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Mohammadi F, Dikpati A, Bertrand N, Rudkowska I. Encapsulation of conjugated linoleic acid and ruminant trans fatty acids to study the prevention of metabolic syndrome-a review. Nutr Rev 2024; 82:262-276. [PMID: 37221703 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have reported the potential benefits of consuming conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and ruminant trans fatty acids (R-TFAs) in reducing the risk factors of metabolic syndrome (MetS). In addition, encapsulation of CLA and R-TFAs may improve their oral delivery and further decrease the risk factors of MetS. The objectives of this review were (1) to discuss the advantages of encapsulation; (2) to compare the materials and techniques used for encapsulating CLA and R-TFAs; and (3) to review the effects of encapsulated vs non-encapsulated CLA and R-TFAs on MetS risk factors. Examination of papers citing micro- and nano-encapsulation methods used in food sciences, as well as the effects of encapsulated vs non-encapsulated CLA and R-TFAs, was conducted using the PubMed database. A total of 84 papers were examined; of these, 18 studies were selected that contained information on the effects of encapsulated CLA and R-TFAs. The 18 studies that described encapsulation of CLA or R-TFAs indicated that micro- or nano-encapsulation processes stabilized CLA and prevented oxidation. CLA was mainly encapsulated using carbohydrates or proteins. So far, oil-in-water emulsification followed by spray-drying were the frequently used techniques for encapsulation of CLA. Further, 4 studies investigated the effects of encapsulated CLA on MetS risk factors compared with non-encapsulated CLA. A limited number of studies investigated the encapsulation of R-TFAs. The effects of encapsulated CLA or R-TFAs on the risk factors for MetS remain understudied; thus, additional studies comparing the effects of encapsulated and non-encapsulated CLA or R-TFAs are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Mohammadi
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Amrita Dikpati
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Bertrand
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Iwona Rudkowska
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada
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2
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Fatty acids role on obesity induced hypothalamus inflammation: From problem to solution – A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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3
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Hundahl C, Kotzbeck P, Burm HB, Christiansen SH, Torz L, Helge AW, Madsen MP, Ratner C, Serup AK, Thompson JJ, Eichmann TO, Pers TH, Woldbye DPD, Piomelli D, Kiens B, Zechner R, Skov LJ, Holst B. Hypothalamic hormone-sensitive lipase regulates appetite and energy homeostasis. Mol Metab 2021; 47:101174. [PMID: 33549847 PMCID: PMC7903013 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The goal of this study was to investigate the importance of central hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) expression in the regulation of food intake and body weight in mice to clarify whether intracellular lipolysis in the mammalian hypothalamus plays a role in regulating appetite. Methods Using pharmacological and genetic approaches, we investigated the role of HSL in the rodent brain in the regulation of feeding and energy homeostasis under basal conditions during acute stress and high-fat diet feeding. Results We found that HSL, a key enzyme in the catabolism of cellular lipid stores, is expressed in the appetite-regulating centers in the hypothalamus and is activated by acute stress through a mechanism similar to that observed in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Inhibition of HSL in rodent models by a synthetic ligand, global knockout, or brain-specific deletion of HSL prevents a decrease in food intake normally seen in response to acute stress and is associated with the increased expression of orexigenic peptides neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP). Increased food intake can be reversed by adeno-associated virus-mediated reintroduction of HSL in neurons of the mediobasal hypothalamus. Importantly, metabolic stress induced by a high-fat diet also enhances the hyperphagic phenotype of HSL-deficient mice. Specific deletion of HSL in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) or AgRP neurons reveals that HSL in the VMH plays a role in both acute stress-induced food intake and high-fat diet-induced obesity. Conclusions Our results indicate that HSL activity in the mediobasal hypothalamus is involved in the acute reduction in food intake during the acute stress response and sensing of a high-fat diet. HSL is expressed in appetite-regulating nuclei of the mouse hypothalamus. HSL in the hypothalamus is activated via β-adrenergic receptor signaling. The anorexic response to acute stress is blunted in mice without hypothalamic HSL. Central HSL deficiency results in obesity in mice on a high-fat diet. HSL in SF1-positive neurons contributes to the anorexigenic stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Hundahl
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Petra Kotzbeck
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hayley B Burm
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Søren H Christiansen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Lola Torz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Aske W Helge
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Martin P Madsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Cecilia Ratner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Annette K Serup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jonatan J Thompson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Thomas O Eichmann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Center for Explorative Lipidomics, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tune H Pers
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - David P D Woldbye
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Center for Explorative Lipidomics, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Bente Kiens
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Louise J Skov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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Maher T, Deleuse M, Thondre S, Shafat A, Clegg ME. A comparison of the satiating properties of medium-chain triglycerides and conjugated linoleic acid in participants with healthy weight and overweight or obesity. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:203-215. [PMID: 32248292 PMCID: PMC7867511 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02235-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inconsistent evidence exists for greater satiety after medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) or conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) compared to long-chain triglycerides (LCT). Furthermore, the mechanisms are poorly understood and effects in people with a healthy weight and those with overweight/obesity have not been compared. This study aimed to compare appetite responses in these groups and examine the mechanisms behind any differences. METHODS Fifteen participants with healthy weight (BMI: 22.7 ± 1.9 kg·m-2) and fourteen participants with overweight/obesity (BMI: 30.9 ± 3.9 kg·m-2) consumed a breakfast containing either 23.06 g vegetable oil (CON), 25.00 g MCT oil (MCT), or 6.25 g CLA and 16.80 g vegetable oil (CLA). Appetite, peptide YY (PYY), total ghrelin (TG), β-hydroxybutyrate, and gastric emptying (GE) were measured throughout. Energy intake was assessed at an ad libitum lunch and throughout the following ~ 36 h. RESULTS Neither MCT nor CLA decreased ad libitum intake; however MCT decreased day 1 energy intake (P = 0.031) and the 48-h period (P = 0.005) compared to CON. MCT delayed GE (P ≤ 0.01) compared to CON, whereas CLA did not. PYY and TG concentrations were not different (P = 0.743 and P = 0.188, respectively), but MCT increased β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations compared to CON (P = 0.005) and CLA (P < 0.001). β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were higher in participants with overweight/obesity (P = 0.009). CONCLUSION Consumption of MCT reduces energy intake in the subsequent 48 h, whereas CLA does not. Delayed gastric emptying or increased β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations may mediate this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Maher
- Diet and Cardiometabolic Health Research Group, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Martina Deleuse
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Sangeetha Thondre
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Amir Shafat
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, H91 W5P7, Ireland
| | - Miriam E Clegg
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Harry Nursten Building, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK.
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Murru E, Carta G, Manca C, Sogos V, Pistis M, Melis M, Banni S. Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Brain Metabolism: A Possible Anti-Neuroinflammatory Role Mediated by PPARα Activation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:587140. [PMID: 33505308 PMCID: PMC7832089 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.587140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids play a crucial role in the brain as specific receptor ligands and as precursors of bioactive metabolites. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a group of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid (LA, 18:2 n-6) present in meat and dairy products of ruminants and synthesized endogenously in non-ruminants and humans, has been shown to possess different nutritional properties associated with health benefits. Its ability to bind to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α, a nuclear receptor key regulator of fatty acid metabolism and inflammatory responses, partly mediates these beneficial effects. CLA is incorporated and metabolized into brain tissue where induces the biosynthesis of endogenous PPARα ligands palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and oleoylethanolamide (OEA), likely through a positive feedback mechanism where PPARα activation sustains its own cellular effects through ligand biosynthesis. In addition to PPARα, PEA and OEA may as well bind to other receptors such as TRPV1, further extending CLA own anti-neuroinflammatory actions. Future studies are needed to investigate whether dietary CLA may exert anti-inflammatory activity, particularly in the setting of neurodegenerative diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders with a neuroinflammatory basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Murru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Gianfranca Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Claudia Manca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Valeria Sogos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Marco Pistis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Miriam Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Banni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
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Yang Y, Sadri H, Prehn C, Adamski J, Rehage J, Dänicke S, von Soosten D, Metges CC, Ghaffari MH, Sauerwein H. Proteasome activity and expression of mammalian target of rapamycin signaling factors in skeletal muscle of dairy cows supplemented with conjugated linoleic acids during early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:2829-2846. [PMID: 31954574 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a major regulator of protein synthesis via its main downstream effectors, ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K1) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein (4EBP1). The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is the main proteolytic pathway in muscle, and the muscle-specific ligases tripartite motif containing 63 (TRIM63; also called muscle-specific ring-finger protein 1, MuRF-1) and F-box only protein 32 (FBXO32; also called atrogin-1) are important components of the UPS. We investigated 20S proteasome activity and mRNA expression of key components of mTOR signaling and UPS in skeletal muscle of dairy cows during late gestation and early lactation and tested the effects of dietary supplementation (from d 1 in milk) with conjugated linoleic acids (sCLA; 100 g/d; n = 11) compared with control fat-supplemented cows (CTR; n = 10). Blood and muscle tissue (semitendinosus) samples were collected on d -21, 1, 21, and 70 relative to parturition. Dry matter intake increased with time of lactation in both groups. It was lower in sCLA than in CTR on d 21, which resulted in a reduced calculated metabolizable protein balance. Most serum and muscle concentrations of AA followed time-related changes but were unaffected by CLA supplementation. In both groups, serum and muscle 3-methylhistidine (3-MH) concentrations and the ratio of 3-MH:creatinine increased from d -21 to d 1, followed by a decline on d 21. The mRNA abundance of MTOR on d 21 and 70 was greater in sCLA than in CTR. The abundance of 4EBP1 mRNA did not differ between groups but was upregulated in both on d 1. The mRNA abundance of S6K1 on d 70 was greater in CTR than in sCLA, but remained unchanged over time in both groups. The mRNA abundance of FBXO32 (encoding atrogin-1) on d 21 was greater in sCLA than in CTR. The mRNA abundance of TRIM63 (also known as MuRF1) showed a similar pattern as FBXO32 in both groups: an increase from d -21 to d 1, followed by a decline. The mRNA for the α (BCKDHA) and β (BCKDHB) polypeptide of branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase was elevated in sCLA and CTR cows on d 21, respectively, suggesting a role of CLA in determining the metabolic fate of branched-chain AA. For the mTOR protein, no group differences were observed. The abundance of S6K1 protein was greater across all time points in sCLA versus CTR. The antepartum 20S proteasome activity in muscle was elevated in both groups compared with postpartum, probably reflecting the start of protein mobilization before parturition. Plasma insulin concentrations decreased in both groups postpartum but to a greater extent in CTR than in sCLA, resulting in greater insulin concentrations in sCLA than in CTR. Thus, the greater abundance of MTOR mRNA and S6K1 protein in sCLA compared with CTR might be mediated by the greater plasma insulin postpartum. The upregulation of MTOR mRNA in sCLA cows on d 21, despite greater FBXO32 mRNA abundance, may reflect a simultaneous activation of both anabolic and catabolic signaling pathways, likely resulting in greater protein turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yang
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology and Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - H Sadri
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran.
| | - C Prehn
- Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - J Adamski
- Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - J Rehage
- University for Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Clinic for Cattle, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - S Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - D von Soosten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - C C Metges
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - M H Ghaffari
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology and Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - H Sauerwein
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology and Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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7
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Risks associated with fat burners: A toxicological perspective. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 123:205-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Maher T, Clegg ME. Dietary lipids with potential to affect satiety: Mechanisms and evidence. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:1619-1644. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1423277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Maher
- Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health, Department of Sport, Health Sciences and Social Work, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, UK
| | - Miriam E. Clegg
- Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health, Department of Sport, Health Sciences and Social Work, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, UK
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Shen W, McIntosh MK. Nutrient Regulation: Conjugated Linoleic Acid's Inflammatory and Browning Properties in Adipose Tissue. Annu Rev Nutr 2017; 36:183-210. [PMID: 27431366 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-050924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is the most widespread nutritional disease in the United States. Developing effective and safe strategies to manage excess body weight is therefore of paramount importance. One potential strategy to reduce obesity is to consume conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplements containing isomers cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12, or trans-10, cis-12 alone. Proposed antiobesity mechanisms of CLA include regulation of (a) adipogenesis, (b) lipid metabolism, (c) inflammation, (d) adipocyte apoptosis, (e) browning or beiging of adipose tissue, and (f) energy metabolism. However, causality of CLA-mediated responses to body fat loss, particularly the linkage between inflammation, thermogenesis, and energy metabolism, is unclear. This review examines whether CLA's antiobesity properties are due to inflammatory signaling and considers CLA's linkage with lipogenesis, lipolysis, thermogenesis, and browning of white and brown adipose tissue. We propose a series of questions and studies to interrogate the role of the sympathetic nervous system in mediating CLA's antiobesity properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Shen
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402; ,
| | - Michael K McIntosh
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402; ,
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Seo M, Kim J, Moon SS, Hwang JS, Kim MA. Intraventricular administration of Tenebrio molitor larvae extract regulates food intake and body weight in mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity. Nutr Res 2017; 44:18-26. [PMID: 28821314 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported the in vitro and in vivo antiobesity effects of Tenebrio molitor larvae, a traditional food in many countries, but it remains unknown how the larvae affect appetite regulation in mice with diet-induced obesity. We hypothesized that the extract of T molitor larvae mediates appetite by regulating neuropeptide expression. We investigated T molitor larvae extract's (TME's) effects on anorexigenesis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced orexigenic neuropeptide expression in the hypothalami of obese mice. Intracerebroventricular TME administration suppressed feeding by down-regulating the expression of the orexigenic neuropeptides neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein. T molitor larvae extract significantly reduced the expression of ER stress response genes. These results suggest that TME and its bioactive components are potential therapeutics for obesity and ER stress-driven disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchul Seo
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwan Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Su Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sam Hwang
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ae Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea.
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Geddes RI, Hayashi K, Bongers Q, Wehber M, Anderson IM, Jansen AD, Nier C, Fares E, Farquhar G, Kapoor A, Ziegler TE, VadakkadathMeethal S, Bird IM, Atwood CS. Conjugated Linoleic Acid Administration Induces Amnesia in Male Sprague Dawley Rats and Exacerbates Recovery from Functional Deficits Induced by a Controlled Cortical Impact Injury. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169494. [PMID: 28125600 PMCID: PMC5268708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids like conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are required for normal neural development and cognitive function and have been ascribed various beneficial functions. Recently, oral CLA also has been shown to increase testosterone (T) biosynthesis, which is known to diminish traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced neuropathology and reduce deficits induced by stroke in adult rats. To test the impact of CLA on cognitive recovery following a TBI, 5-6 month old male Sprague Dawley rats received a focal injury (craniectomy + controlled cortical impact (CCI; n = 17)) or Sham injury (craniectomy alone; n = 12) and were injected with 25 mg/kg body weight of Clarinol® G-80 (80% CLA in safflower oil; n = 16) or saline (n = 13) every 48 h for 4 weeks. Sham surgery decreased baseline plasma progesterone (P4) by 64.2% (from 9.5 ± 3.4 ng/mL to 3.4 ± 0.5 ng/mL; p = 0.068), T by 74.6% (from 5.9 ± 1.2 ng/mL to 1.5 ± 0.3 ng/mL; p < 0.05), 11-deoxycorticosterone (11-DOC) by 37.5% (from 289.3 ± 42.0 ng/mL to 180.7 ± 3.3 ng/mL), and corticosterone by 50.8% (from 195.1 ± 22.4 ng/mL to 95.9 ± 2.2 ng/mL), by post-surgery day 1. CCI injury induced similar declines in P4, T, 11-DOC and corticosterone (58.9%, 74.6%, 39.4% and 24.6%, respectively) by post-surgery day 1. These results suggest that both Sham surgery and CCI injury induce hypogonadism and hypoadrenalism in adult male rats. CLA treatment did not reverse hypogonadism in Sham (P4: 2.5 ± 1.0 ng/mL; T: 0.9 ± 0.2 ng/mL) or CCI-injured (P4: 2.2 ± 0.9 ng/mL; T: 1.0 ± 0.2 ng/mL, p > 0.05) animals by post-injury day 29, but rapidly reversed by post-injury day 1 the hypoadrenalism in Sham (11-DOC: 372.6 ± 36.6 ng/mL; corticosterone: 202.6 ± 15.6 ng/mL) and CCI-injured (11-DOC: 384.2 ± 101.3 ng/mL; corticosterone: 234.6 ± 43.8 ng/mL) animals. In Sham surgery animals, CLA did not alter body weight, but did markedly increase latency to find the hidden Morris Water Maze platform (40.3 ± 13.0 s) compared to saline treated Sham animals (8.8 ± 1.7 s). In CCI injured animals, CLA did not alter CCI-induced body weight loss, CCI-induced cystic infarct size, or deficits in rotarod performance. However, like Sham animals, CLA injections exacerbated the latency of CCI-injured rats to find the hidden MWM platform (66.8 ± 10.6 s) compared to CCI-injured rats treated with saline (30.7 ± 5.5 s, p < 0.05). These results indicate that chronic treatment of CLA at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight in adult male rats over 1-month 1) does not reverse craniectomy- and craniectomy + CCI-induced hypogonadism, but does reverse craniectomy- and craniectomy + CCI-induced hypoadrenalism, 2) is detrimental to medium- and long-term spatial learning and memory in craniectomized uninjured rats, 3) limits cognitive recovery following a moderate-severe CCI injury, and 4) does not alter body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rastafa I. Geddes
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kentaro Hayashi
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Quinn Bongers
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Marlyse Wehber
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Icelle M. Anderson
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Alex D. Jansen
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Chase Nier
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Emily Fares
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle Farquhar
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Amita Kapoor
- Assay Services Unit and Institute for Clinical and Translational Research Core Laboratory, National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Toni E. Ziegler
- Assay Services Unit and Institute for Clinical and Translational Research Core Laboratory, National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sivan VadakkadathMeethal
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ian M. Bird
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Craig S. Atwood
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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12
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Kim J, Yun EY, Park SW, Goo TW, Seo M. Allomyrina Dichotoma Larvae Regulate Food Intake and Body Weight in High Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice Through mTOR and Mapk Signaling Pathways. Nutrients 2016; 8:100. [PMID: 26901224 PMCID: PMC4772062 DOI: 10.3390/nu8020100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has suggested that the Korean horn beetle (Allomyrina dichotoma) has anti-hepatofibrotic, anti-neoplastic, and antibiotic effects and is recognized as a traditional medicine. In our previous works, Allomyrina dichotoma larvae (ADL) inhibited differentiation of adipocytes both in vitro and in vivo. However, the anorexigenic and endoplasmic reticulum(ER) stress-reducing effects of ADL in obesity has not been examined. In this study, we investigated the anorexigenic and ER stress-reducing effects of ADL in the hypothalamus of diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of ethanol extract of ADL (ADE) suggested that an antagonizing effect on ghrelin-induced feeding behavior through the mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways. Especially, ADE resulted in strong reduction of ER stress both in vitro and in vivo. These findings strongly suggest that ADE and its constituent bioactive compounds are available and valuable to use for treatment of various diseases driven by prolonged ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongwan Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Korea.
| | - Eun-Young Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea.
| | - Seong-Won Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 38430, Korea.
| | - Tae-Won Goo
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Korea.
| | - Minchul Seo
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea.
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13
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Kim Y, Kim D, Good DJ, Park Y. Effects of postweaning administration of conjugated linoleic acid on development of obesity in nescient basic helix-loop-helix 2 knockout mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:5212-5223. [PMID: 25976059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been reported to prevent body weight gain and fat accumulation in part by improving physical activity in mice. However, the effects of postweaning administration of CLA on the development of obesity later in life have not yet been demonstrated. The current study investigated the role of postweaning CLA treatment on skeletal muscle energy metabolism in genetically induced inactive adult-onset obese model, nescient basic helix-loop-helix 2 knockout (N2KO) mice. Four-week-old male N2KO and wild type mice were fed either control or a CLA-containing diet (0.5%) for 4 weeks, and then CLA was withdrawn and control diet provided to all mice for the following 8 weeks. Postweaning CLA supplementation in wild type animals, but not N2KO mice, may activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ (PPARδ) as well as promote desensitization of phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) and sensitization of protein kinase B (AKT) at threonine 308 in gastrocnemius skeletal muscle, improving voluntary activity and glucose homeostasis. We suggest that postweaning administration of CLA may in part stimulate the underlying molecular targets involved in muscle energy metabolism to reduce weight gain in normal animals, but not in the genetically induced inactive adult-onset animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Deborah J Good
- §Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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15
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Pimentel GD, Ropelle ER, Rocha GZ, Carvalheira JBC. The role of neuronal AMPK as a mediator of nutritional regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis. Metabolism 2013; 62:171-8. [PMID: 22898253 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypothalamic 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) senses intracellular metabolic stress, i.e., an increase in the cellular AMP:ATP ratio, and integrates diverse hormonal and nutritional signals to restore energy balance. Recent evidence suggests that different nutrients can modulate AMPK activity in the hypothalamus, thereby controlling weight gain through a leptin-independent mechanism. Understanding the mechanisms by which nutrients control hypothalamic AMPK activity is crucial to the development of effective nutritional interventions for the treatment of food intake-related disorders, such as anorexia and obesity. This article highlights the current evidence for the intricate relationship between nutrients and hypothalamic AMPK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo D Pimentel
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas/São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Shelton VJ, Shelton AG, Azain MJ, Hargrave-Barnes KM. Incorporation of conjugated linoleic acid into brain lipids is not necessary for conjugated linoleic acid-induced reductions in feed intake or body fat in mice. Nutr Res 2012. [PMID: 23176793 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) causes reduced feed intake (FI) and body fat (BF). It is unknown, though, if CLA incorporation into tissues, alterations in serum hormones, and/or appetite-regulating neuropeptides are involved. We hypothesized that CLA incorporation into brain lipids would be correlated with changes in appetite-regulating neuropeptide expression and reductions in FI and BF. Male mice (n = 150; 9 weeks old, ICR) received the control diet ad libitum (CON), 2% CLA diet ad libitum (CLA), or control diet pair-fed to the intake of CLA-fed mice for 1, 2, 3, 5, or 7 days. Both FI and body weight were measured daily, and a BF index was calculated. Liver, adipose, and brain fatty acids; serum insulin, leptin, and peptide YY; and arcuate nucleus neuropeptide Y, agouti-related protein, and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone protein were determined. Mice fed CLA ate less (P < .05) than did the CON on days 1, 2, 3, and 7 but were leaner (P < .05) only on day 7. Mice that received the control diet pair-fed to the intake of CLA-fed mice did not differ in BF from the CON. By days 1 and 2, CLA isomers were incorporated into the liver and adipose but not in the brain. Insulin was increased in CLA-fed mice on days 5 and 7, and leptin was decreased on day 7. Peptide YY and the neuropeptides did not differ. Tissue CLA was not correlated with FI, body weight, or BF but was positively correlated with insulin and negatively correlated with leptin. The reduction in FI is not sufficient to cause the reduction in BF, and tissue CLA accumulation does not appear to be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie J Shelton
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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17
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Liu X, Joseph SV, Wakefield AP, Aukema HM, Jones PJH. High Dose trans-10,cis-12 CLA Increases Lean Body Mass in Hamsters, but Elevates Levels of Plasma Lipids and Liver Enzyme Biomarkers. Lipids 2011; 47:39-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-011-3616-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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18
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Ling F, Wang T, Wei L, Zhu X, Chen Y, Li J, Zhang Z, Du H, Wang X, Wang J. Cloning and characterization of the 5'-flanking region of the pig AgRP gene. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:2233-9. [PMID: 20865327 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0353-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Agouti-related peptide (AgRP), a brain neuropeptide generated by AgRP/neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons, plays a vital role in the hypothalamic regulation of energy homeostasis. RT-PCR and real-time PCR were carried out in various tissues to detect the AgRP expression pattern in pigs. Our RT-PCR results showed that the pig AgRP gene was ubiquitously expressed in all examined tissues including heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, stomach, bladder, m. longissimus, belly fat, brain, large intestine, lymph, back fat, skin, and hypothalamus. Real-time quantitative PCR experiments revealed that it is in the hypothalamus with the highest expression of AgRP both in adult Lantang and Landrace pigs compared to the back fat and m.longissimus muscle and the cDNA level of AgRP in the hypothalamus of adult Chinese indigenous Lantang pig (fat-type) is significantly higher than that of Landrace pig (lean-type). To understand the regulation of the pig AgRP gene, the 5'-flanking region was isolated from a pig bacterial artificial chromosome library and used in a luciferase reporter assay. A positive cis-acting element for efficient AgRP expression was identified at nucleotides -501 to -479, by 5'-serial deletion of the promoter. Electrophoretic mobility-shift assays (EMSA) with competing oligonucleotides revealed that the critical region contained a cis-acting element for Neurogenic Differentiation (NeuroD), which is a member of the NeuroD family of basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factors. This element has not been reported in human or mouse AgRP genes. Our results indicated that NeuroD might be an essential regulatory factor for transcription of pig AgRP, providing an important clue about energy homeostasis regulation in the porcine and human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ling
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
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19
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Florant GL, Fenn AM, Healy JE, Wilkerson GK, Handa RJ. To eat or not to eat: the effect of AICAR on food intake regulation in yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 213:2031-7. [PMID: 20511516 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.039131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mammals that hibernate (hibernators) exhibit a circannual rhythm of food intake and body mass. In the laboratory during the winter hibernation period, many hibernators enter a series of multi-day torpor bouts, dropping their body temperature to near ambient, and cease to feed even if food is present in their cage. The mechanism(s) that regulates food intake in hibernators is unclear. Recently, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been shown to play a key role in the central regulation of food intake in mammals. We hypothesized that infusing an AMPK activator, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1 B-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR), intracerebroventricularly (ICV) into the third ventricle of the hypothalamus would stimulate yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) to feed during their hibernation season. Infusion of AICAR ICV into marmots at an ambient temperature of 22 degrees C caused a significant (P<0.05) increase in food intake. In addition, animals stimulated to feed did not enter torpor during the infusion period. Marmots ICV infused with saline did not increase food intake and these animals continued to undergo torpor at an ambient temperature of 22 degrees C. Our results suggest that AICAR stimulated the food intake pathway, presumably by activating AMPK. These results support the hypothesis that AMPK may be involved in regulating food intake in hibernators and that there may be common neural pathways involved in regulating feeding and eliciting torpor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Florant
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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20
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Kennedy A, Martinez K, Schmidt S, Mandrup S, LaPoint K, McIntosh M. Antiobesity mechanisms of action of conjugated linoleic acid. J Nutr Biochem 2009; 21:171-9. [PMID: 19954947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a family of fatty acids found in beef, dairy foods and dietary supplements, reduces adiposity in several animal models of obesity and some human studies. However, the isomer-specific antiobesity mechanisms of action of CLA are unclear, and its use in humans is controversial. This review will summarize in vivo and in vitro findings from the literature regarding potential mechanisms by which CLA reduces adiposity, including its impact on (a) energy metabolism, (b) adipogenesis, (c) inflammation, (d) lipid metabolism and (e) apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arion Kennedy
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Greensboro, PO Box 26170, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA
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21
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Tsuyama S, Oikawa D, Tsuji Y, Akimoto Y, Jikuya H, Furuse M. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid modifies the brain endocannabinoid system in mice. Nutr Neurosci 2009; 12:155-9. [PMID: 19622239 DOI: 10.1179/147683009x423373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has a role of biogenic regulation through modifying prostaglandin production. However, its effects on related metabolites of arachidonate remain unclear. Therefore, the effects of CLA on brain endocannabinoid content as well as its analogs were investigated. Mice (3-week-old), provided with diets containing 3% linoleic acid or 3% CLA for 4 weeks, were sacrificed and lipids were extracted from their cerebral cortex and hypothalamus. The amounts of N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamide, 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG), oleoyl-ethanolamide and palmitoyl-ethanolamide were determined quantitatively by LC-MS. The 2-AG level in the cerebral cortex was significantly decreased by CLA treatment, but the other compounds were unaffected in the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus. The present study indicated that dietary CLA site-selectively decreases 2-AG in the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichiro Tsuyama
- Laboratory of Advanced Animal and Marine Bioresources, Graduate School of Bioresources and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Hur S, Whitcomb F, Rhee S, Park Y, Good DJ, Park Y. Effects of trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on body composition in genetically obese mice. J Med Food 2009; 12:56-63. [PMID: 19298196 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2008.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has shown a number of biologically beneficial effects, including prevention of obesity. The purpose of this study was to test effects of dietary supplementation of 0.5% trans-10,cis-12 CLA in a high fat diet in neuronal basic helix-loop-helix 2 knock-out animals (N2KO), which is a unique animal model representing adult-onset inactivity-related obesity. Eight wild-type (WT) and eight N2KO female mice were fed either 0.5% trans-10,cis-12 CLA-containing diet or control diet (with 20% soybean oil diet) for 12 weeks. Body weights, food intake, adipose tissue weights, body compositions, and blood parameters were analyzed. Overall, N2KO animals had greater body weights, food intake, adipose tissue weights, and body fat compared to WT animals. CLA supplementation decreased overall body weights and total fat, and the effect of dietary CLA on adipose tissue reduction was greater in N2KO than in WT mice. Serum leptin and triglyceride levels were reduced by CLA in both N2KO and WT animals compared to control animals, while there was no effect by CLA on serum cholesterol. The effect of CLA to lower fat mass, increase lean body mass, and lower serum leptin and triglycerides in sedentary mice supports the possibility of using CLA to prevent or alleviate ailments associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunjin Hur
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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So MHH, Tse IMY, Li ETS. Dietary fat concentration influences the effects of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on temporal patterns of energy intake and hypothalamic expression of appetite-controlling genes in mice. J Nutr 2009; 139:145-51. [PMID: 19056663 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.093849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that the effect of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (t10, c12 CLA) on energy intake (EI) and body weight (BW)/composition is confounded by dietary fat concentration and involves hypothalamic appetite-controlling mechanisms. ICR mice received low-fat (LF; 5 g/100 g) or high-fat (HF; 30 g/100 g) diets, with or without 0.5 g/100 g t10, c12 CLA (>98% pure) for 27 d. By d 13, BW and cumulative EI of the mice fed CLA supplemented LF diet (LF/CLA) were 6.6 and 23.6% lower, respectively, than the LF mice. In the subsequent 14 d, their EI rebounded and did not differ from the LF group. BW and EI did not differ between the HF and CLA supplemented HF (HF/CLA) groups. Hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA expression was elevated (P = 0.031) on d 13 but suppressed (P < 0.001) on d 27 due to CLA treatment. CLA also suppressed AMP-activated protein kinase alpha2 expression. Mice in Expt. 2 received the LF diet, the LF/CLA, or were pair-fed the LF diet to the EI of the CLA group (LF/PF). LF/CLA and LF/PF mice did not differ in the hypothalamic POMC:neuropeptide Y expression ratio on d 13, but it was significantly lower in the LF/PF group on d 27. We conclude that the habitual dietary fat concentration influences the magnitude of weight loss induced by dietary t10, c12 CLA. The effect is in part independent of EI. Hypothalamic neuropeptides and nutrient sensing mechanisms may play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H H So
- Food and Nutritional Science Division, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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