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Bhagat K, Singh JV, Pagare PP, Kumar N, Sharma A, Kaur G, Kinarivala N, Gandu S, Singh H, Sharma S, Bedi PMS. Rational approaches for the design of various GABA modulators and their clinical progression. Mol Divers 2021; 25:551-601. [PMID: 32170466 PMCID: PMC8422677 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
GABA (γ-amino butyric acid) is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Attenuation of GABAergic neurotransmission plays an important role in the etiology of several neurological disorders including epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's chorea, migraine, Parkinson's disease, neuropathic pain, and depression. Increase in the GABAergic activity may be achieved through direct agonism at the GABAA receptors, inhibition of enzymatic breakdown of GABA, or by inhibition of the GABA transport proteins (GATs). These functionalities make GABA receptor modulators and GATs attractive drug targets in brain disorders associated with decreased GABA activity. There have been several reports of development of GABA modulators (GABA receptors, GABA transporters, and GABAergic enzyme inhibitors) in the past decade. Therefore, the focus of the present review is to provide an overview on various design strategies and synthetic approaches toward developing GABA modulators. Furthermore, mechanistic insights, structure-activity relationships, and molecular modeling inputs for the biologically active derivatives have also been discussed. Summary of the advances made over the past few years in the clinical translation and development of GABA receptor modulators is also provided. This compilation will be of great interest to the researchers working in the field of neuroscience. From the light of detailed literature, it can be concluded that numerous molecules have displayed significant results and their promising potential, clearly placing them ahead as potential future drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Bhagat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India
| | - Jatinder V Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India
| | - Piyusha P Pagare
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - Nitish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India
| | - Anchal Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India
| | - Gurinder Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India
| | - Nihar Kinarivala
- Program in Chemical Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Srinivasa Gandu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Cell and Development Biology Graduate Program, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Harbinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India.
| | - Sahil Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India.
- Program in Chemical Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Preet Mohinder S Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India.
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Gaburro J, Bhatti A, Sundaramoorthy V, Dearnley M, Green D, Nahavandi S, Paradkar PN, Duchemin JB. Zika virus-induced hyper excitation precedes death of mouse primary neuron. Virol J 2018; 15:79. [PMID: 29703263 PMCID: PMC5922018 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-0989-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zika virus infection in new born is linked to congenital syndromes, especially microcephaly. Studies have shown that these neuropathies are the result of significant death of neuronal progenitor cells in the central nervous system of the embryo, targeted by the virus. Although cell death via apoptosis is well acknowledged, little is known about possible pathogenic cellular mechanisms triggering cell death in neurons. METHODS We used in vitro embryonic mouse primary neuron cultures to study possible upstream cellular mechanisms of cell death. Neuronal networks were grown on microelectrode array and electrical activity was recorded at different times post Zika virus infection. In addition to this method, we used confocal microscopy and Q-PCR techniques to observe morphological and molecular changes after infection. RESULTS Zika virus infection of mouse primary neurons triggers an early spiking excitation of neuron cultures, followed by dramatic loss of this activity. Using NMDA receptor antagonist, we show that this excitotoxicity mechanism, likely via glutamate, could also contribute to the observed nervous system defects in human embryos and could open new perspective regarding the causes of adult neuropathies. CONCLUSIONS This model of excitotoxicity, in the context of neurotropic virus infection, highlights the significance of neuronal activity recording with microelectrode array and possibility of more than one lethal mechanism after Zika virus infection in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Gaburro
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
- Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation (IISRI), Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Asim Bhatti
- Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation (IISRI), Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Vinod Sundaramoorthy
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - Megan Dearnley
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - Diane Green
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - Saeid Nahavandi
- Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation (IISRI), Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Prasad N Paradkar
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - Jean-Bernard Duchemin
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia.
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Gaburro J, Bhatti A, Harper J, Jeanne I, Dearnley M, Green D, Nahavandi S, Paradkar PN, Duchemin JB. Neurotropism and behavioral changes associated with Zika infection in the vector Aedes aegypti. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:68. [PMID: 29691362 PMCID: PMC5915379 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Understanding Zika virus infection dynamics is essential, as its recent emergence revealed possible devastating neuropathologies in humans, thus causing a major threat to public health worldwide. Recent research allowed breakthrough in our understanding of the virus and host pathogenesis; however, little is known on its impact on its main vector, Aedes aegypti. Here we show how Zika virus targets Aedes aegypti’s neurons and induces changes in its behavior. Results are compared to dengue virus, another flavivirus, which triggers a different pattern of behavioral changes. We used microelectrode array technology to record electrical spiking activity of mosquito primary neurons post infections and discovered that only Zika virus causes an increase in spiking activity of the neuronal network. Confocal microscopy also revealed an increase in synapse connections for Zika virus-infected neuronal networks. Interestingly, the results also showed that mosquito responds to infection by overexpressing glutamate regulatory genes while maintaining virus levels. This neuro-excitation, possibly via glutamate, could contribute to the observed behavioral changes in Zika virus-infected Aedes aegypti females. This study reveals the importance of virus-vector interaction in arbovirus neurotropism, in humans and vector. However, it appears that the consequences differ in the two hosts, with neuropathology in human host, while behavioral changes in the mosquito vector that may be advantageous to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Gaburro
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia.,Deakin University, Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation (IISRI), Geelong, Australia
| | - Asim Bhatti
- Deakin University, Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation (IISRI), Geelong, Australia
| | - Jenni Harper
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | | | - Megan Dearnley
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - Diane Green
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - Saeid Nahavandi
- Deakin University, Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation (IISRI), Geelong, Australia
| | - Prasad N Paradkar
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - Jean-Bernard Duchemin
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia.
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Watson SA, Lefevre S, McCormick MI, Domenici P, Nilsson GE, Munday PL. Marine mollusc predator-escape behaviour altered by near-future carbon dioxide levels. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 281:20132377. [PMID: 24225456 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification poses a range of threats to marine invertebrates; however, the potential effects of rising carbon dioxide (CO2) on marine invertebrate behaviour are largely unknown. Marine gastropod conch snails have a modified foot and operculum allowing them to leap backwards rapidly when faced with a predator, such as a venomous cone shell. Here, we show that projected near-future seawater CO2 levels (961 µatm) impair this escape behaviour during a predator-prey interaction. Elevated-CO2 halved the number of snails that jumped from the predator, increased their latency to jump and altered their escape trajectory. Physical ability to jump was not affected by elevated-CO2 indicating instead that decision-making was impaired. Antipredator behaviour was fully restored by treatment with gabazine, a GABA antagonist of some invertebrate nervous systems, indicating potential interference of neurotransmitter receptor function by elevated-CO2, as previously observed in marine fishes. Altered behaviour of marine invertebrates at projected future CO2 levels could have potentially far-reaching implications for marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue-Ann Watson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, , Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia, Programme for Physiology and Neurobiology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, , Oslo 0316, Norway, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, , Torregrande, Oristano 09072, Italy
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Rahman MM, Akiyoshi Y, Furutani S, Matsuda K, Furuta K, Ikeda I, Ozoe Y. Competitive antagonism of insect GABA receptors by iminopyridazine derivatives of GABA. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:5957-64. [PMID: 22925448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4-(6-imino-3-aryl/heteroarylpyridazin-1-yl)butanoic acids were synthesized and examined for antagonism of GABA receptors from three insect species. When tested against small brown planthopper GABA receptors, the 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl and the 2-naphthyl analogues showed complete inhibition of GABA-induced fluorescence changes at 100 μM in assays using a membrane potential probe. Against common cutworm GABA receptors, these analogues displayed approximately 86% and complete inhibition of GABA-induced fluorescence changes at 100 μM, respectively. The 4-biphenyl and 4-phenoxyphenyl analogues showed moderate inhibition at 10 μM in these receptors, although the inhibition at 100 μM was not complete. Against American cockroach GABA receptors, the 4-biphenyl analogue exhibited the greatest inhibition (approximately 92%) of GABA-induced currents, when tested at 500 μM using a patch-clamp technique. The second most active analogue was the 2-naphthyl analogue with approximately 85% inhibition. The 3-thienyl analogue demonstrated competitive inhibition of cockroach GABA receptors. Homology modeling and ligand docking studies predicted that hydrophobic 3-substituents could interact with an accessory binding site at the orthosteric binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mostafizur Rahman
- Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology, United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
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An ionotropic GABA receptor in cultured mushroom body Kenyon cells of the honeybee and its modulation by intracellular calcium. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2008; 194:329-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00359-007-0308-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Narusuye K, Nakao T, Abe R, Nagatomi Y, Hirase K, Ozoe Y. Molecular cloning of a GABA receptor subunit from Laodelphax striatella (Fallén) and patch clamp analysis of the homo-oligomeric receptors expressed in a Drosophila cell line. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 16:723-733. [PMID: 18093001 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2007.00766.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA encoding a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor subunit was cloned from the small brown planthopper Laodelphax striatella. The L. striatella GABA receptor subunit was found to have high amino acid sequence similarity to the bd-type splice variant of the Drosophila GABA receptor Rdl subunit and several other GABA receptor subunits, with identities of over 70%. The cDNA was inserted into the expression vector pAc5.1-lac-Hygro. Clonal cell lines stably expressing homo-oligomeric L. striatella GABA receptors were generated by transfecting the vector into D.mel-2 cells. Expression of functional GABA receptors in the cell lines was demonstrated by whole-cell patch clamp recordings. GABA induced inward currents with an EC(50) value of 29 microM and a Hill coefficient of 1.7. The GABA-evoked responses reversed close to the Nernst equilibrium potential for chloride ions. The amplitudes of agonist-induced currents were found to be in the order muscimol (100 microM) >/= GABA (100 microM) > isoguvacine (100 microM) > cis-4-aminocrotonic acid (CACA) (100 microM) > 5-(4-piperidyl)-3-isoxazolol (4-PIOL) (1 mM). Antagonists such as fipronil (100 nM), 4'-ethynyl-4-n-propylbicycloorthobenzoate (EBOB) (100 nM), dieldrin (100 nM) and SR95531 (gabazine) (1 microM) suppressed GABA-induced currents. The functional expression of a GABA receptor from an agricultural pest presents a unique opportunity to discover new molecules active at this important target site.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Narusuye
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
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Beadle DJ. Insect neuronal cultures: an experimental vehicle for studies of physiology, pharmacology and cell interactions. INVERTEBRATE NEUROSCIENCE 2006; 6:95-103. [PMID: 16874504 DOI: 10.1007/s10158-006-0024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The current status of insect neuronal cultures is discussed and their contribution to our understanding of the insect nervous system is explored. Neuronal cultures have been developed from a wide range of insect species and from all developmental stages. These have been used to study the morphological development of insect neurones and some of the extrinsic factors that affect this process. In addition, they have been used to investigate the physiology of sodium, potassium and calcium channels and the pharmacology of acetylcholine and GABA receptors. Insect neurones have also been grown in culture with muscle and glial cells to study cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Beadle
- School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
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