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Başer Ö, Yavuz Y, Özen DÖ, Özgün HB, Ağuş S, Civaş CC, Atasoy D, Yılmaz B. Effects of chronic high fat diet on mediobasal hypothalamic satiety neuron function in POMC-Cre mice. Mol Metab 2024; 82:101904. [PMID: 38395148 PMCID: PMC10910127 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prevalence of obesity has increased over the past three decades. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) play a vital role in induction of satiety. Chronic consumption of high-fat diet is known to reduce hypothalamic neuronal sensitivity to hormones like leptin, thus contributing to the development and persistence of obesity. The functional and morphological effects of a high-calorie diet on POMC neurons and how these effects contribute to the development and maintenance of the obese phenotype are not fully understood. For this purpose, POMC-Cre transgenic mice model was exposed to high-fat diet (HFD) and at the end of a 3- and 6-month period, electrophysiological and morphological changes, and the role of POMC neurons in homeostatic nutrition and their response to leptin were thoroughly investigated. METHODS Effects of HFD on POMC-satiety neurons in transgenic mice models exposed to chronic high-fat diet were investigated using electrophysiological (patch-clamp), chemogenetic and Cre recombinase advanced technological methods. Leptin, glucose and lipid profiles were determined and analyzed. RESULTS In mice exposed to a high-fat diet for 6 months, no significant changes in POMC dendritic spine number or projection density from POMC neurons to the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVN), lateral hypothalamus (LH), and bed nucleus stria terminalis (BNST) were observed. It was revealed that leptin hormone did not change the electrophysiological activities of POMC neurons in mice fed with HFD for 6 months. In addition, chemogenetic stimulation of POMC neurons increased HFD consumption. In the 3-month HFD-fed group, POMC activation induced an orexigenic response in mice, whereas switching to a standard diet was found to abolish orexigenic behavior in POMC mice. CONCLUSIONS Chronic high fat consumption disrupts the regulation of POMC neuron activation by leptin. Altered POMC neuron activation abolished the neuron's characteristic behavioral anorexigenic response. Change in nutritional content contributes to the reorganization of developing maladaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Başer
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Yavuz Yavuz
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Deniz Öykü Özen
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Hüseyin Buğra Özgün
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Sami Ağuş
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Cihan Civan Civaş
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Deniz Atasoy
- University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Iowa City, USA
| | - Bayram Yılmaz
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Istanbul, Türkiye; Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Türkiye.
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Lee CY. A Combination of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist and Dietary Intervention Could Be a Promising Approach for Obesity Treatment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:748477. [PMID: 34616367 PMCID: PMC8489573 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.748477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Clarifying the Ghrelin System's Ability to Regulate Feeding Behaviours Despite Enigmatic Spatial Separation of the GHSR and Its Endogenous Ligand. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040859. [PMID: 28422060 PMCID: PMC5412441 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a hormone predominantly produced in and secreted from the stomach. Ghrelin is involved in many physiological processes including feeding, the stress response, and in modulating learning, memory and motivational processes. Ghrelin does this by binding to its receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR), a receptor found in relatively high concentrations in hypothalamic and mesolimbic brain regions. While the feeding and metabolic effects of ghrelin can be explained by the effects of this hormone on regions of the brain that have a more permeable blood brain barrier (BBB), ghrelin produced within the periphery demonstrates a limited ability to reach extrahypothalamic regions where GHSRs are expressed. Therefore, one of the most pressing unanswered questions plaguing ghrelin research is how GHSRs, distributed in brain regions protected by the BBB, are activated despite ghrelin’s predominant peripheral production and poor ability to transverse the BBB. This manuscript will describe how peripheral ghrelin activates central GHSRs to encourage feeding, and how central ghrelin synthesis and ghrelin independent activation of GHSRs may also contribute to the modulation of feeding behaviours.
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Is Ghrelin Synthesized in the Central Nervous System? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030638. [PMID: 28294994 PMCID: PMC5372651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is an octanoylated peptide that acts via its specific receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHSR-1a), and regulates a vast variety of physiological functions. It is well established that ghrelin is predominantly synthesized by a distinct population of endocrine cells located within the gastric oxyntic mucosa. In addition, some studies have reported that ghrelin could also be synthesized in some brain regions, such as the hypothalamus. However, evidences of neuronal production of ghrelin have been inconsistent and, as a consequence, it is still as a matter of debate if ghrelin can be centrally produced. Here, we provide a comprehensive review and discussion of the data supporting, or not, the notion that the mammalian central nervous system can synthetize ghrelin. We conclude that no irrefutable and reproducible evidence exists supporting the notion that ghrelin is synthetized, at physiologically relevant levels, in the central nervous system of adult mammals.
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Akbarian A, Kazerani H, Mohri M, Raji A, Jamshidi A, Golian A. Exogenous melatonin improves growth performance, intestinal microbiota, and morphology in temporarily feed restricted broilers. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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LIANG ZHIHAI, QIN MENGBIN, TANG GUODU, YANG HUIYING, SU JUAN, HUANG JIEAN. Melatonin reduces inflammation and recovers endogenous ghrelin in acute necrotizing pancreatitis in rats. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:2599-605. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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The Effect of High-Fat Diet-Induced Pathophysiological Changes in the Gut on Obesity: What Should be the Ideal Treatment? Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2013; 4:e39. [PMID: 23842483 PMCID: PMC3724044 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2013.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a metabolic disorder and fundamental cause of other fatal diseases including atherosclerosis and cancer. One of the main factor that contributes to the development of obesity is high-fat (HF) consumption. Lipid ingestion will initiate from the gut feedback mechanisms to regulate glucose and lipid metabolisms. But these lipid-sensing pathways are impaired in HF-induced insulin resistance, resulting in hyperglycemia. Besides that, duodenal lipid activates mucosal mast cells, leading to the disruption of the intestinal tight junction. Lipopolysaccharide that is co-transited with dietary fat postprandially, promotes the release of cytokines and the development of metabolic syndrome. HF-diet also alters microbiota composition and enhances fat storage. Although gut is protected by immune system and contains high level of antioxidants, obesity developed presumably when this protective mechanism is compromised by the presence of excessive fat. Several therapeutic approaches targeting different pathways have been proposed. There may be no one single most effective treatment, but all aimed to prevent obesity. This review will elaborate on the physiological and molecular changes in the gut that lead to obesity, and will provide a summary of potential treatments to manage these pathophysiological changes.
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Kirsz K, Zieba DA. A review on the effect of the photoperiod and melatonin on interactions between ghrelin and serotonin. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 179:248-53. [PMID: 22974511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Revised: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin and serotonin, which exhibit rhythmic secretion profiles under feeding/fasting conditions, are sensitive to increases and decreases in the day length and form a close web of interrelationships in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Ghrelin and serotonin are biochemically and functionally linked to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which is a circadian pacemaker, and melatonin, which is an internal transducer of photic environmental changes. Ghrelin and serotonin might be candidates for integrating photic and nonphotic signals, such as light and food availability in the central nervous system. The mechanisms that convert a light signal into a variety of physiological and behavioral rhythms remain unknown. However, we know that the conversion of light signals is necessary to maximize an animal's chances of survival and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kirsz
- Department of Swine and Small Ruminant Breeding, Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Krakow 30-059, Poland
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High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of hypothalamic ghrelin. Methods Enzymol 2012. [PMID: 22975049 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381272-8.00007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Ghrelin, first identified in the stomach, is a ligand of an orphan G-protein coupled receptor. Early studies indicated that the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R; ghrelin receptor) is ubiquitously distributed in the brain. In addition, centrally administered ghrelin and ghrelin receptor agonist have effects on central neurons in many regions, including the hypothalamus, caudal brain stem, and spinal cord. These effects are due to ghrelin secreted from the brain, rather than from the stomach; ghrelin does not cross efficiently through the blood-brain barrier. Identification of ghrelin in the hypothalamus demonstrated that, as with stomach ghrelin, hypothalamic ghrelin also has two molecular forms, namely, octanoyl ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin. Hypothalamic ghrelin plays diverse roles in processes including feeding regulation and thermoregulation. Thus, the analysis of hypothalamic ghrelin will provide new information about the action of ghrelin in the central nervous system. In this chapter, we outline high-performance liquid chromatography and real-time PCR analysis of hypothalamic ghrelin.
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Lee J, Yoon J, Lee JA, Lee SY, Shin CH, Yang SW. Urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin level in girls and its relationship with obesity. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2012; 55:344-9. [PMID: 23049592 PMCID: PMC3454577 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2012.55.9.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Short sleep duration is associated with obesity. Urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (6-OHMS), the principal metabolite of melatonin, is closely related with sleep. We evaluated the difference in urinary 6-OHMS levels between obese girls and normal weight girls, and the relationship of urinary 6-OHMS with other hormones regulating body weight and metabolism. Methods A total of 79 girls (6.3 to 12.4 years) were included in this study, of whom 34 were obese; 15, overweight; and 30, normal-weight. We examined their pubertal status and bone age. Fasting serum levels of total ghrelin, leptin, insulin, and first morning urinary 6-OHMS were measured. Homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated from the fasting insulin and glucose levels. Results There was no significant difference in the creatinine adjusted 6-OHMS levels between the obese girls and the control group. Urinary 6-OHMS did not show any correlations with body mass index (BMI), BMI percentile, total ghrelin, leptin, and HOMA-IR. Negative correlations were found between urinary 6-OHMS levels and chronological and bone ages. Conclusion Our results suggest that melatonin production is not reduced consistently in obese girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Lee J, Yoon J, Lee JA, Lee SY, Shin CH, Yang SW. Urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin level in girls and its relationship with obesity. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2012. [DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2012.55.9.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin A Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Yong Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Choong Ho Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sei Won Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Furness JB, Hunne B, Matsuda N, Yin L, Russo D, Kato I, Fujimiya M, Patterson M, McLeod J, Andrews ZB, Bron R. Investigation of the presence of ghrelin in the central nervous system of the rat and mouse. Neuroscience 2011; 193:1-9. [PMID: 21835225 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin and ghrelin receptor agonist have effects on central neurons in many locations, including the hypothalamus, caudal brain stem, and spinal cord. However, descriptions of the distributions of ghrelin-like immunoreactivity in the CNS in published work are inconsistent. We have used three well-characterized anti-ghrelin antibodies, an antibody to the unacylated form of ghrelin, and a ghrelin peptide assay in rats, mice, ghrelin knockout mice, and ghrelin receptor reporter mice to re-evaluate ghrelin presence in the rodent CNS. The stomach served as a positive control. All antibodies were effective in revealing gastric endocrine cells. However, no specific staining could be found in the brain or spinal cord. Concentrations of antibody 10 to 30 times those effective in the stomach bound to nerve cells in rat and mouse brain, but this binding was not reduced by absorbing concentrations of ghrelin peptide, or by use of ghrelin gene knockout mice. Concentrations of ghrelin-like peptide, detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in extracts of hypothalamus, were 1% of gastric concentrations. Ghrelin receptor-expressing neurons had no adjacent ghrelin immunoreactive terminals. It is concluded that there are insignificant amounts of authentic ghrelin in neurons in the mouse or rat CNS and that ghrelin receptor-expressing neurons do not receive synaptic inputs from ghrelin-immunoreactive nerve terminals in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Furness
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Bron R, Furness JB. Rhythm of digestion: keeping time in the gastrointestinal tract. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2009; 36:1041-8. [PMID: 19566817 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
1. The best characterized mammalian circadian rhythms follow a light-entrained central master pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and are associated with fluctuations in the activities of clock genes, including Clock, Bmal1, Per and Cry, the products of which bind to sequences in the promoters of effector genes. This is the central clock. 2. In the present review, we discuss evidence for an independent, but interacting, gut-associated circadian clock, the peripheral clock, which is entrained by food. 3. Disruption of circadian rhythms is associated with a wide range of pathologies, most prominently metabolism linked, but the effects of disruption of circadian rhythms on the digestive system are less well studied, although also likely to lead to functional consequences. There are clues suggestive of links between gastrointestinal disorders related to inflammation, cancer and motility and disruption of peripheral rhythms. Research aimed at understanding these links is still in its infancy. 4. We also discuss practical aspects of the presence of circadian rhythms in gastrointestinal tissues for researchers related to experimental design, data interpretation and the choice of animal models. 5. There is currently sufficient evidence to suggest that circadian rhythms are important to gut function, metabolism and mucosal defence and that further investigation will uncover connections between disordered rhythms and gastrointestinal malfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romke Bron
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Effects of pinealectomy and exogenous melatonin on ghrelin and peptide YY in gastrointestinal system and neuropeptide Y in hypothalamic arcuate nucleus: immunohistochemical studies in male rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 146:197-203. [PMID: 17936373 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2007.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Revised: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is reported that the pineal gland and its main hormone melatonin may have a role in the regulation of ghrelin synthesis in the brain. Stomach is the place where ghrelin is predominantly expressed and secreted. One aim of this study was to investigate possible effects of pinealectomy and melatonin treatment on gastric ghrelin amount. The studies on the effects of the pineal gland on leptin and ghrelin arises the question whether the pineal gland has also effects on the other energy-regulatory peptides such as peptide YY (PYY) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Therefore, we also aimed to investigate the changes in the immunohistochemical staining of intestinal PYY and hypothalamic NPY following pinealectomy and melatonin treatment. Serum PYY levels were also investigated. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups as sham-operated (SHAM), sham-operated with melatonin treatment (SHAM-MT), pinealectomised (PNX) and melatonin-treated PNX (PNX-MT) groups. The cells immunostained for ghrelin were abundant throughout the gastric mucosa in all the groups. Neither pinealectomy nor exogenous melatonin affected significantly immunohistochemical staining of ghrelin in stomach. Pinealectomy resulted in a significant increase in immunohistochemical staining of PYY in ileum. The results of serum PYY measurement corresponded closely to the data obtained by immunohistochemical analysis of PYY in ileum, being significantly lower and higher in SHAM and PNX groups, respectively. Pinealectomy caused a decrease in NPY synthesis in ARC as understood from low immunohistochemical staining of NPY. Melatonin treatment increased NPY synthesis in SHAM rats and restored reduction in NPY synthesis caused by pinealectomy. In conclusion, the pineal gland and its main hormone melatonin can be suggested to have a role in the regulation of NPY synthesis in ARC and PYY in gastrointestinal system.
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