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Song S, Liu B, Zeng X, Wu Y, Chen H, Wu H, Gu J, Gao X, Ruan Y, Wang H. Reticulon 2 promotes gastric cancer metastasis via activating endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ efflux-mediated ERK signalling. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:349. [PMID: 35428758 PMCID: PMC9012842 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04757-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer ranks fourth for mortality globally among various malignant tumours, and invasion and metastasis are the major reason leading to its poor prognosis. Recently, accumulating studies revealed the role of reticulon proteins in cell growth and transmigration. However, the expression and biological function of reticulon proteins in human gastric cancer remain largely unclear. Herein, we explored the potential role of reticulon 2 (RTN2) in the progression of gastric cancer. Tissue microarray was used to determine the expression levels of RTN2 in 267 gastric cancer patients by immunohistochemistry. Gastric cancer cell lines were utilised to examine the influences of RTN2 on cellular migration and invasion abilities, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and signalling pathway. In vivo studies were also performed to detect the effect of RTN2 on tumour metastasis. We found that RTN2 expression was notably upregulated in tumour tissues compared to pericarcinomatous tissues. High RTN2 expression was positively correlated with patients’ age, vessel invasion, tumour invasion depth, lymph node metastasis and TNM stage. Besides, high RTN2 staining intensity was associated with adverse survival which was further identified as an independent prognostic factor for gastric cancer patients by multivariate analysis. And the predictive accuracy was also improved when incorporated RTN2 into the TNM-staging system. RTN2 could promote the proliferation, migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells in vitro and lung metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, RTN2 interacted with IP3R, and activated ERK signalling pathway via facilitating Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum, and subsequently drove EMT in gastric cancer cells. These results proposed RTN2 as a novel promotor and potential molecular target for gastric cancer therapies.
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Stepankova K, Jendelova P, Machova Urdzikova L. Planet of the AAVs: The Spinal Cord Injury Episode. Biomedicines 2021; 9:613. [PMID: 34071245 PMCID: PMC8228984 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The spinal cord injury (SCI) is a medical and life-disrupting condition with devastating consequences for the physical, social, and professional welfare of patients, and there is no adequate treatment for it. At the same time, gene therapy has been studied as a promising approach for the treatment of neurological and neurodegenerative disorders by delivering remedial genes to the central nervous system (CNS), of which the spinal cord is a part. For gene therapy, multiple vectors have been introduced, including integrating lentiviral vectors and non-integrating adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. AAV vectors are a promising system for transgene delivery into the CNS due to their safety profile as well as long-term gene expression. Gene therapy mediated by AAV vectors shows potential for treating SCI by delivering certain genetic information to specific cell types. This review has focused on a potential treatment of SCI by gene therapy using AAV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Stepankova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Jendelova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Machova Urdzikova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic
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LncRNA FTX Involves in the Nogo-66-Induced Inhibition of Neurite Outgrowth Through Regulating PDK1/PKB/GSK-3β Pathway. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 40:1143-1153. [PMID: 32107749 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00803-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Nogo-66 can inhibit neurite outgrowth, while its regulation mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Recent studies prove that lncRNAs are involved in neurite outgrowth. This study was aimed to investigate whether lncRNA FTX was involved in Nogo-66-induced inhibition of neurite outgrowth and explore the potential mechanism. The expression of relative genes was detected by qRT-PCR and western blot. The function of FTX was determined by overexpression and knockdown techniques. The interaction between FTX and PDK1 was evaluated by RIP and RNA pull-down assays. FTX expression was downregulated by Nogo-66 in PC12 cells. Nogo-66-induced inhibition of neurite outgrowth was relieved by FTX overexpression. FTX bound to PDK1 protein to disturb the interaction between PDK1 and E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF126, thereby blocked the ubiquitination degradation of PDK1 and elevated PDK1 protein level. Mechanically, FTX involved in the Nogo-66-induced inhibition of neurite outgrowth through the PDK1/PKB/GSK-3β pathway. In SCI rats, FTX knockdown inhibited neurite outgrowth induced by the receptor antagonist of Nogo-66. The present results suggested that FTX took part in Nogo-66-inhibited neurite outgrowth, and FTX exerted its function through regulating PDK1/PKB/GSK-3β pathway.
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Dar MI, Jan S, Reddy GL, Wani R, Syed M, Dar MJ, Sawant SD, Vishwakarma RA, Syed SH. Differentiation of human neuroblastoma cell line IMR-32 by sildenafil and its newly discovered analogue IS00384. Cell Signal 2019; 65:109425. [PMID: 31689507 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor is FDA approved drug against erectile dysfunction. It is currently undergoing many clinical trials, alone or in combinations against different diseases. Treatment of neural progenitor cells with sildenafil is known to regulate their basal cGMP levels and enhance neurogenesis and differentiation. cGMP as well as cAMP are known to play a central role in the maintenance, repair and remodelling of the nervous system. In the present study, we report the neurodifferentiation property of sildenafil in neuroblastoma cancer cell line IMR-32. Sildenafil was found to induce the formation of neurite outgrowths that were found expressing neuronal markers, such as NeuN, NF-H and βIII tubulin. IS00384, a recently discovered PDE5 inhibitor by our laboratory, was also found to induce neurodifferentiation of IMR-32 cells. The effect of IS00384 on differentiation was even more profound than sildenafil. Both the compounds were found to elevate and activate the Guanine nucleotide exchange factor C3G, which is a regulator of differentiation in IMR-32 cells. They were also found to elevate the levels of cGMP and activate the AMPK-ACC and PI3K-Akt signalling pathways. These pathways are known to play important role in cytoskeletal rearrangements necessary for differentiation. This study highlights the role of phosphodiesterases-5 in neurodifferentiation and use of sildenafil and IS00384 as small molecule tools to study the process of cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd I Dar
- CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, India
| | - Suraya Jan
- CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, India
| | - G Lakshma Reddy
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, India; Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Rubiada Wani
- CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, India
| | - Mudassir Syed
- High Content Imaging Facility, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, India
| | - Mohd J Dar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, India; Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Sanghapal D Sawant
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, India; Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Ram A Vishwakarma
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, India; Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Sajad H Syed
- CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, India.
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Rottlerin is a pan phosphodiesterase inhibitor and can induce neurodifferentiation in IMR-32 human neuroblastoma cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 857:172448. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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6
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Zuo YC, Li HL, Xiong NX, Shen JY, Huang YZ, Fu P, Zhao HY. Overexpression of Tau Rescues Nogo-66-Induced Neurite Outgrowth Inhibition In Vitro. Neurosci Bull 2016; 32:577-584. [PMID: 27761788 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-016-0068-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nogo-66 plays a central role in the myelin-mediated inhibition of neurite outgrowth. Tau is a microtubule-associated protein involved in microtubule assembly and stabilization. It remains unverified whether tau interacts directly with growth factor receptors, or engages in cross-talk with regeneration inhibitors like Nogo-66. Here, we report that plasmid overexpression of tau significantly elevated the protein levels of total tau, phosphorylated tau, and microtubule-affinity regulating kinase (MARK). Nogo-66 transiently elevated the total tau protein level and persistently reduced the level of p-S262 tau (tau phosphorylated at serine 262), whereas it had little influence on the level of p-T205 tau (tau phosphorylated at threonine 205). Nogo-66 significantly decreased the protein level of MARK. Hymenialdisine, an inhibitor of MARK, significantly reduced the level of p-S262 tau. Overexpression of tau rescued the Nogo-66-induced inhibition of neurite outgrowth in neuroblastoma 2a (N2a) cells and primary cortical neurons. However, concomitant inhibition of MARK abolished the rescue of neurite outgrowth by tau in N2a cells. We conclude that dephosphorylation of tau at S262 is able to regulate Nogo-66 signaling, and that overexpression of tau can rescue the Nogo-66-induced inhibition of neurite outgrowth in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chao Zuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Hong-Lian Li
- Department of Anatomy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Nan-Xiang Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Jian-Ying Shen
- Department of Anatomy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yi-Zhi Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Peng Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hong-Yang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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7
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Zuo YC, Xiong NX, Zhao HY. Stereotactic injection of shrna GSK-3β-AAV promotes axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 36:548-553. [PMID: 27465331 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-016-1623-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggested that glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is involved in Nogo-66 inhibiting axonal regeneration in vitro, but its effect in vivo was poorly understood. We showed that stereotactic injection of shRNA GSK-3β-adeno associated virus (GSK-3β-AAV) diminished syringomyelia and promoted axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI), using stereotactic injection of shRNA GSK-3β-AAV (tested with Western blotting and RT-PCR) into the sensorimotor cortex of rats with SCI and by the detection of biotin dextran amine (BDA)-labeled axonal regeneration. We also determined the right position to inject into the sensorimotor cortex. Our findings consolidate the hypothesis that downregulation of GSK-3β promotes axonal regeneration after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chao Zuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Nan-Xiang Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Hong-Yang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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8
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Zuo YC, Xiong NX, Shen JY, Yu H, Huang YZ, Zhao HY. MARK2 Rescues Nogo-66-Induced Inhibition of Neurite Outgrowth via Regulating Microtubule-Associated Proteins in Neurons In Vitro. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2958-2968. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Halder D, Kim GH, Shin I. Synthetic small molecules that induce neuronal differentiation in neuroblastoma and fibroblast cells. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 11:2727-37. [PMID: 25872738 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00161g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An investigation was conducted to demonstrate that neurodazine (Nz) and neurodazole (Nzl), two imidazole-based small molecules, promote neuronal differentiation in both neuroblastoma and fibroblast cells. The results show that differentiated cells generated by treatment with Nz and Nzl express neuron-specific markers. The ability of Nz and Nzl to induce neurogenesis of neuroblastoma and fibroblast cells was found to be comparable to those of the known neurogenic factors, retinoic acid and trichostatin A. In addition, the cells differentiated by Nz and Nzl are observed to express different isoforms of glutamate receptors. The results of signaling pathway studies reveal that two substances enhance neurogenesis in neuroblastoma cells by activating Wnt and Shh signaling pathways and neurogenesis in fibroblast cells by mainly activating the Wnt signaling pathway. Observations made in the present study suggest that Nz and Nzl will serve as chemical tools to generate specific populations of neuronal cells from readily available and simply manageable cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Halder
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Biofunctional Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea.
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10
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Yu JZ, Chen C, Zhang Q, Zhao YF, Feng L, Zhang HF, Meng J, Ma CG, Xiao BG. Changes of synapses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by using Fasudil. Wound Repair Regen 2016; 24:317-27. [PMID: 26789651 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ROCK signaling pathway is involved in numerous fundamental cellular functions such as cell migration, apoptosis, inflammatory responses, and neurite outgrowth. Previous studies demonstrate that Fasudil exhibited therapeutic potential of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) possibly through immune-modulation and anti-inflammation. In this study, we observed the effect of Fasudil on synaptic protection of EAE mice. Fasudil ameliorated the clinical severity of EAE and inhibited Rho kinase (ROCK), especially ROCK II, in brain and spinal cord of EAE mice. Protein extracts from spinal cord of Fasudil-treated EAE mice promoted the formation of neurite outgrowth when co-cultured with primary neurons, indicating that peripheral administration of Fasudil can enter the central nervous system (CNS) and exhibited its biological effect on the formation of neurite outgrowth. Synapse-related molecule synaptophysin was enhanced, and CRMP-2, AMPA receptor, and GSK-3β were declined in spinal cord of Fasudil-treated mice. Neurotrophic factor BDNF and GDNF as well as immunomodulatory cytokine IL-10 in spinal cord were elevated in Fasudil-treated mice, while inflammatory cytokine IL-17, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were obviously inhibited, accompanied by the decrease of inflammatory M1 iNOS and the increase of anti-inflammatory M2 Arg-1, providing a microenvironment that contributes to synaptic protection. Our results indicate that Fasudil treatment protected against synaptic damage and promoted synaptic formation, which may be related with increased neurotrophic factors as well as decreased inflammatory microenvironment in the CNS of EAE mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Zhong Yu
- Institute of Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Medical School, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Chan Chen
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Fei Zhao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Feng
- Institute of Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Medical School, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Hai-Fei Zhang
- Institute of Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Medical School, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Jian Meng
- Institute of Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Medical School, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Cun-Gen Ma
- Institute of Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Medical School, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China.,"2011" Collaborative Innovation Center/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Bao-Guo Xiao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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van Niekerk EA, Tuszynski MH, Lu P, Dulin JN. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Axonal Regeneration After Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 15:394-408. [PMID: 26695766 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.r115.053751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Following axotomy, a complex temporal and spatial coordination of molecular events enables regeneration of the peripheral nerve. In contrast, multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to the general failure of axonal regeneration in the central nervous system. In this review, we examine the current understanding of differences in protein expression and post-translational modifications, activation of signaling networks, and environmental cues that may underlie the divergent regenerative capacity of central and peripheral axons. We also highlight key experimental strategies to enhance axonal regeneration via modulation of intraneuronal signaling networks and the extracellular milieu. Finally, we explore potential applications of proteomics to fill gaps in the current understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying regeneration, and to provide insight into the development of more effective approaches to promote axonal regeneration following injury to the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erna A van Niekerk
- From the ‡Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093;
| | - Mark H Tuszynski
- From the ‡Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093; §Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92161
| | - Paul Lu
- From the ‡Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093; §Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92161
| | - Jennifer N Dulin
- From the ‡Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
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12
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Berry M, Ahmed Z, Morgan-Warren P, Fulton D, Logan A. Prospects for mTOR-mediated functional repair after central nervous system trauma. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 85:99-110. [PMID: 26459109 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research has suggested that the growth of central nervous system (CNS) axons during development is mediated through the PI3K/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) intracellular signalling axis and that suppression of activity in this pathway occurs during maturity as levels of the phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) rise and inhibit PI3K activation of mTOR, accounting for the failure of axon regeneration in the injured adult CNS. This hypothesis is supported by findings confirming that suppression of PTEN in experimental adult animals promotes impressive axon regeneration in the injured visual and corticospinal motor systems. This review focuses on these recent developments, discussing the therapeutic potential of a mTOR-based treatment aimed at promoting functional recovery in CNS trauma patients, recognising that to fulfil this ambition, the new therapy should aim to promote not only axon regeneration but also remyelination of regenerated axons, neuronal survival and re-innervation of denervated targets through accurate axonal guidance and synaptogenesis, all with minimal adverse effects. The translational challenges presented by the implementation of this new axogenic therapy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Berry
- Neurotrauma Research Group, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Zubair Ahmed
- Neurotrauma Research Group, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Peter Morgan-Warren
- Neurotrauma Research Group, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Daniel Fulton
- Neurotrauma Research Group, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ann Logan
- Neurotrauma Research Group, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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13
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Xu YQ, Sun ZQ, Wang YT, Xiao F, Chen MW. Function of Nogo-A/Nogo-A receptor in Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2015; 21:479-85. [PMID: 25732725 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nogo-A is a protein inhibiting axonal regeneration, which is considered a major obstacle to nerve regeneration after injury in mammals. Rapid progress has been achieved in new physiopathological function of Nogo-A in Alzheimer's disease in the past decade. Recent research shows that through binding to Nogo-A receptor, Nogo-A plays an important role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Particularly, Nogo-A/Nogo-A receptors modulate the generation of amyloid β-protein (Aβ), which is thought to be a major cause of AD. This review describes the recent development of Nogo-A, Nogo-A receptor, and downstream signaling involved in AD and pharmacological basis of therapeutic drugs. We concluded the Nogo-A/Nogo-A receptor provide new insight into potential mechanisms and promising therapy strategies in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Qi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Zhong-Qing Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei-Wan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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14
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Li Z, Zhang Z, Zhao L, Li H, Wang S, Shen Y. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells with Nogo-66 receptor gene silencing for repair of spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:806-14. [PMID: 25206893 PMCID: PMC4146260 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.131595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that RNA interference to silence Nogo-66 receptor gene expression in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells before transplantation might further improve neurological function in rats with spinal cord transection injury. After 2 weeks, the number of neurons and BrdU-positive cells in the Nogo-66 receptor gene silencing group was higher than in the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell group, and significantly greater compared with the model group. After 4 weeks, behavioral performance was significantly enhanced in the model group. After 8 weeks, the number of horseradish peroxidase-labeled nerve fibers was higher in the Nogo-66 receptor gene silencing group than in the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell group, and significantly higher than in the model group. The newly formed nerve fibers and myelinated nerve fibers were detectable in the central transverse plane section in the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell group and in the Nogo-66 receptor gene silencing group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Li
- Department of Joint Orthopedics, Hebei Provincial Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhanxiu Zhang
- Department of Joint Orthopedics, Hebei Provincial Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei Province, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Joint Orthopedics, Hebei Provincial Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei Province, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Joint Orthopedics, Hebei Provincial Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei Province, China
| | - Suxia Wang
- Department of Joint Orthopedics, Hebei Provincial Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yong Shen
- Department of Spinal Orthopedics, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
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15
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Seira O, Del Río JA. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) at the tip of neuronal development and regeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:931-44. [PMID: 24158777 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8571-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gaining a basic understanding of the inhibitory molecules and the intracellular signaling involved in axon development and repulsion after neural lesions is of clear biomedical interest. In recent years, numerous studies have described new molecules and intracellular mechanisms that impair axonal outgrowth after injury. In this scenario, the role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) in the axonal responses that occur after central nervous system (CNS) lesions began to be elucidated. GSK3β function in the nervous tissue is associated with neural development, neuron polarization, and, more recently, neurodegeneration. In fact, GSK3β has been considered as a putative therapeutic target for promoting functional recovery in injured or degenerative CNS. In this review, we summarize current understanding of the role of GSK3β during neuronal development and regeneration. In particular, we discuss GSK3β activity levels and their possible impact on cytoskeleton dynamics during both processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Seira
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), University of Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain,
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