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Smith SG, Haynes KA, Hegde AN. Degradation of Transcriptional Repressor ATF4 during Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228543. [PMID: 33198401 PMCID: PMC7697267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of long-term synaptic plasticity requires gene expression mediated by cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB). Gene expression driven by CREB can commence only if the inhibition by a transcriptional repressor activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4; also known as CREB2) is relieved. Previous research showed that the removal of ATF4 occurs through ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated proteolysis. Using chemically induced hippocampal long-term potentiation (cLTP) as a model system, we investigate the mechanisms that control ATF4 degradation. We observed that ATF4 phosphorylated at serine-219 increases upon induction of cLTP and decreases about 30 min thereafter. Proteasome inhibitor β-lactone prevents the decrease in ATF4. We found that the phosphorylation of ATF4 is mediated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Our initial experiments towards the identification of the ligase that mediates ubiquitination of ATF4 revealed a possible role for β-transducin repeat containing protein (β-TrCP). Regulation of ATF4 degradation is likely to be a mechanism for determining the threshold for gene expression underlying maintenance of long-term synaptic plasticity and by extension, long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ashok N. Hegde
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +(478)-445-3464; Fax: +(478)-445-5290
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2
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Abstract
The Drosophila melanogaster foraging (for) gene is a well-established example of a gene with major effects on behavior and natural variation. This gene is best known for underlying the behavioral strategies of rover and sitter foraging larvae, having been mapped and named for this phenotype. Nevertheless, in the last three decades an extensive array of studies describing for's role as a modifier of behavior in a wide range of phenotypes, in both Drosophila and other organisms, has emerged. Furthermore, recent work reveals new insights into the genetic and molecular underpinnings of how for affects these phenotypes. In this article, we discuss the history of the for gene and its role in natural variation in behavior, plasticity, and behavioral pleiotropy, with special attention to recent findings on the molecular structure and transcriptional regulation of this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Anreiter
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada;
| | - Marla B Sokolowski
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada;
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3
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Gu G, Scott T, Yan Y, Warren N, Zhang A, Tabatabaei A, Xu H, Aertgeerts K, Gomez L, Morse A, Li YW, Breitenbucher JG, Massari E, Vivian J, Danks A. Target Engagement of a Phosphodiesterase 2A Inhibitor Affecting Long-Term Memory in the Rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:399-407. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.255851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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4
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Hamidkhaniha S, Bashiri H, Omidi A, Hosseini‐Chegeni A, Tavangar SM, Sabouri S, Montazeri H, Sahebgharani M. Effect of pretreatment with intracerebroventricular injection of minocycline on morphine‐induced memory impairment in passive avoidance test: Role of P‐
CREB
and c‐Fos expression in the dorsal hippocampus and basolateral amygdala regions. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 46:711-722. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shokouh Hamidkhaniha
- Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Hamideh Bashiri
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Afzalipour School of Medicine Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran
| | - Ameneh Omidi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences Medical Sciences Faculty Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | | | - Seyed Mohammad Tavangar
- Department of Pathology Dr. Shariati Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Salehe Sabouri
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Faculty of Pharmacy Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran
| | - Hamed Montazeri
- School of Pharmacy‐ International Campus Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Mousa Sahebgharani
- Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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5
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Horton A, Schiefer IT. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nitric oxide mimetic agents. Nitric Oxide 2019; 84:69-78. [PMID: 30641123 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Drug discovery focusing on NO mimetics has been hamstrung due to its unconventional nature. Central to these challenges is the fact that direct measurement of molecular NO in biological systems is exceedingly difficulty. Hence, drug development of NO mimetics must rely upon measurement of the NO donating specie (i.e., a prodrug) and a downstream marker of efficacy without directly measuring the molecule, NO, that is responsible for biological effect. The focus of this review is to catalog in vivo attempts to monitor the pharmacokinetics (PK) of the NO donating specie and the pharmacodynamic (PD) readout of NO bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Horton
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, USA
| | - Isaac T Schiefer
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, USA.
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6
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Hollas MA, Ben Aissa M, Lee SH, Gordon-Blake JM, Thatcher GRJ. Pharmacological manipulation of cGMP and NO/cGMP in CNS drug discovery. Nitric Oxide 2018; 82:59-74. [PMID: 30394348 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of small molecule modulators of NO/cGMP signaling for use in the CNS has lagged far behind the use of such clinical agents in the periphery, despite the central role played by NO/cGMP in learning and memory, and the substantial evidence that this signaling pathway is perturbed in neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. The NO-chimeras, NMZ and Nitrosynapsin, have yielded beneficial and disease-modifying responses in multiple preclinical animal models, acting on GABAA and NMDA receptors, respectively, providing additional mechanisms of action relevant to synaptic and neuronal dysfunction. Several inhibitors of cGMP-specific phosphodiesterases (PDE) have replicated some of the actions of these NO-chimeras in the CNS. There is no evidence that nitrate tolerance is a phenomenon relevant to the CNS actions of NO-chimeras, and studies on nitroglycerin in the periphery continue to challenge the dogma of nitrate tolerance mechanisms. Hybrid nitrates have shown much promise in the periphery and CNS, but to date only one treatment has received FDA approval, for glaucoma. The potential for allosteric modulation of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) in brain disorders has not yet been fully explored nor exploited; whereas multiple applications of PDE inhibitors have been explored and many have stalled in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Hollas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Manel Ben Aissa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Sue H Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Jesse M Gordon-Blake
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Gregory R J Thatcher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA.
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7
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Vashisht A, Bach SV, Fetterhoff D, Morgan JW, McGee M, Hegde AN. Proteasome limits plasticity-related signaling to the nucleus in the hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 2018; 687:31-36. [PMID: 30219486 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Proteolysis by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway has pleiotropic effects on both induction and maintenance of long-term synaptic plasticity. In this study, we examined the effect of proteasome inhibition on signaling to the nucleus during late-phase long-term potentiation. When a subthreshold L-LTP induction protocol was used, proteasome inhibition led to a significant increase in phosphorylated CREB (pCREB) in the nucleus. Inhibitors of cAMP-dependent protein kinase/protein kinase A, extracellular signal-regulated kinase and cGMP-dependent protein kinase/protein kinase G all blocked the proteasome-inhibition-mediated increase in nuclear pCREB after subthreshold stimulation. These results lay the groundwork for understanding a novel role for the proteasome in limiting signaling to the nucleus in the absence of adequate synaptic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh Vashisht
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy & Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Georgia College and State University, Milledgeville, GA, 31061, USA
| | - Svitlana V Bach
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy & Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Dustin Fetterhoff
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy & Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - James W Morgan
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy & Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Maria McGee
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Ashok N Hegde
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy & Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Georgia College and State University, Milledgeville, GA, 31061, USA.
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8
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Yazir Y, Polat S, Utkan T, Aricioglu F. Role of the nitric oxide-soluble guanylyl cyclase pathway in cognitive deficits in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2018.1471883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yusufhan Yazir
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Research and Application Center, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Selen Polat
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Research and Application Center, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Tijen Utkan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Medical Research and Application Unit, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Feyza Aricioglu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
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9
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A diseasome cluster-based drug repurposing of soluble guanylate cyclase activators from smooth muscle relaxation to direct neuroprotection. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2018; 4:8. [PMID: 29423274 PMCID: PMC5799370 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-017-0039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Network medicine utilizes common genetic origins, markers and co-morbidities to uncover mechanistic links between diseases. These links can be summarized in the diseasome, a comprehensive network of disease–disease relationships and clusters. The diseasome has been influential during the past decade, although most of its links are not followed up experimentally. Here, we investigate a high prevalence unmet medical need cluster of disease phenotypes linked to cyclic GMP. Hitherto, the central cGMP-forming enzyme, soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), has been targeted pharmacologically exclusively for smooth muscle modulation in cardiology and pulmonology. Here, we examine the disease associations of sGC in a non-hypothesis based manner in order to identify possibly previously unrecognized clinical indications. Surprisingly, we find that sGC, is closest linked to neurological disorders, an application that has so far not been explored clinically. Indeed, when investigating the neurological indication of this cluster with the highest unmet medical need, ischemic stroke, pre-clinically we find that sGC activity is virtually absent post-stroke. Conversely, a heme-free form of sGC, apo-sGC, was now the predominant isoform suggesting it may be a mechanism-based target in stroke. Indeed, this repurposing hypothesis could be validated experimentally in vivo as specific activators of apo-sGC were directly neuroprotective, reduced infarct size and increased survival. Thus, common mechanism clusters of the diseasome allow direct drug repurposing across previously unrelated disease phenotypes redefining them in a mechanism-based manner. Specifically, our example of repurposing apo-sGC activators for ischemic stroke should be urgently validated clinically as a possible first-in-class neuroprotective therapy. Systems medicine utilizes common genetic origins and co-morbidities to uncover mechanistic links between diseases, which are summarized in the diseasome. Shared pathomechanisms may also allow for drug repurposing within these disease clusters. Here, Schmidt and co-workers show indeed that, based on this principle, a cardio-pulmonary drug can be surprisingly repurposed for a previously not recognised application as a direct neuroprotectant. They find that the cyclic GMP forming soluble guanylate cyclase becomes dysfunctional upon stroke but regains catalytic activity in the presence of specific activator compounds. This new mechanism-based therapy should be urgently validated clinically as a possible first-in-class treatment in stroke.
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10
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Palluzzi F, Ferrari R, Graziano F, Novelli V, Rossi G, Galimberti D, Rainero I, Benussi L, Nacmias B, Bruni AC, Cusi D, Salvi E, Borroni B, Grassi M. A novel network analysis approach reveals DNA damage, oxidative stress and calcium/cAMP homeostasis-associated biomarkers in frontotemporal dementia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185797. [PMID: 29020091 PMCID: PMC5636111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) is the form of neurodegenerative dementia with the highest prevalence after Alzheimer’s disease, equally distributed in men and women. It includes several variants, generally characterized by behavioural instability and language impairments. Although few mendelian genes (MAPT, GRN, and C9orf72) have been associated to the FTD phenotype, in most cases there is only evidence of multiple risk loci with relatively small effect size. To date, there are no comprehensive studies describing FTD at molecular level, highlighting possible genetic interactions and signalling pathways at the origin FTD-associated neurodegeneration. In this study, we designed a broad FTD genetic interaction map of the Italian population, through a novel network-based approach modelled on the concepts of disease-relevance and interaction perturbation, combining Steiner tree search and Structural Equation Model (SEM) analysis. Our results show a strong connection between Calcium/cAMP metabolism, oxidative stress-induced Serine/Threonine kinases activation, and postsynaptic membrane potentiation, suggesting a possible combination of neuronal damage and loss of neuroprotection, leading to cell death. In our model, Calcium/cAMP homeostasis and energetic metabolism impairments are primary causes of loss of neuroprotection and neural cell damage, respectively. Secondly, the altered postsynaptic membrane potentiation, due to the activation of stress-induced Serine/Threonine kinases, leads to neurodegeneration. Our study investigates the molecular underpinnings of these processes, evidencing key genes and gene interactions that may account for a significant fraction of unexplained FTD aetiology. We emphasized the key molecular actors in these processes, proposing them as novel FTD biomarkers that could be crucial for further epidemiological and molecular studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Palluzzi
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, Medical and Genomic Statistics Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Raffaele Ferrari
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Graziano
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, Medical and Genomic Statistics Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Valeria Novelli
- Department of Genetics, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, Roma, Italy
| | - Giacomina Rossi
- Division of Neurology V and Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Dino Ferrari Institute, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Innocenzo Rainero
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurology I, University of Torino and Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Luisa Benussi
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Benedetta Nacmias
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Amalia C. Bruni
- Neurogenetic Regional Centre ASPCZ Lamezia Terme, Lamezia Terme (CZ), Italy
| | - Daniele Cusi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan at San Paolo Hospital, Milano, Italy
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Research Council, Milano, Italy
| | - Erika Salvi
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Research Council, Milano, Italy
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mario Grassi
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, Medical and Genomic Statistics Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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11
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Sokolowski HM, Vasquez OE, Unternaehrer E, Sokolowski DJ, Biergans SD, Atkinson L, Gonzalez A, Silveira PP, Levitan R, O'Donnell KJ, Steiner M, Kennedy J, Meaney MJ, Fleming AS, Sokolowski MB. The Drosophila foraging gene human orthologue PRKG1 predicts individual differences in the effects of early adversity on maternal sensitivity. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2016; 42:62-73. [PMID: 28827895 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is variation in the extent to which childhood adverse experience affects adult individual differences in maternal behavior. Genetic variation in the animal foraging gene, which encodes a cGMP-dependent protein kinase, contributes to variation in the responses of adult fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, to early life adversity and is also known to play a role in maternal behavior in social insects. Here we investigate genetic variation in the human foraging gene (PRKG1) as a predictor of individual differences in the effects of early adversity on maternal behavior in two cohorts. We show that the PRKG1 genetic polymorphism rs2043556 associates with maternal sensitivity towards their infants. We also show that rs2043556 moderates the association between self-reported childhood adversity of the mother and her later maternal sensitivity. Mothers with the TT allele of rs2043556 appeared buffered from the effects of early adversity, whereas mothers with the presence of a C allele were not. Our study used the Toronto Longitudinal Cohort (N=288 mother-16 month old infant pairs) and the Maternal Adversity and Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment Cohort (N=281 mother-18 month old infant pairs). Our findings expand the literature on the contributions of both genetics and gene-environment interactions to maternal sensitivity, a salient feature of the early environment relevant for child neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Moriah Sokolowski
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, Westminster Hall, Room 325, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 3K7
| | - Oscar E Vasquez
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 25 Wilcocks St. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3B2
| | - Eva Unternaehrer
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, 6875, Boulevard LaSalle, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Dustin J Sokolowski
- Department of Biology, University of Western, Ontario, Toronto, Canada, N6A 3K7
| | - Stephanie D Biergans
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 25 Wilcocks St. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3B2
| | - Leslie Atkinson
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B2K3
| | - Andrea Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster Innovation Park, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Patricia P Silveira
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, 6875, Boulevard LaSalle, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Robert Levitan
- Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8G 5E4
| | - Kieran J O'Donnell
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, 6875, Boulevard LaSalle, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4H 1R3.,Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), 180 Dundas St West, Suite 1400, Toronto, Ontario Canada M5G 1Z8
| | - Meir Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster Innovation Park, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1.,Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8G 5E4
| | - James Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Centre for Addiction an Mental Health, 33 Russell St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M1
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, 6875, Boulevard LaSalle, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4H 1R3.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Science, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine 30 Medical Drive, Singapore 117609.,Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), 180 Dundas St West, Suite 1400, Toronto, Ontario Canada M5G 1Z8
| | - Alison S Fleming
- Department of Psychology, 100 St. George Street, Sidney Smith Hall Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G3
| | - Marla B Sokolowski
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 25 Wilcocks St. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3B2.,Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), 180 Dundas St West, Suite 1400, Toronto, Ontario Canada M5G 1Z8
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12
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Li J, Liu CN, Wei N, Li XD, Liu YY, Yang R, Jia YJ. Protective effects of BAY 73-6691, a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 9, on amyloid-β peptides-induced oxidative stress in in-vivo and in-vitro models of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 2016; 1642:327-335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Kempf SJ, Sepe S, von Toerne C, Janik D, Neff F, Hauck SM, Atkinson MJ, Mastroberardino PG, Tapio S. Neonatal Irradiation Leads to Persistent Proteome Alterations Involved in Synaptic Plasticity in the Mouse Hippocampus and Cortex. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:4674-86. [PMID: 26420666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent epidemiological data indicate that radiation doses as low as those used in computer tomography may result in long-term neurocognitive side effects. The aim of this study was to elucidate long-term molecular alterations related to memory formation in the brain after low and moderate doses of γ radiation. Female C57BL/6J mice were irradiated on postnatal day 10 with total body doses of 0.1, 0.5, or 2.0 Gy; the control group was sham-irradiated. The proteome analysis of hippocampus, cortex, and synaptosomes isolated from these brain regions indicated changes in ephrin-related, RhoGDI, and axonal guidance signaling. Immunoblotting and miRNA-quantification demonstrated an imbalance in the synapse morphology-related Rac1-Cofilin pathway and long-term potentiation-related cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) signaling. Proteome profiling also showed impaired oxidative phosphorylation, especially in the synaptic mitochondria. This was accompanied by an early (4 weeks) reduction of mitochondrial respiration capacity in the hippocampus. Although the respiratory capacity was restored by 24 weeks, the number of deregulated mitochondrial complex proteins was increased at this time. All observed changes were significant at doses of 0.5 and 2.0 Gy but not at 0.1 Gy. This study strongly suggests that ionizing radiation at the neonatal state triggers persistent proteomic alterations associated with synaptic impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Sepe
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center , 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael J Atkinson
- Chair of Radiation Biology, Technical University Munich , 80333 Munich, Germany
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14
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Ashley-Koch AE, Garrett ME, Gibson J, Liu Y, Dennis MF, Kimbrel NA, Beckham JC, Hauser MA. Genome-wide association study of posttraumatic stress disorder in a cohort of Iraq-Afghanistan era veterans. J Affect Disord 2015; 184:225-34. [PMID: 26114229 PMCID: PMC4697755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disorder that can develop after experiencing traumatic events. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) design was used to identify genetic risk factors for PTSD within a multi-racial sample primarily composed of U.S. veterans. METHODS Participants were recruited at multiple medical centers, and structured interviews were used to establish diagnoses. Genotypes were generated using three Illumina platforms and imputed with global reference data to create a common set of SNPs. SNPs that increased risk for PTSD were identified with logistic regression, while controlling for gender, trauma severity, and population substructure. Analyses were run separately in non-Hispanic black (NHB; n = 949) and non-Hispanic white (NHW; n = 759) participants. Meta-analysis was used to combine results from the two subsets. RESULTS SNPs within several interesting candidate genes were nominally significant. Within the NHB subset, the most significant genes were UNC13C and DSCAM. Within the NHW subset, the most significant genes were TBC1D2, SDC2 and PCDH7. In addition, PRKG1 and DDX60L were identified through meta-analysis. The top genes for the three analyses have been previously implicated in neurologic processes consistent with a role in PTSD. Pathway analysis of the top genes identified alternative splicing as the top GO term in all three analyses (FDR q < 3.5 × 10(-5)). LIMITATIONS No individual SNPs met genome-wide significance in the analyses. CONCLUSIONS This multi-racial PTSD GWAS identified biologically plausible candidate genes and suggests that post-transcriptional regulation may be important to the pathology of PTSD; however, replication of these findings is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jason Gibson
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Michelle F. Dennis
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC,The VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, NC,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Nathan A. Kimbrel
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC,The VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, NC,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | | | - Jean C. Beckham
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC,The VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, NC,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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15
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Kato S, Chen J, Cornog KH, Zhang H, Roberts JD. The Golgi apparatus regulates cGMP-dependent protein kinase I compartmentation and proteolysis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 308:C944-58. [PMID: 25855081 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00199.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (PKGI) is an important effector of cGMP signaling that regulates vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotype and proliferation. PKGI has been detected in the perinuclear region of cells, and recent data indicate that proprotein convertases (PCs) typically resident in the Golgi apparatus (GA) can stimulate PKGI proteolysis and generate a kinase fragment that localizes to the nucleus and regulates gene expression. However, the role of the endomembrane system in PKGI compartmentation and processing is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that PKGI colocalizes with endoplasmic reticulum (ER), ER-Golgi intermediate compartment, GA cisterna, and trans-Golgi network proteins in pulmonary artery SMC and cell lines. Moreover, PKGI localizes with furin, a trans-Golgi network-resident PC known to cleave PKGI. ER protein transport influences PKGI localization because overexpression of a constitutively inactive Sar1 transgene caused PKGI retention in the ER. Additionally, PKGI appears to reside within the GA because PKGI immunoreactivity was determined to be resistant to cytosolic proteinase K treatment in live cells. The GA appears to play a role in PKGI proteolysis because overexpression of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-associated cGMP kinase substrate, not only tethered heterologous PKGI-β to the ER and decreased its localization to the GA, but also diminished PKGI proteolysis and nuclear translocation. Also, inhibiting intra-GA protein transport with monensin was observed to decrease PKGI cleavage. These studies detail a role for the endomembrane system in regulating PKGI compartmentation and proteolysis. Moreover, they support the investigation of mechanisms regulating PKGI-dependent nuclear cGMP signaling in the pulmonary vasculature with Golgi dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Kato
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jingsi Chen
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Huili Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jesse D Roberts
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Departments of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts;
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16
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Modulating nitric oxide signaling in the CNS for Alzheimer's disease therapy. Future Med Chem 2014; 5:1451-68. [PMID: 23919554 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO)/solube GC (sGC)/cGMP signaling is important for modulating synaptic transmission and plasticity in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, which are critical for learning and memory. Physiological concentrations of NO also elicit anti-apoptotic/prosurvival effects against various neurotoxic challenges and brain insults through multiple mechanisms. Depression of the NO/sGC pathway is a feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), attributed to amyloid-β neuropathology, and altered expression and activity of NOS, sGC and PDE enzymes. Different classes of NO-releasing hybrid drugs, including nomethiazoles, NO-NSAIDs and NO-acetylcholinesterase inhibitors were designed to deliver low concentrations of exogenous NO to the CNS while targeting other underlying disease mechanisms, such as excitotoxicity, neuro-inflammation and acetylcholine deficiency, respectively. Incorporating a NO-donating moiety may also reduce gastrointestinal and liver toxicity of the parent drugs. Progress has also been made in targeting downstream sGC and PDE enzymes. The PDE9 inhibitor PF-04447943 has completed Phase II clinical trials for AD. The search for effective NO-donating hybrid drugs, CNS-targeting sGC stimulators/activators and selective PDE inhibitors is an important goal for pharmacotherapy that manipulates NO biochemical pathways involved in cognitive function and neuroprotection. Rigorous preclinical validation of target engagement, and optimization of pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles are likely to advance more drug candidates into clinical trials for mild cognitive impairment and early stage AD.
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17
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Giralt A, Saavedra A, Carretón O, Arumí H, Tyebji S, Alberch J, Pérez-Navarro E. PDE10 inhibition increases GluA1 and CREB phosphorylation and improves spatial and recognition memories in a Huntington's disease mouse model. Hippocampus 2013; 23:684-95. [PMID: 23576401 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) causes motor disturbances, preceded by cognitive impairment, in patients and mouse models. We showed that increased hippocampal cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) signaling disrupts recognition and spatial memories in R6 HD mouse models. However, unchanged levels of hippocampal phosphorylated (p) cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) suggested unaltered nuclear PKA activity in R6 mice. Here, we extend this finding by showing that nuclear pPKA catalytic subunit (Thr197) and pPKA substrate levels were unaltered in the hippocampus of R6/1 mice. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) play an important role in the regulation of PKA activity. PDE10A, a cAMP/cGMP dual-substrate PDE, was reported to be restricted to the nuclear region in nonstriatal neurons. Using cell fractionation we confirmed that PDE10A was enriched in nuclear fractions, both in wild-type and R6/1 mice hippocampus, without differences in its levels or intracellular distribution between genotypes. We next investigated whether inhibition of PDE10 with papaverine could improve cognitive function in HD mice. Papaverine treatment improved spatial and object recognition memories in R6/1 mice, and significantly increased pGluA1 and pCREB levels in R6/1 mice hippocampus. Papaverine likely acted through the activation of the PKA pathway as the phosphorylation level of distinct cGMP-dependent kinase (cGK) substrates was not modified in either genotype. Moreover, hippocampal cAMP, but not cGMP, levels were increased after acute papaverine injection. Our results show that inhibition of PDE10 improves cognition in R6 mice, at least in part through increased GluA1 and CREB phosphorylation. Thus, PDE10 might be a good therapeutic target to improve cognitive impairment in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Giralt
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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de Oliveira Coelho CA, Ferreira TL, Soares JCK, Oliveira MGM. Hippocampal NMDA receptor blockade impairs CREB phosphorylation in amygdala after contextual fear conditioning. Hippocampus 2013; 23:545-51. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Augusto de Oliveira Coelho
- Departamento de Psicobiologia; Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo; 862 Botucatu street, 1st floor; Sao Paulo; Brazil; zip code 04023-062
| | | | - Juliana Carlota Kramer Soares
- Departamento de Psicobiologia; Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo; 862 Botucatu street, 1st floor; Sao Paulo; Brazil; zip code 04023-062
| | - Maria Gabriela Menezes Oliveira
- Departamento de Psicobiologia; Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo; 862 Botucatu street, 1st floor; Sao Paulo; Brazil; zip code 04023-062
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19
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Bazwinsky-Wutschke I, Wolgast S, Mühlbauer E, Albrecht E, Peschke E. Phosphorylation of cyclic AMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) is influenced by melatonin treatment in pancreatic rat insulinoma β-cells (INS-1). J Pineal Res 2012; 53:344-57. [PMID: 22616931 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2012.01004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The pineal hormone melatonin exerts its influence on the insulin secretion of pancreatic islets by a variety of signalling pathways. The purpose of the present study was to analyse the impact of melatonin on the phosphorylated transcription factor cAMP-response element-binding protein (pCREB). In pancreatic rat insulinoma β-cells (INS-1), pCREB immunofluorescence intensities in cell nuclei using digitised confocal image analysis were measured to semi-quantify differences in the pCREB immunoreactivity (pCREB-ir) caused by different treatments. Increasing concentrations of forskolin or 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) resulted in a dose-dependent rise of the mean fluorescence intensity in pCREB-ir nuclear staining. Concomitant melatonin application significantly decreased pCREB-ir in INS-1 cells after 30-min, 1-hr and 3-hr treatment. The melatonin receptor antagonists luzindole and 4-phenyl-2-propionamidotetraline (4P-PDOT) completely abolished the pCREB phosphorylation-decreasing effect of melatonin, indicating that both melatonin receptor isoforms (MT(1) and MT(2)) are involved. In a transfected INS-1 cell line expressing the human MT(2) receptor, melatonin caused the greatest reduction in pCREB after IBMX treatment compared with nontransfected INS-1 cells, indicating a crucial influence of melatonin receptor density on pCREB regulation. Furthermore, the downregulation of pCREB by melatonin is concomitantly associated with a statistically significant downregulation of Camk2d transcript levels, as measured after 3 hr. In conclusion, the present study provides evidence that the phosphorylation level of CREB is modulated in pancreatic β-cells by melatonin. Mediated via CREB, melatonin regulates the expression of genes that play an important functional role in the regulation of β-cell signalling pathways.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2/genetics
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Colforsin/pharmacology
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Humans
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/drug effects
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Insulinoma/genetics
- Insulinoma/metabolism
- Melatonin/pharmacology
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Rats
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/drug effects
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/metabolism
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/drug effects
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/genetics
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tetrahydronaphthalenes/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- Tryptamines/pharmacology
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20
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Qin Z, Luo J, VandeVrede L, Tavassoli E, Fa' M, Teich AF, Arancio O, Thatcher GRJ. Design and synthesis of neuroprotective methylthiazoles and modification as NO-chimeras for neurodegenerative therapy. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6784-801. [PMID: 22779770 DOI: 10.1021/jm300353r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Learning and memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD) result from synaptic failure and neuronal loss, the latter caused in part by excitotoxicity and oxidative stress. A therapeutic approach is described that uses NO-chimeras directed at restoration of both synaptic function and neuroprotection. 4-Methylthiazole (MZ) derivatives were synthesized, based upon a lead neuroprotective pharmacophore acting in part by GABA(A) receptor potentiation. MZ derivatives were assayed for protection of primary neurons against oxygen-glucose deprivation and excitotoxicity. Selected neuroprotective derivatives were incorporated into NO-chimera prodrugs, coined nomethiazoles. To provide proof of concept for the nomethiazole drug class, selected examples were assayed for restoration of synaptic function in hippocampal slices from AD-transgenic mice, reversal of cognitive deficits, and brain bioavailability of the prodrug and its neuroprotective MZ metabolite. Taken together, the assay data suggest that these chimeric nomethiazoles may be of use in treatment of multiple components of neurodegenerative disorders, such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Qin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
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21
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Protein kinase G (PKG): Involvement in Promoting Neural Cell Survival, Proliferation, Synaptogenesis, and Synaptic Plasticity and the Use of New Ultrasensitive Capillary-Electrophoresis-Based Methodologies for Measuring PKG Expression and Molecular Actions. PROTEIN KINASE TECHNOLOGIES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-824-5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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22
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Reaume CJ, Sokolowski MB. Conservation of gene function in behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 366:2100-10. [PMID: 21690128 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Behaviour genetic research has shown that a given gene or gene pathway can influence categorically similar behaviours in different species. Questions about the conservation of gene function in behaviour are increasingly tractable. This is owing to the surge of DNA and 'omics data, bioinformatic tools, as well as advances in technologies for behavioural phenotyping. Here, we discuss how gene function, as a hierarchical biological phenomenon, can be used to examine behavioural homology across species. The question can be addressed independently using different levels of investigation including the DNA sequence, the gene's position in a genetic pathway, spatial-temporal tissue expression and neural circuitry. Selected examples from the literature are used to illustrate this point. We will also discuss how qualitative and quantitative comparisons of the behavioural phenotype, its function and the importance of environmental and social context should be used in cross-species comparisons. We conclude that (i) there are homologous behaviours, (ii) they are hard to define and (iii) neurogenetics and genomics investigations should help in this endeavour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Reaume
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, L5L 1C6
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23
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Mahan AL, Ressler KJ. Fear conditioning, synaptic plasticity and the amygdala: implications for posttraumatic stress disorder. Trends Neurosci 2011; 35:24-35. [PMID: 21798604 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that can develop after a traumatic experience such as domestic violence, natural disasters or combat-related trauma. The cost of such disorders on society and the individual can be tremendous. In this article, we review how the neural circuitry implicated in PTSD in humans is related to the neural circuitry of fear. We then discuss how fear conditioning is a suitable model for studying the molecular mechanisms of the fear components that underlie PTSD, and the biology of fear conditioning with a particular focus on the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-tyrosine kinase B (TrkB), GABAergic and glutamatergic ligand-receptor systems. We then summarize how such approaches might help to inform our understanding of PTSD and other stress-related disorders and provide insight to new pharmacological avenues of treatment of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Mahan
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 954 Gatewood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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24
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Zhu H, Zhang J, Sun H, Zhang L, Liu H, Zeng X, Yang Y, Yao Z. An enriched environment reverses the synaptic plasticity deficit induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Neurosci Lett 2011; 502:71-5. [PMID: 21524687 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) leads to a long-term, inadequate blood supply in the brain, which eventually causes cognitive impairment. An enriched environment (EE) improves learning and memory by improving synaptic plasticity. The impact of an EE on cognitive impairment induced by CCH is not, however, well known. To investigate this possible effect, we permanently occluded the bilateral common carotid arteries (2-vessel occlusion) in rats to induce CCH and studied EE effects on cognitive impairment and synaptic plasticity following CCH. We found that EE treatment reversed spatial memory deficits induced by CCH. An EE also reversed the deficit in long-term potentiation following CCH, but the input-output curves and paired-pulse facilitation were not affected. CCH led to reduced expression of phosphorylated CREB in the rats, but EE reversed this reduction. In addition, CCH reduced the expression of synaptophysin and microtubule-associated protein 2, whereas EE reversed this reduced expression. Thus, EE reversed CCH-induced spatial cognitive impairment without affecting basal synaptic transmission or the release probability of presynaptic neurotransmitters. The EE effect probably resulted from the regulation of postsynaptic potentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, China
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25
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A guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) reporter system based on the G-kinase/CREB/CRE signal transduction pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 407:236-41. [PMID: 21382339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Guanylate cyclases constitute a gene family of enzymes that synthesize the second messenger guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) and play important roles in diverse physiological functions. Here we report a novel, simple and highly sensitive method for measurement intracellular cGMP concentrations using a cAMP-responsive element (CRE) and cGMP-dependent protein kinase (cGK). Transient transfection of the CRE reporter plasmid, encoding a luciferase reporter gene under the control of a modified promoter containing a CRE, and a cGK expression vector into HEK293 cells followed by treatment with 8-bromo-cGMP showed a dose dependent increase in luciferase activity. Moreover, HEK293 cells expressing GC-A or GC-B natriuretic peptide receptors and harboring this reporter system responded to specific ligands in a dose dependent manner. Our results indicate that this reporter gene method enables high throughput screening of receptor-type GC selective agonists in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and homeostatic dysfunctions.
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26
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Yu T, Liu C, Belichenko P, Clapcote SJ, Li S, Pao A, Kleschevnikov A, Bechard AR, Asrar S, Chen R, Fan N, Zhou Z, Jia Z, Chen C, Roder JC, Liu B, Baldini A, Mobley WC, Yu YE. Effects of individual segmental trisomies of human chromosome 21 syntenic regions on hippocampal long-term potentiation and cognitive behaviors in mice. Brain Res 2010; 1366:162-71. [PMID: 20932954 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.09.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
As the genomic basis for Down syndrome (DS), human trisomy 21 is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability in children and young people. The genomic regions on human chromosome 21 (Hsa21) are syntenic to three regions in the mouse genome, located on mouse chromosome 10 (Mmu10), Mmu16, and Mmu17. Recently, we have developed three new mouse models using chromosome engineering carrying the genotypes of Dp(10)1Yey/+, Dp(16)1Yey/+, or Dp(17)1Yey/+, which harbor a duplication spanning the entire Hsa21 syntenic region on Mmu10, Mmu16, or Mmu17, respectively. In this study, we analyzed the hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and cognitive behaviors of these models. Our results show that, while the genotype of Dp(17)1Yey/+ results in abnormal hippocampal LTP, the genotype of Dp(16)1Yey/+ leads to both abnormal hippocampal LTP and impaired learning/memory. Therefore, these mutant mice can serve as powerful tools for further understanding the mechanism underlying cognitively relevant phenotypes associated with DS, particularly the impacts of different syntenic regions on these phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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