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Kara I, Ozkok E, Aydin M, Orhan N, Cetinkaya Y, Gencer M, Kilic G, Tireli H. Combined Effects of ACE and MMP-3 Polymorphisms On Migraine Development. Cephalalgia 2016; 27:235-43. [PMID: 17381556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2006.01269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is a primary headache disorder which involves both genetic and environmental components. Since angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) share the same homology, we investigated whether the MMP-3 and ACE I/D gene variants are involved in migraine risk and whether the ACE variant might act in combination with the MMP-3 genetic variant in patients with migraine. This is the first study to evaluate the association between MMP-3 and ACE polymorphisms, and migraine. Genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction. The frequencies of 5A5A genotypes of the MMP-3 and D allele of ACE were significantly elevated, but II genotypes of the ACE and 6A allele of MMP-3 significantly decreased in all patients. The combined DD/5A5A and ID/5A5A genotypes increased the risk of migraine. Individuals who were homozygous for the deletion (D) allele showed increased ACE activity. Subjects with the 5A5A genotype and/or D allele or with the combined DD/5A5A or ID/5A5A might be more susceptible to migraine development. In contrast, subjects with the II and/or 6A6A genotypes may be protected from migraine development. The greater activity of the 5A5A and DD genotypes might result in vascular reactivity that is more pronounced in migraine. Taken together, our data suggest that numerous genes may influence ACE activity. Discovery of new genes might better clarify the pathogenesis of migraine and open an avenue to therapeutic strategies against migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kara
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine Research, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Takeuchi S, Nagatani K, Otani N, Nawashiro H, Sugawara T, Wada K, Mori K. Hydrogen improves neurological function through attenuation of blood-brain barrier disruption in spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:22. [PMID: 25925889 PMCID: PMC4411925 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0165-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enhanced oxidative stress occurs in spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats (SHRSP), and is important in blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Hydrogen can exert potent protective cellular effects via reduction in oxidative stress in various diseases. The present study investigated whether long-term hydrogen treatment can improve neurological function outcome in the SHRSP model, and the effects of hydrogen on BBB function, especially the oxidative stress and the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in this model. Fifty-six animals were randomly assigned to 2 groups and treated as follows: SHRSP treated with hydrogen-rich water (HRW) (HRW group, n = 28); and SHRSP treated with regular water (control group, n = 28). The effect of HRW on overall survival and neurological function, and the effects of HRW on reactive oxygen species, BBB function, and MMP activities were examined. Results HRW treatment improved neurological function and tended to improve overall survival but without significant difference. The numbers of bleeds and infarcts were lower in the cortex and hippocampus in the HRW group. The HRW group exhibited a significantly lower number of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine-positive cells and vessels of extravasated albumin in the hippocampus compared with the control group. MMP-9 activity was reduced in the hippocampus in the HRW group compared with the control group. Conclusions The present study suggests that ingestion of HRW can improve neurological function outcome in the SHRSP model. This beneficial effect may be due to attenuation of BBB disruption via reduction in reactive oxygen species and suppression of MMP-9 activity in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Takeuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan.
| | - Kimihiro Nagatani
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan.
| | - Naoki Otani
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Nawashiro
- Division of Neurosurgery, Tokorozawa Central Hospital, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Takashi Sugawara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kojiro Wada
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Mori
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan.
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Inhibition of AAA in a rat model by treatment with ACEI perindopril. J Surg Res 2014; 189:166-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Schmid-Schönbein GW. An emerging role of degrading proteinases in hypertension and the metabolic syndrome: autodigestion and receptor cleavage. Curr Hypertens Rep 2012; 14:88-96. [PMID: 22081429 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-011-0240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
One of the major challenges for hypertension research is to identify the mechanisms that cause the comorbidities encountered in many hypertensive patients, as seen in the metabolic syndrome. An emerging body of evidence suggests that human and experimental hypertensives may exhibit uncontrolled activity of proteinases, including the family of matrix metalloproteinases, recognized for their ability to restructure the extracellular matrix proteins and to play a role in hypertrophy. We propose a new hypothesis that provides a molecular framework for the comorbidities of hypertension, diabetes, capillary rarefaction, immune suppression, and other cell and organ dysfunctions due to early and uncontrolled extracellular receptor cleavage by active proteinases. The proteinase and signaling activity in hypertensives requires further detailed analysis of the proteinase expression, the mechanisms causing proenzyme activation, and identification of the proteinase substrate. This work may open the opportunity for reassessment of old interventions and development of new interventions to manage hypertension and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert W Schmid-Schönbein
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0412, USA.
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Tanner RM, Lynch AI, Brophy VH, Eckfeldt JH, Davis BR, Ford CE, Boerwinkle E, Arnett DK. Pharmacogenetic associations of MMP9 and MMP12 variants with cardiovascular disease in patients with hypertension. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23609. [PMID: 21887284 PMCID: PMC3160956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives MMP-9 and -12 function in tissue remodeling and may play roles in cardiovascular disease (CVD). We assessed associations of four MMP polymorphisms and three antihypertensive drugs with cardiovascular outcomes. Methods Hypertensives (n = 42,418) from a double-blind, randomized, clinical trial were randomized to chlorthalidone, amlodipine, lisinopril, or doxazosin treatment (mean follow up, 4.9 years). The primary outcome was coronary heart disease (CHD). Secondary outcomes included combined CHD, all CVD outcomes combined, stroke, heart failure (HF), and mortality. Genotype-treatment interactions were tested. Results There were 38,698 participants genotyped for at least one of the polymorphisms included here. For MMP9 R668Q (rs2274756), lower hazard ratios (HRs) were found for AA subjects for most outcomes when treated with chlorthalidone versus amlodipine (eg., CCHD: GG = 1.00, GA = 1.01, AA = 0.64; P = 0.038). For MMP9 R279Q (rs17576), modest pharmacogenetic findings were observed for combined CHD and the composite CVD outcome. For MMP12 N122S (rs652438), lower HRs were observed for CHD in subjects carrying at least one G allele and being treated with chlorthalidone versus lisinopril (CHD: AA = 1.07, AG = 0.80, GG = 0.49; P = 0.005). In the lisinopril-amlodipine comparison, higher HRs were observed for participants having at least one G allele at the MMP12 N122S locus (CHD: AA = 0.94, AG = 1.19, GG = 1.93; P = 0.041). For MMP12 −82A>G (rs2276109), no pharmacogenetic effect was found for the primary outcome, although lower HRs were observed for AA homozygotes in the chlorthalidone-amlodipine comparison for HF (P = 0.015). Conclusions We observed interactions between antihypertensive drugs and MMP9 and MMP12 for CHD and composite CVD. The data suggest that these genes may provide useful clinical information with respect to treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikki M. Tanner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Amy I. Lynch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Victoria H. Brophy
- Department of Human Genetics, Roche Molecular Systems, Pleasanton, California, United States of America
| | - John H. Eckfeldt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Barry R. Davis
- School of Public Health, University of Texas at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Charles E. Ford
- School of Public Health, University of Texas at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Donna K. Arnett
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Delano FA, Chen AY, Wu KIS, Tran ED, Rodrigues SF, Schmid-Schönbein GW. THE AUTODIGESTION HYPOTHESIS AND RECEPTOR CLEAVAGE IN DIABETES AND HYPERTENSION. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 8:37-46. [PMID: 22081770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the key features of cardiovascular complications, such as hypertension or diabetes, is that they often appear at the same time in the same individual together with other forms of co-morbidities. While clinically a recognized phenomenon, no molecular mechanism for such co-morbidities has received universal acceptance. We propose a new hypothesis that provides a molecular basis for co-morbidities in hypertension due to unchecked proteolytic activity and receptor destruction. Testing of the hypothesis in the spontaneously hypertensive rat reveals an unchecked matrix metalloproteinase and serine protease activity in plasma and on several cardiovascular and parenchymal cells. The elevated proteolytic activity causes extracellular cleavage of multiple receptor types, such that cleavage of one receptor type leads to loss of the function carried out by this receptor. Proteolytic cleavage of the extracellular domain of the β(2) adrenergic receptor in arteries and arterioles causes vasoconstriction and elevation of the central blood pressure while cleavage of the extracellular domain of the insulin receptor leads to insulin resistance and lack of transmembrane glucose transport. A diverse set of cell dysfunctions in the spontaneously hypertensive rat are accompanied by cleavage of the membrane receptors that are involved in these functions. Chronic inhibition of the unchecked protease activity in the spontaneously hypertensive rat serves to restore the extracellular receptor density and alleviates the corresponding cell dysfunctions. The mild unchecked proteolytic activity in the spontaneously hypertensive rat points towards a chronic autodigestion process as a contributor to the end organ injury encountered in this rat strain. The presence of various soluble receptors, which consist of extracellular fragments of membrane receptors, in the plasma of hypertensive and diabetic patients suggest that the autodigestion process may also be present in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Delano
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 - 0412
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Liu Y, Ushijima K, Ohmori M, Takada M, Tateishi M, Ando H, Fujimura A. Chronopharmacology of angiotensin II-receptor blockers in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Pharmacol Sci 2011; 115:196-204. [PMID: 21282930 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.10284fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective effect of valsartan (Val), an angiotensin II (AII)-receptor blocker (ARB), against organ damage is reported to depend on the dosing time in hypertensive patients. Dosing-time-dependent effect of Val on survival of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) under a 12-h lighting cycle was examined. Val (4 mg/kg per day) and olmesartan medoxomil (OM) (1 mg/kg per day), another ARB with a slower dissociation from the AII receptor, were given once daily at 2, 8, 14, or 20 HALO (hours after lights on). Dosing-time-dependent differences in plasma drug concentrations and effect on blood pressure (BP) were also evaluated. Survival of SHRSP showed a dosing-time-dependent change during Val therapy, with a peak at 2 HALO and a trough at 14 HALO. OM equally prolonged survival in all groups. The BP-lowering effect persisted for more than 24 h after dosing of Val at 2 HALO and of OM at 2 and 14 HALO, but disappeared at 5.5-h after Val dosing at 14 HALO. Plasma concentrations of Val and OM were higher after dosing at 2 HALO than at 14 HALO. These results suggest that the chronopharmacological phenomenon of Val was partly due to the dosing-time-dependent difference in plasma concentration and subsequent duration of the antihypertensive effect. Slower dissociation of OM from AII receptors might have blunted a potential dosing-time-dependent event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwang Liu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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Rodrigues SF, Tran ED, Fortes ZB, Schmid-Schönbein GW. Matrix metalloproteinases cleave the beta2-adrenergic receptor in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 299:H25-35. [PMID: 20382857 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00620.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We recently observed the enhanced serine and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) compared with its normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat and the cleavage of membrane receptors in the SHR by MMPs. We demonstrate in vivo that MMP-7 and MMP-9 injection leads to a vasoconstrictor response in microvessels of rats that is blocked by a specific MMP inhibitor (GM-6001, 1 microM). Multiple pathways may be responsible. Since the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor (beta(2)-AR) is susceptible to the action of endogenous MMPs, we hypothesize that MMPs in the plasma of SHRs are able to cleave the extracellular domain of the beta(2)-AR. SHR arterioles respond in an attenuated fashion to beta(2)-AR agonists and antagonists. Aorta and heart muscle of control Wistar rats were exposed for 24 h (37 degrees C) to fresh plasma of male Wistar and WKY rats and SHRs with and without doxycycline (30 microM) and EDTA (10 mM) to reduce MMP activity. The density of extracellular and intracellular domains of beta(2)-AR was determined by immunohistochemistry. The density of the extracellular domain of beta(2)-AR is reduced in aortic endothelial cells and cardiac microvessels of SHRs compared with that of WKY or Wistar rats. Treatment of the aorta and the heart of control Wistar rats with plasma from SHRs, but not from WKY rats, reduced the number of extracellular domains, but not intracellular domains, of beta(2)-AR in aortic endothelial cells and cardiac microvessels. MMP inhibitors (EDTA and doxycycline) prevented the cleavage of the extracellular domain. Thus MMPs may contribute to the reduced density of the extracellular domain of beta(2)-AR in blood vessels and to the increased arteriolar tone of SHRs compared with normotensive rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Rodrigues
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kong CS, Kim JA, Ahn B, Byun HG, Kim SK. Carboxymethylations of chitosan and chitin inhibit MMP expression and ROS scavenging in human fibrosarcoma cells. Process Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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DeLano FA, Zhang H, Tran EE, Zhang C, Schmid-Schönbein GW. A New Hypothesis for Insulin Resistance in Hypertension Due to Receptor Cleavage. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2010; 5:149-158. [PMID: 21132054 PMCID: PMC2995254 DOI: 10.1586/eem.09.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: One of the most important unresolved issues in diabetes is the mechanism for the attenuated response to insulin, i.e. insulin resistance. AIMS AND METHODS: We hypothesize that the mechanism for the insulin resistance is due to uncontrolled protease activity in the plasma, on endothelial cells and in the tissue parenchyma. To examine this hypothesis we use of microzymographic techniques in the microcirculation, plasma zymography, and receptor labeling techniques with antibodies against an extracellular domain of the insulin receptor α. RESULTS: The spontaneously hypertensive rat has an enhanced proteolytic activity and significant cleavage of the receptor with attenuated glucose transport. We present evidence for insulin receptor cleavage in a high fat diet and a transgenic model of diabetes. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that cleavage of the extracellular domain of the insulin receptor, a situation that interferes with the ability for insulin to bind and provide an intracellular signal for glucose transport, may be involved in insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A. DeLano
- Department of Bioengineering, The Whitaker Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0412, Fax: 858 534 5722, Tel: 858 534 4276 (FAD), 206 362 3590 (EET), 858 534 3852 (GWSS)
| | - Hanrui Zhang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Medical Pharmacology & Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 134 Research Park Dr. Columbia, MO 65211, Fax: 573-884-4232, Tel: 573-882-2427
| | - Edward E. Tran
- Department of Bioengineering, The Whitaker Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0412, Fax: 858 534 5722, Tel: 858 534 4276 (FAD), 206 362 3590 (EET), 858 534 3852 (GWSS)
| | - Cuihua Zhang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Medical Pharmacology & Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 134 Research Park Dr. Columbia, MO 65211, Fax: 573-884-4232, Tel: 573-882-2427
| | - Geert W. Schmid-Schönbein
- Department of Bioengineering, The Whitaker Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0412, Fax: 858 534 5722, Tel: 858 534 4276 (FAD), 206 362 3590 (EET), 858 534 3852 (GWSS)
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Dong X, Song YN, Liu WG, Guo XL. Mmp-9, a potential target for cerebral ischemic treatment. Curr Neuropharmacol 2009; 7:269-75. [PMID: 20514206 PMCID: PMC2811860 DOI: 10.2174/157015909790031157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) which is a member of matrix metalloproteinases family that normally remodel the extracellular matrix, has been shown to play an important role in both animal models of cerebral ischemia and human stroke. The expression of MMP-9 is elevated after cerebral ischemia which is involved in accelerating matrix degradation, disrupting the blood-brain barrier, increasing the infarct size and relating to hemorrhagic transformation. Recently, many drugs, such as tetracycline derivatives, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, ACEI inhibitors and AT1 receptor blockers, etc., have been found to attenuate the elevated expression levels of MMP-9 after ischemia and to reduce the damage of cerebral ischemic. This article reviews the physiological features of MMP-9 and its important role in the genesis, propagation, and therapeutics of cerebral ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 WenHuaXi Road, Jinan 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Ning Song
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 WenHuaXi Road, Jinan 250012, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Guo Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 WenHuaXi Road, Jinan 250012, P.R. China
- Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250014, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Li Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 WenHuaXi Road, Jinan 250012, P.R. China
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Onal IK, Altun B, Onal ED, Kirkpantur A, Gul Oz S, Turgan C. Serum levels of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in primary hypertension and effect of antihypertensive treatment. Eur J Intern Med 2009; 20:369-72. [PMID: 19524176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 10/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinases, a family of proteolytic enzymes are thought to be involved in extracellular matrix accumulation during development of hypertensive target organ disease. The present study was designed to compare hypertensive patients with normotensive individuals with respect to serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and to search for the effect of antihypertensive treatment on the serum enzyme levels. METHODS Thirty-three patients with stage 1 primary hypertension and sixteen age- and sexmatched control subjects were enrolled into the study. Serum MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels were assessed in the hypertensive group before and after a 3-month-antihypertensive treatment (candesartan 8 mg/day to 17 patients and lisinopril 10 mg/day to 16 patients). RESULTS Pre-treatment serum MMP-9 levels were higher in the hypertensive group (p=0.309) while serum TIMP-1 levels were lower (p=0.296). Serum MMP-9 levels were decreased (p<0.001) and TIMP-1 levels were increased (p=0.022) after the antihypertensive treatment. CONCLUSIONS In hypertensive patients, increased MMP-9 activity could result in increased degradation of elastin relative to collagen and non-elasticity, while decreased TIMP-1 activity could lead to accumulation of poorly cross-linked, immature and unstable fibril degradation products, which result in misdirected deposition of collagen. Our study is important for revealing the role of the MMP enzyme system in the pathogenesis of hypertensive target organ disease.
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Oxidative stress through activation of NAD(P)H oxidase in hypertensive mice with spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2008; 28:1175-85. [PMID: 18301433 PMCID: PMC3153951 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2008.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an experimental model of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in transgenic mice expressing human renin and human angiotensinogen (R+/A+) treated with high-salt diet and N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). We investigated whether oxidative stress is associated with spontaneous ICH in R+/A+ mice. R+/A+ mice on high-salt diet and L-NAME presented neurologic signs 57+/-13 (mean+/-s.e.m.) days after the start of treatment. Intracranial hemorrhage was shown with histologic examination. Levels of superoxide in brain homogenate were significantly increased in R+/A+ mice with ICH (118+/-10 RLU per sec per mg; RLU, relative light unit) compared with age-matched control mice (19+/-1) and R+/A+ mice without ICH (53+/-3). NAD(P)H oxidase activity was significantly higher in R+/A+ mice with ICH (34,933+/-2,420 RLU per sec per mg) than in control mice (4,984+/-248) and R+/A+ mice without ICH (15,069+/-917). These results suggest that increased levels of superoxide are due, at least in part, to increased NAD(P)H oxidase activity. Increased NAD(P)H oxidase activity preceded signs of ICH, and increased further when R+/A+ mice developed ICH. These findings suggest that oxidative stress may contribute to spontaneous ICH in chronic hypertension.
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Zhou Y, Yu F, Ene AR, Catanzaro DF. Telmisartan ramipril combination therapy reduces strokes and improves cardiac and renal protection in stroke prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 1:423-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Revised: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Meyers PM, Schumacher HC, Tanji K, Higashida RT, Caplan LR. Use of stents to treat intracranial cerebrovascular disease. Annu Rev Med 2007; 58:107-22. [PMID: 17217328 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.med.58.121205.100631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intracranial atherosclerosis is a common cause of stroke. Although it has been recognized for decades, the lack of successful treatment strategies has limited clinical interest until recently. We review the natural history and pathophysiology of intracranial atherosclerosis. Vascular biomechanics are important to define differences between cerebral arteries and extracranial vessels and partly explain the technical challenges facing cerebral artery revascularization as compared with revascularization of coronary arteries. Pharmacological interventions to prevent stroke have had limited success, but technological developments offer improved methods for endovascular revascularization of symptomatic and asymptomatic cerebral artery stenosis. Identification of appropriate candidates for treatment also remains a challenge, and our knowledge about the natural history of the disease is limited. At this time, patients with significant intracranial stenosis should receive information on the benefits and risks of revascularization therapy. Determining which patients should undergo revascularization procedures will require carefully planned, randomized clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Meyers
- Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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Nozawa M, Sugimoto KI, Ohmori M, Ando H, Fujimura A. Dosing Time-Dependent Effect of Temocapril on the Mortality of Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 316:176-81. [PMID: 16174798 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.092080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to evaluate a dosing time-dependent effect of temocapril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, on the mortality of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). Temocapril (1 mg/kg/day) prolonged the survival rate of these animals, with a maximum effect after dosing at the early resting period and a minimum effect after dosing at the early active period. The pharmacokinetics of temocaprilat, an active metabolite of temocapril, did not differ significantly between the two dosing times. However, the inhibition of ACE activity in serum and organs (brain and aorta) and the reduction of blood pressure were significantly greater after dosing at the early resting period than at the early active period. These data suggest that the effect of temocapril on the mortality of SHRSP depends on the time of dosing, with a maximum effect seen after dosing at the early resting period. Dosing time-dependent differences in the pharmacodynamics of temocapril might be involved in explaining this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Nozawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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