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Fletcher B, Phillips R, Faust A, Cook JL, Nuelle JAV. Physical exercise to promote regeneration after peripheral nerve injury in animal models: A systematic review. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:1608-1622. [PMID: 38282091 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries are common injuries that often have a drastic effect on patient's activities of daily living and physical function. While techniques for the surgical repair of these injuries have improved over time, rehabilitation methods following these repairs have been non-standardized and under researched. Electronic searches were conducted in Ovid/Medline and SCOPUS to identify articles that discuss rehabilitation and exercise following peripheral nerve injury in animal models and its effects on peripheral nerve regeneration and recovery of function. Thirty-eight articles met inclusion criteria; all were prospective studies in animal models. This systematic review suggests that exercise is a useful tool in returning autonomy to the individual and has beneficial effects in the recovery from peripheral nerve injury. It is beneficial to use rehabilitation exercises following the repair of peripheral nerve injuries to promote regeneration, and timing of that exercise may be just as important as the exercise prescribed. However, further studies with standardized models and outcome measures need to be conducted before translation to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce Fletcher
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Rachel Phillips
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Amanda Faust
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - James L Cook
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Julia A V Nuelle
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Graciani AL, Gutierre MU, Coppi AA, Arida RM, Gutierre RC. MYELIN, AGING, AND PHYSICAL EXERCISE. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 127:70-81. [PMID: 37116408 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Myelin sheath is a structure in neurons fabricated by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells responsible for increasing the efficiency of neural synapsis, impulse transmission, and providing metabolic support to the axon. They present morpho-functional changes during health aging as deformities of the sheath and its fragmentation, causing an increased load on microglial phagocytosis, with Alzheimer's disease aggravating. Physical exercise has been studied as a possible protective agent for the nervous system, offering benefits to neuroplasticity. In this regard, studies in animal models for Alzheimer's and depression reported the efficiency of physical exercise in protecting against myelin degeneration. A reduction of myelin damage during aging has also been observed in healthy humans. Physical activity promotes oligodendrocyte proliferation and myelin preservation during old age, although some controversies remain. In this review, we will address how effective physical exercise can be as a protective agent of the myelin sheath against the effects of aging in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Saboory E, Gholizadeh-Ghaleh Aziz S, Samadi M, Biabanghard A, Chodari L. Exercise and insulin-like growth factor 1 supplementation improve angiogenesis and angiogenic cytokines in a rat model of diabetes-induced neuropathy. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:783-792. [PMID: 32053260 DOI: 10.1113/ep088069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Do changes in levels of angiogenesis-related mediators [vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)] in the sciatic nerve mediate diabetic neuropathy in the streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic male rat? Can exercise and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) treatment improve the diabetes-related decrease in angiogenesis in sciatic nerve in these animals? What is the main finding and its importance? Levels of VEGF-A, TSP-1 and NF-κB change in the sciatic nerve of diabetic rats and might mediate diabetic neuropathy. Treatment with IGF-I and exercise could increase angiogenesis in the diabetic rats by increasing VEGF-A and decreasing TSP-1 and NF-κB expression in the sciatic nerve. ABSTRACT Diabetic neuropathy is a severe complication of diabetes that affects 40-50% of diabetic people in the world. The aim of this study was to characterize alterations in angiogenesis and related molecular mediators in the sciatic nerve in diabetic conditions alone or in diabetes in combination with exercise and/or administration of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I). Forty male Wistar rats were assigned into one of five groups, namely control, diabetes, diabetes + exercise, diabetes + IGF-I and diabetes + exercise + IGF-I. Type 1 diabetes was induced by i.p. injection of streptozotocin (60 mg kg-1 ). After 30 days of treatment with exercise or IGF-I alone or in combination, diabetic neuropathy was evaluated with a hotplate, glycated haemoglobin was measured, angiogenesis was determined by immunostaining for PECAM-1/CD31, and expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.After 4 weeks, the diabetes group showed a significant decrease in capillary density and VEGF-A levels, but a significant increase in glycated haemoglobin in blood, TSP-1 and NF-κB levels in the sciatic nerve compared with the control group, and these effects were ameliorated by exercise and IGF-I. However, simultaneous treatment of diabetic rats with IGF-I and exercise did not have any synergistic effects. These findings indicate that diabetes-induced neuropathy may be associated, in part, with decreased angiogenesis mediated by overproduction of TSP-1 and NF-κB, in addition to reduced production of VEGF-A. The findings also showed that exercise and IGF-I can reduce neuropathy, followed by increased angiogenesis, by changes in TSP-1, NF-κB and VEGF-A production levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Saboory
- Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Zanjan, Iran
| | | | - Mahrokh Samadi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Abdolrahman Biabanghard
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Leila Chodari
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Neurophysiology Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Ferreira MC, Oliveira MX, Souza JI, Souza RA, Machado TPG, Santos AP. Effects of two intensities of treadmill exercise on neuromuscular recovery after median nerve crush injury in Wistar rats. J Exerc Rehabil 2019; 15:392-400. [PMID: 31316931 PMCID: PMC6614769 DOI: 10.12965/jer.19.328126.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering the potential action of exercise on neuroplasticity and the need to adapt protocols to enhance functional recovery after nerve injury, this study evaluated the effects of two intensities of treadmill exercise on nervous and muscular tissues and functional recovery after nerve crush injury. Wistar rats were distributed into sedentary group (SED), and 10 m/min (EG10) and 17 m/min (EG17) exercise groups. The exercise started one week after the injury. Ten daily sessions were performed with a 2-day interval after the fifth day. The flexor digitorum muscle and two segments of the median nerve were analysed histomorphometrically by light microscopy and computer analysis. Function was evaluated by grasping test, in 3 moments. Approval number: 016/2013. In the proximal segments of the median nerve, the diameter of myelinated fibres and axon, the myelin sheath thickness and the ratio of axon diameter to fibre diameter (g ratio) were significantly larger (P<0.05) in the EG10. The number of myelinated fibres was lesser in the EG17 than the other groups (P<0.05). No difference in the number of myelinated fibres among groups was observed in the distal segments, but the SED presented significantly larger axon and fibre diameters than those that performed exercise. The EG10 presented greater area and diameter of muscle fibres (P<0.05) and functional improvement observed on the 21st day after injury (P<0.05) compared with the EG17 and SED. Continuous exercise at 10 m/min accentuates nerve regeneration, accelerating functional recovery and preventing muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcílio Coelho Ferreira
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Murilo X Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Josiane I Souza
- Animal Experimentation Center, Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Renato A Souza
- Federal Institute of South of Minas Gerais, Campus Muzambinho, Muzambinho, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thaís P G Machado
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Partadiredja G, Karima N, Utami KP, Agustiningsih D, Sofro ZM. The Effects of Light and Moderate Intensity Exercise on the Femoral Bone and Cerebellum of d-Galactose-Exposed Rats. Rejuvenation Res 2018; 22:20-30. [PMID: 29962322 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2018.2050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging causes the degeneration of organs of the locomotor system, including the cerebellum and bones. Exercise may reverse this deterioration. d-galactose has been frequently used in rodents to accelerate aging. The present study aimed at investigating the effects of exercise on cerebellar and serum growth factors, motor activity, and the number of bone cells of the femoral head of d-galactose-treated rats. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided randomly into four groups, that is, three treated groups injected with 300 mg/(mL·kg) body weight (bw) d-galactose solution daily for 4 weeks, and a control group injected with normal saline. Following the 4-week administration of d-galactose solution, two of the treated groups performed light- (45% VO2max) and moderate- (55% VO2max) intensity exercise, by running on a treadmill 4 × a week for 4 weeks. Locomotor activity was examined in rotarod and open field tests. The cerebellar and serum Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts of femoral head was estimated using unbiased stereological methods. It was found that the number of osteoclasts was higher in the d-galactose-treated group than the normal control and moderate-intensity exercise groups. No significant difference between groups was found in the rotarod and open field test performance, IGF-1 and BDNF levels, as well as number of osteoblasts. In conclusion, a 4-week administration of high-dosed-galactose caused the increase of the number of osteoclasts. A subsequent 4-week moderate-intensity exercise reversed this increase to the normal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginus Partadiredja
- 1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nisa Karima
- 1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.,2 Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Lampung, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia
| | - Kurnia Putri Utami
- 1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.,3 Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Denny Agustiningsih
- 1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Zaenal Muttaqien Sofro
- 1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Malanotte JA, Kakihata CMM, Karvat J, Brancalhão RMC, Ribeiro LDFC, Bertolini GRF. Jumping in aquatic environment after sciatic nerve compression: nociceptive evaluation and morphological characteristics of the soleus muscle of Wistar rats. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2017; 15:77-84. [PMID: 28444094 PMCID: PMC5433312 DOI: 10.1590/s1679-45082017ao3613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effect of jumping in aquatic environment on nociception and in the soleus muscle of trained and not trained Wistar rats, in the treatment of compressive neuropathy of the sciatic nerve. Methods Twenty-five Wistar rats were distributed into five groups: Control, Lesion, Trained + Lesion, Lesion + Exercise, and Trained + Lesion + Exercise. The training was jumping exercise in water environment for 20 days prior to injury, and treatment after the injury. Nociception was evaluated in two occasions, before injury and seven after injury. On the last day of the experiment, the right soleus muscles were collected, processed and analyzed as to morphology and morphometry. Results In the assessment of nociception in the injury site, the Control Group had higher average than the rest, and the Lesion Group was larger than the Trained + Lesion and Lesion + Exercise Groups. The Control Group showed higher nociceptive threshold in paw, compared to the others. In the morphometric analysis, in relation to Control Group, all the injured groups showed decreased muscle fiber area, and in the Lesion Group was lower than in the Lesion + Exercise Group and Trained + Lesion Group. Considering the diameter of the muscle fiber, the Control Group had a higher average than the Trained + Lesion Group and the Trained + Lesion + Exercise Group; and the Lesion Group showed an average lower than the Trained + Lesion and Lesion + Exercise Groups. Conclusion Resistance exercise produced increased nociception. When performed prior or after nerve damage, it proved effective in avoiding hypotrophy. The combination of the two protocols led to decrease in diameter and area of the muscle fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jhenifer Karvat
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brazil
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Jang SH, Lee JH. Effects of physical exercise on the functional recovery of rat hindlimbs with impairments of the sciatic nerve as assessed by 2D video analysis. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:935-8. [PMID: 25931763 PMCID: PMC4395747 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of treadmill training
on functional recovery by analyzing the ankle joint as well as the knee and hip joints
with 2D video analysis during gait by rats with sciatic nerve injury. [Subjects and
Methods] Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. The sham group (SG)
received only a sham operation without any sciatic injury; the training group (TG)
performed treadmill training for 4 weeks after sciatic injury; and the control group (CG)
wasn’t provided with any therapeutic intervention after sciatic injury. [Results] The
ankle, knee, and hip ROM of TG and CG during the initial, mid stance, and toe-off phases
of gait at post-test were significantly different from SG. [Conclusion] Physical exercise,
like treadmill training, is beneficial for the improvement of the ankle, knee and hip
joints of rats with crushed sciatic nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hun Jang
- Department of Physical Therapy, Gimcheon University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ho Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Medical and Public Health, Kyungdong University, Republic of Korea
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Bonetti LV, Schneider APK, Barbosa S, Ilha J, Faccioni-Heuser MC. Balance and coordination training and endurance training after nerve injury. Muscle Nerve 2014; 51:83-91. [PMID: 24752648 DOI: 10.1002/mus.24268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Different rehabilitation treatments have proven useful in accelerating regeneration. METHODS After sciatic nerve crush in rats, we tested balance and coordination training (BCT) and endurance training (ET) through sensorimotor tests and analyzed nerve and muscle morphology. RESULTS After BCT and ET, rats performed better in sensorimotor tests than did non-trained animals. However, only BCT maintained sensorimotor function during training. Furthermore, BCT and ET produced significantly larger muscle area than in non-trained animals. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that BCT and ET, when initiated in the early phase after sciatic nerve injury, improve morphological properties of the soleus muscle and sciatic nerve, but only the task-oriented BCT maintained sensorimotor function. The success of rehabilitative strategies appears to be highly task-specific, and strategies that stimulate sensory pathways are the most effective in improving balance and/or coordination parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Viçosa Bonetti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratório de Histofisiologia Comparada, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Sarmento Leite 500, CEP: 90050-170, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Centenaro LA, da Cunha Jaeger M, Ilha J, de Souza MA, Balbinot LF, do Nascimento PS, Marcuzzo S, Achaval M. Implications of olfactory lamina propria transplantation on hyperreflexia and myelinated fiber regeneration in rats with complete spinal cord transection. Neurochem Res 2012. [PMID: 23179588 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0928-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation with olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) has been adopted after several models of spinal cord injury (SCI) with the purpose of creating a favorable environment for the re-growth of injured axons. However, a consensus on the efficacy of this cellular transplantation has yet to be reached. In order to explore alternative parameters that could demonstrate the possible restorative properties of such grafts, the present study investigated the effects of olfactory lamina propria (OLP) transplantation on hyperreflexia and myelinated fiber regeneration in adult rats with complete spinal cord transection. The efficacy of OLP (graft containing OECs) and respiratory lamina propria (RLP, graft without OECs) was tested at different post-injury times (acutely, 2- and 4-week delayed), to establish the optimum period for transplantation. In the therapeutic windows used, OLP and RLP grafts produced no considerable improvements in withdrawal reflex responses or on the low-frequency dependent depression of H-reflex. Both lamina propria grafts produced comparable results for the myelinated fiber density and for the estimated total number of myelinated fibers at the lesion site, indicating that the delayed transplantation approach does not seem to limit the regenerative effects. However, animals transplanted with OLP 2 or 4 weeks after injury exhibit smaller myelin sheath thickness and myelinated fiber area and diameter at the lesion site compared to their respective RLP groups. Despite the ongoing clinical use of OECs, it is important to emphasize the need for more experimental studies to clarify the exact nature of the repair capacity of these grafts in the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia Aline Centenaro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil.
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