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Microglia, inflammation and gut microbiota responses in a progressive monkey model of Parkinson's disease: A case series. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 144:105027. [PMID: 32712266 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation has been linked to the development of nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD), which greatly impact patients' quality of life and can often precede motor symptoms. Suitable animal models are critical for our understanding of the mechanisms underlying disease and the associated prodromal disturbances. The neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated monkey model is commonly seen as a "gold standard" model that closely mimics the clinical motor symptoms and the nigrostriatal dopaminergic loss of PD, however MPTP toxicity extends to other nondopaminergic regions. Yet, there are limited reports monitoring the MPTP-induced progressive central and peripheral inflammation as well as other nonmotor symptoms such as gastrointestinal function and microbiota. We report 5 cases of progressive parkinsonism in non-human primates to gain a broader understanding of MPTP-induced central and peripheral inflammatory dysfunction to understand the potential role of inflammation in prodromal/pre-motor features of PD-like degeneration. We measured inflammatory proteins in plasma and CSF and performed [18F]FEPPA PET scans to evaluate translocator proteins (TSPO) or microglial activation. Monkeys were also evaluated for working memory and executive function using various behavior tasks and for gastrointestinal hyperpermeability and microbiota composition. Additionally, monkeys were treated with a novel TNF inhibitor XPro1595 (10 mg/kg, n = 3) or vehicle (n = 2) every three days starting 11 weeks after the initiation of MPTP to determine whether XPro1595 would alter inflammation and microglial behavior in a progressive model of PD. The case studies revealed that earlier and robust [18F]FEPPA PET signals resulted in earlier and more severe parkinsonism, which was seen in male cases compared to female cases. Potential other sex differences were observed in circulating inflammation, microbiota diversity and their metabolites. Additional studies with larger group sizes of both sexes would enable confirmation and extension of these findings. If these findings reflect potential differences in humans, these sex differences have significant implications for therapeutic development of inflammatory targets in the clinic.
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Choi MR, Chun JW, Kwak SM, Bang SH, Jin YB, Lee Y, Kim HN, Chang KT, Chai YG, Lee SR, Kim DJ. Effects of acute and chronic methamphetamine administration on cynomolgus monkey hippocampus structure and cellular transcriptome. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 355:68-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hu Y, Yu SY, Zuo LJ, Piao YS, Cao CJ, Wang F, Chen ZJ, Du Y, Lian TH, Liu GF, Wang YJ, Chan P, Chen SD, Wang XM, Zhang W. Investigation on Abnormal Iron Metabolism and Related Inflammation in Parkinson Disease Patients with Probable RBD. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138997. [PMID: 26431210 PMCID: PMC4592206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate potential mechanisms involving abnormal iron metabolism and related inflammation in Parkinson disease (PD) patients with probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (PRBD). Methods Total 210 PD patients and 31 controls were consecutively recruited. PD patients were evaluated by RBD Screening Questionnaire (RBDSQ) and classified into PRBD and probable no RBD (NPRBD) groups. Demographics information were recorded and clinical symptoms were evaluated by series of rating scales. Levels of iron and related proteins and inflammatory factors in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum were detected. Comparisons among control, NPRBD and PRBD groups and correlation analyses between RBDSQ score and levels of above factors were performed. Results (1)The frequency of PRBD in PD patients is 31.90%. (2)PRBD group has longer disease duration, more advanced disease stage, severer motor symptoms and more non-motor symptoms than NPRBD group. (3)In CSF, levels of iron, transferrin, NO and IL–1β in PRBD group are prominently increased. RBDSQ score is positively correlated with the levels of iron, transferrin, NO and IL–1β in PD group. Iron level is positively correlated with the levels of NO and IL–1β in PD group. (4)In serum, transferrin level is prominently decreased in PRBD group. PGE2 level in PRBD group is drastically enhanced. RBDSQ score exhibits a positive correlation with PGE2 level in PD group. Conclusions PRBD is common in PD patients. PRBD group has severer motor symptoms and more non-motor symptoms. Excessive iron in brain resulted from abnormal iron metabolism in central and peripheral systems is correlated with PRBD through neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shu-Yang Yu
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Li-Jun Zuo
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ying-Shan Piao
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chen-Jie Cao
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ze-Jie Chen
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yang Du
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Teng-Hong Lian
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Gai-Fen Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ya-Jie Wang
- Core Laboratory for Clinical Medical Research, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Piu Chan
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 10053, China
| | - Sheng-Di Chen
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiao-Min Wang
- Department of Physiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100053, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson Disease, Beijing, 100053, China
- * E-mail:
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Acute-phase responses in healthy and diseased rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). J Zoo Wildl Med 2014; 45:306-14. [PMID: 25000691 DOI: 10.1638/2013-0153r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Five acute-phase reactants-serum amyloid A (SAA), C-reactive protein (CRP), haptoglobin, albumin, and iron-were measured using commercially available assays in 110 healthy rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), and reference intervals were established for future use in health monitoring of this species. Reference intervals established were as follows: SAA, 29.5-87.7 mg/L; CRP, 0-17.5 mg/L; haptoglobin, 354.3-2,414.7 mg/ L; albumin, 36.1-53.0 g/L; and iron, 13.3-40.2 micromol/L. Furthermore, changes in the acute-phase reactants were studied in two additional groups of animals: eight rhesus macaques suffering from acute traumatic injuries and nine rhesus macaques experimentally infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis reflecting a chronic active inflammation. In animals with inflammation, SAA and haptoglobin concentrations were moderately increased, while CRP increased more than 200-fold. In addition, marked decreases in albumin and iron concentrations were observed. These results show that SAA, CRP, and haptoglobin are positive acute-phase proteins, whereas albumin and iron are negative acute-phase reactants in rhesus macaques.
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Park SJ, Kim YH, Huh JW, Lee SR, Kim SH, Kim SU, Kim JS, Jeong KJ, Kim KM, Kim HS, Chang KT. Selection of new appropriate reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis via transcriptome sequencing of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). PLoS One 2013; 8:e60758. [PMID: 23613744 PMCID: PMC3626658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the investigation of the expression levels of target genes, reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is the most accurate and widely used method. However, a normalization step is a prerequisite to obtain accurate quantification results from RT-qPCR data. Therefore, many studies regarding the selection of reference genes have been carried out. Recently, these studies have involved large-scale gene analysis methods such as microarray and next generation sequencing. In our previous studies, we analyzed large amounts of transcriptome data from the cynomolgus monkey. Using a modification of this large-scale transcriptome sequencing dataset, we selected and compared 12 novel candidate reference genes (ARFGAP2, ARL1, BMI1, CASC3, DDX3X, MRFAP1, ORMDL1, RSL24D1, SAR1A, USP22, ZC3H11A, and ZRANB2) and 4 traditionally used reference genes (ACTB, GAPDH, RPS19, and YWHAZ) in 13 different whole-body tissues by the 3 well-known programs geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper. Combined analysis by these 3 programs showed that ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase activating protein 2 (ARFGAP2), morf4 family associated protein 1 (MRFAP1), and ADP-ribosylation factor-like 1 (ARL1) are the most appropriate reference genes for accurate normalization. Interestingly, 4 traditionally used reference genes were the least stably expressed in this study. For this reason, selection of appropriate reference genes is vitally important, and large-scale analysis is a good method for finding new candidate reference genes. Our results could provide reliable reference gene lists for future studies on the expression of various target genes in the cynomolgus monkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Je Park
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hyun Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- University of Science & Technology, National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Huh
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- University of Science & Technology, National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Rae Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Uk Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Su Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Jin Jeong
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Min Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- University of Science & Technology, National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Heui-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (HSK); (KTC)
| | - Kyu-Tae Chang
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- University of Science & Technology, National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (HSK); (KTC)
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Abstract
Acute phase proteins (APP) were first identified in the early 1900s as early reactants to infectious disease. They are now understood to be an integral part of the acute phase response (APR) which is the cornerstone of innate immunity. APP have been shown to be valuable biomarkers as increases can occur with inflammation, infection, neoplasia, stress, and trauma. All animals--from fish to mammals--have demonstrable APP, but the type of major APP differs by species. While the primary application of these proteins in a clinical setting is prognostication, studies in animals have demonstrated relevance to diagnosis and detection and monitoring for subclinical disease. APP have been well documented in laboratory, companion, and large animals. With the advent of standardized and automated assays, these biomarkers are available for use in all fields of veterinary medicine as well as basic and clinical research.
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Walter U, Witt R, Wolters A, Wittstock M, Benecke R. Substantia nigra echogenicity in Parkinson's disease: relation to serum iron and C-reactive protein. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 119:53-7. [PMID: 21626410 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-011-0664-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD), substantia nigra hyperechogenicity (SN-h) has been related to both, local iron accumulation and microglia activation. We analysed its relationship in PD patients with serum iron (n = 31) and C-reactive protein (CRP; n = 193). SN-h correlated with lower CRP and iron levels. Also, patients with a first-degree relative with PD had lower iron levels. Microglia activation, if reflected by SN-h, may be therefore unrelated to serum CRP. Findings support the idea that SN-h indicates inherited alteration of iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Walter
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany.
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Mitchell AC, Aldridge G, Kohler S, Stanton G, Sullivan E, Garbett K, Faludi G, Mirnics K, Cameron JL, Greenough W. Molecular correlates of spontaneous activity in non-human primates. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 117:1353-8. [PMID: 20838826 PMCID: PMC3649869 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In our monkey model, cortical ARC and BDNF expressions were strongly correlated with spontaneous physical activity. The expressions of ARC and BDNF were inversely correlated with serum CRP levels, suggesting that CRP could be a putative peripheral marker of brain resiliency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C. Mitchell
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, 8130A MRB III, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, 37232, USA
| | - Georgina Aldridge
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Shawn Kohler
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Greg Stanton
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Krassimira Garbett
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, 8130A MRB III, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gabor Faludi
- Department of Psychiatry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Károly Mirnics
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, 8130A MRB III, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Judy L. Cameron
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William Greenough
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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