and receptors. Also, cancer cells or inducible cell lines from human organoids characterized by transition stages are currently being used to model diseases or reconfigure healthy cells in terms of the expression of calcium-binding/permeable molecules and shed light on therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Augusto de Melo Reis
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hércules Rezende Freitas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Fernando Garcia de Mello
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Borges-Martins VPP, Ferreira DDP, Souto AC, Oliveira Neto JG, Pereira-Figueiredo D, da Costa Calaza K, de Jesus Oliveira K, Manhães AC, de Melo Reis RA, Kubrusly RCC. Caffeine regulates GABA transport via A 1R blockade and cAMP signaling. Neurochem Int 2019; 131:104550. [PMID: 31563462 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine is the most consumed psychostimulant drug in the world, acting as a non-selective antagonist of adenosine receptors A1R and A2AR, which are widely expressed in retinal layers. We have previously shown that caffeine, when administered acutely, acts on A1R to potentiate the NMDA receptor-induced GABA release. Now we asked if long-term caffeine exposure also modifies GABA uptake in the avian retina and which mechanisms are involved in this process. Chicken embryos aged E11 were injected with a single dose of caffeine (30 mg/kg) in the air chamber. Retinas were dissected on E15 for ex vivo neurochemical assays. Our results showed that [3H]-GABA uptake was dependent on Na+ and blocked at 4 °C or by NO-711 and caffeine. This decrease was observed after 60 min of [3H]-GABA uptake assay at E15, which is accompanied by an increase in [3H]-GABA release. Caffeine increased the protein levels of A1R without altering ADORA1 mRNA and was devoid of effects on A2AR density or ADORA2A mRNA levels. The decrease of GABA uptake promoted by caffeine was reverted by A1R activation with N6-cyclohexyl adenosine (CHA) but not by A2AR activation with CGS 21680. Caffeine exposure increased cAMP levels and GAT-1 protein levels, which was evenly expressed between E11-E15. As expected, we observed an increase of GABA containing amacrine cells and processes in the IPL, also, cAMP pathway blockage by H-89 decreased caffeine mediated [3H]-GABA uptake. Our data support the idea that chronic injection of caffeine alters GABA transport via A1R during retinal development and that the cAMP/PKA pathway plays an important role in the regulation of GAT-1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danielle Dias Pinto Ferreira
- Laboratório de Doenças Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Arthur Cardoso Souto
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.
| | - Jessika Geisebel Oliveira Neto
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.
| | - Danniel Pereira-Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia da Retina, Departmento de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.
| | - Karin da Costa Calaza
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia da Retina, Departmento de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.
| | - Karen de Jesus Oliveira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.
| | - Alex Christian Manhães
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Augusto de Melo Reis
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Regina Célia Cussa Kubrusly
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.
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Cannabinoids Induce Cell Death and Promote P2X7 Receptor Signaling in Retinal Glial Progenitors in Culture. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6472-6486. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1537-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Martins RS, de Freitas IG, Sathler MF, Martins VPPB, Schitine CDS, da Silva Sampaio L, Freitas HR, Manhães AC, dos Santos Pereira M, de Melo Reis RA, Kubrusly RCC. Beta-adrenergic receptor activation increases GABA uptake in adolescent mice frontal cortex: Modulation by cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212-2. Neurochem Int 2018; 120:182-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Kubrusly RC, Günter A, Sampaio L, Martins RS, Schitine CS, Trindade P, Fernandes A, Borelli-Torres R, Miya-Coreixas VS, Rego Costa AC, Freitas HR, Gardino PF, de Mello FG, Calaza KC, Reis RA. Neuro-glial cannabinoid receptors modulate signaling in the embryonic avian retina. Neurochem Int 2018; 112:27-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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P2X7 receptor large pore signaling in avian Müller glial cells. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2017; 49:215-229. [PMID: 28573491 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-017-9717-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
ATP is a pleiotropic molecule that promotes extra- and intracellular signaling to regulate numerous functions. This nucleotide activates purine and pyrimidine receptors at the plasma membrane, categorized as ionotropic P2X or G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) P2Y receptors. P2X are ligand-gated ion channel receptors, expressed in both retinal neurons and Müller cells leading to neuron-glia communication, calcium waves and neurovascular coupling. However, how P2X pore is formed upon ATP activation and how signaling pathways regulates the complex is still a matter of controversy. Here we studied the properties of the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) using electrophysiology, single cell Ca2+ imaging, and dye uptake assay in purified avian Müller glia in culture. Our data show that ATP (or benzoyl-benzoyl ATP, BzATP) evoked large inward currents in patch-clamp studies while addition of P2X7R antagonist such as brilliant Blue G (BBG), abolished these currents. Ruthenium red (RU-2), a general transient receptor potential (TRP) inhibitor, reduced currents induced by ATP. Our data also point to the involvement of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), Ca2+-calmodulin kinase II (CAMKII), microtubules or protein kinase C (PKC) modulating ATP-induced ionic current in Müller cells. We show that ATP induced Ca2+ influx, partially inhibited by P2X7R antagonists (oxidized ATP or BBG), and totally inhibited by blockers of other pores such as transient receptor potential (TRPs) or connexin hemichannel. Additionally, MAPK, PKC, PI3K or CAMKII inhibitors also are involved in the modulation of intracellular calcium signaling. Finally, ATP induced 80-90% of dye uptake in Muller glia cells, while oxidized ATP (oATP), BBG or A740003 inhibited this effect. We conclude that large conductance channel and other P2XRs are not involved in the ATP-induced dye uptake, but signaling pathways such as MAPK, PI3-K, microtubules or PKC are involved in pore formation.
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Freitas HR, Reis RADM. Glutathione induces GABA release through P2X 7R activation on Müller glia. NEUROGENESIS 2017; 4:e1283188. [PMID: 28229088 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2017.1283188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The retinal tissue of warm-blooded vertebrates performs surprisingly complex and accurate transduction of visual information. To achieve precision, a multilayered neuroglia structure is established throughout the embryonic development, and the presence of radial Müller (glial) cells ensure differentiation, growth and survival for the neuronal elements within retinal environment. It is assumed that Müller cells serve as a dynamic reservoir of progenitors, capable of expressing transcription factors, differentiating and proliferating as either neuronal or glial cells depending on extrinsic cues. In the postnatal period, Müller glia may re-enter cell cycle and produce new retinal neurons in response to acute damage. In this context, glutathione (GSH), a virtually ubiquitous tripeptide antioxidant, which is found at milimolar concentrations in central glial cells, plays a vital role as a reducing agent, buffering radical oxygen species (ROS) and preventing cell death in severely injured retinal tissues. Despite its antioxidant role, data also point to GSH as a signaling agent, suggesting that GABA release and P2X7R-mediated calcium inwards occur in Müller cells in a GSH-enriched environment. These phenomena indicate a novel mechanistic response to damage in the vertebrate retinal tissue, particularly in neuron-glia networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hércules Rezende Freitas
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A de Melo Reis
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Glutathione-Induced Calcium Shifts in Chick Retinal Glial Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153677. [PMID: 27078878 PMCID: PMC4831842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroglia interactions are essential for the nervous system and in the retina Müller cells interact with most of the neurons in a symbiotic manner. Glutathione (GSH) is a low-molecular weight compound that undertakes major antioxidant roles in neurons and glia, however, whether this compound could act as a signaling molecule in neurons and/or glia is currently unknown. Here we used embryonic avian retina to obtain mixed retinal cells or purified Müller glia cells in culture to evaluate calcium shifts induced by GSH. A dose response curve (0.1–10mM) showed that 5–10mM GSH, induced calcium shifts exclusively in glial cells (later labeled and identified as 2M6 positive cells), while neurons responded to 50mM KCl (labeled as βIII tubulin positive cells). BBG 100nM, a P2X7 blocker, inhibited the effects of GSH on Müller glia. However, addition of DNQX 70μM and MK-801 20μM, non-NMDA and NMDA blockers, had no effect on GSH calcium induced shift. Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) at 5mM failed to induce calcium mobilization in glia cells, indicating that the antioxidant and/or structural features of GSH are essential to promote elevations in cytoplasmic calcium levels. Indeed, a short GSH pulse (60s) protects Müller glia from oxidative damage after 30 min of incubation with 0.1% H2O2. Finally, GSH induced GABA release from chick embryonic retina, mixed neuron-glia or from Müller cell cultures, which were inhibited by BBG or in the absence of sodium. GSH also induced propidium iodide uptake in Müller cells in culture in a P2X7 receptor dependent manner. Our data suggest that GSH, in addition to antioxidant effects, could act signaling calcium shifts at the millimolar range particularly in Müller glia, and could regulate the release of GABA, with additional protective effects on retinal neuron-glial circuit.
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Albrecht A, Ivens S, Papageorgiou IE, Çalışkan G, Saiepour N, Brück W, Richter-Levin G, Heinemann U, Stork O. Shifts in excitatory/inhibitory balance by juvenile stress: A role for neuron-astrocyte interaction in the dentate gyrus. Glia 2016; 64:911-22. [PMID: 26875694 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Childhood trauma is a well-described risk factor for the development of stress-related psychopathology such as posttraumatic stress disorder or depression later in life. Childhood adversity can be modeled in rodents by juvenile stress (JS) protocols, resulting in impaired coping with stressful challenges in adulthood. In the current study, we investigated the long-lasting impact of JS on the expression of molecular factors for glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) uptake and turnover in sublayers of the dentate gyrus (DG) using laser microdissection and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. We observed reduced mRNA expression levels after JS for factors mediating astrocytic glutamate and GABA uptake and degradation. These alterations were prominently observed in the dorsal but not ventral DG granule cell layer, indicating a lasting change in astrocytic GABA and glutamate metabolism that may affect dorsal DG network activity. Indeed, we observed increased inhibition and a lack of facilitation in response to paired-pulse stimulation at short interstimulus intervals in the dorsal DG after JS, while no alterations were evident in basal synaptic transmission or forms of long-term plasticity. The shift in paired-pulse response was mimicked by pharmacologically blocking the astrocytic GABA transporter GAT-3 in naïve animals. Accordingly, reduced expression levels of GAT-3 were confirmed at the protein level in the dorsal granule cell layer of rats stressed in juvenility. Together, these data demonstrate a lasting shift in the excitatory/inhibitory balance of dorsal DG network activity by JS that appears to be mediated by decreased GABA uptake into astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Albrecht
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,The Institute for the Study of Affective Neuroscience (ISAN), Haifa, Israel.,Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ivens
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Neuroscience Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ismini E Papageorgiou
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gürsel Çalışkan
- Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Neuroscience Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nasrin Saiepour
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brück
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gal Richter-Levin
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,The Institute for the Study of Affective Neuroscience (ISAN), Haifa, Israel.,Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Uwe Heinemann
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Stork
- Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Universitätsplatz 2, Germany
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16
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Guimarães-Souza EM, Perche O, Morgans CW, Duvoisin RM, Calaza KC. Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein expression in the retina is regulated by light. Exp Eye Res 2015; 146:72-82. [PMID: 26719241 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) is a RNA-binding protein that modulates protein synthesis at the synapse and its function is regulated by glutamate. The retina is the first structure that participates in vision, and uses glutamate to transduce electromagnetic signals from light to electrochemical signals to neurons. FMRP has been previously detected in the retina, but its localization has not been studied yet. In this work, our objectives were to describe the localization of FMRP in the retina, to determine whether different exposure to dark or light stimulus alters FMRP expression in the retina, and to compare the pattern in two different species, the mouse and chick. We found that both FMRP mRNA and protein are expressed in the retina. By immunohistochemistry analysis we found that both mouse and chick present similar FMRP expression localized mainly in both plexiform layers and the inner retina. It was also observed that FMRP is down-regulated by 24 h dark adaptation compared to its expression in the retina of animals that were exposed to light for 1 h after 24 h in the dark. We conclude that FMRP is likely to participate in retinal physiology, since its expression changes with light exposure. In addition, the expression pattern and regulation by light of FMRP seems well conserved since it was similar in both mouse and chick.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Guimarães-Souza
- Neurosciences Program, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - O Perche
- Genetic Department, Regional Hospital, Orléans, France; UMR7355, CNRS, Orléans, France; Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, CNRS, University of Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - C W Morgans
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - R M Duvoisin
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - K C Calaza
- Neurosciences Program, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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17
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Schitine CS, de Mello FG, Reis RAM. Neurochemical plasticity of Müller cells after retinal injury: overexpression of GAT-3 may potentiate excitotoxicity. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1376-8. [PMID: 26604884 PMCID: PMC4625489 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.165224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa S Schitine
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil ; Laboratório de Neuroanatomia Celular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Fernando G de Mello
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A M Reis
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
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