1
|
Norte-Muñoz M, Portela-Lomba M, Sobrado-Calvo P, Simón D, Di Pierdomenico J, Gallego-Ortega A, Pérez M, Cabrera-Maqueda JM, Sierra J, Vidal-Sanz M, Moreno-Flores MT, Agudo-Barriuso M. Differential response of injured and healthy retinas to syngeneic and allogeneic transplantation of a clonal cell line of immortalized olfactory ensheathing glia: a double-edged sword. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:2395-2407. [PMID: 39359096 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202508000-00029/figure1/v/2024-09-30T120553Z/r/image-tiff Olfactory ensheathing glia promote axonal regeneration in the mammalian central nervous system, including retinal ganglion cell axonal growth through the injured optic nerve. Still, it is unknown whether olfactory ensheathing glia also have neuroprotective properties. Olfactory ensheathing glia express brain-derived neurotrophic factor, one of the best neuroprotectants for axotomized retinal ganglion cells. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the neuroprotective capacity of olfactory ensheating glia after optic nerve crush. Olfactory ensheathing glia cells from an established rat immortalized clonal cell line, TEG3, were intravitreally injected in intact and axotomized retinas in syngeneic and allogeneic mode with or without microglial inhibition or immunosuppressive treatments. Anatomical and gene expression analyses were performed. Olfactory bulb-derived primary olfactory ensheathing glia and TEG3 express major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. Allogeneically and syngenically transplanted TEG3 cells survived in the vitreous for up to 21 days, forming an epimembrane. In axotomized retinas, only the allogeneic TEG3 transplant rescued retinal ganglion cells at 7 days but not at 21 days. In these retinas, microglial anatomical activation was higher than after optic nerve crush alone. In intact retinas, both transplants activated microglial cells and caused retinal ganglion cell death at 21 days, a loss that was higher after allotransplantation, triggered by pyroptosis and partially rescued by microglial inhibition or immunosuppression. However, neuroprotection of axotomized retinal ganglion cells did not improve with these treatments. The different neuroprotective properties, different toxic effects, and different responses to microglial inhibitory treatments of olfactory ensheathing glia in the retina depending on the type of transplant highlight the importance of thorough preclinical studies to explore these variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Norte-Muñoz
- Grupo de Investigación Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Portela-Lomba
- Experimental Sciences Faculty, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Sobrado-Calvo
- Grupo de Investigación Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, Murcia, Spain
| | - Diana Simón
- Experimental Sciences Faculty, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Johnny Di Pierdomenico
- Grupo de Investigación Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gallego-Ortega
- Grupo de Investigación Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, Murcia, Spain
| | - Mar Pérez
- Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience Department, Medicine Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Cabrera-Maqueda
- Grupo de Investigación Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, Murcia, Spain
- Center of Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology, Laboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Sierra
- Medicine Faculty, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Grupo de Investigación Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Teresa Moreno-Flores
- Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience Department, Medicine Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Grupo de Investigación Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Portela-Lomba M, Simón D, Callejo-Móstoles M, de la Fuente G, Fernández de Sevilla D, García-Escudero V, Moreno-Flores MT, Sierra J. Generation of functional neurons from adult human mucosal olfactory ensheathing glia by direct lineage conversion. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:478. [PMID: 38961086 PMCID: PMC11222439 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06862-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
A recent approach to promote central nervous system (CNS) regeneration after injury or disease is direct conversion of somatic cells to neurons. This is achieved by transduction of viral vectors that express neurogenic transcription factors. In this work we propose adult human mucosal olfactory ensheathing glia (hmOEG) as a candidate for direct reprogramming to neurons due to its accessibility and to its well-characterized neuroregenerative capacity. After induction of hmOEG with the single neurogenic transcription factor NEUROD1, the cells under study exhibited morphological and immunolabeling neuronal features, fired action potentials and expressed glutamatergic and GABAergic markers. In addition, after engraftment of transduced hmOEG cells in the mouse hippocampus, these cells showed specific neuronal labeling. Thereby, if we add to the neuroregenerative capacity of hmOEG cultures the conversion to neurons of a fraction of their population through reprogramming techniques, the engraftment of hmOEG and hmOEG-induced neurons could be a procedure to enhance neural repair after central nervous system injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Portela-Lomba
- School of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Diana Simón
- School of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Marta Callejo-Móstoles
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma de la Fuente
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Fernández de Sevilla
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vega García-Escudero
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Teresa Moreno-Flores
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Sierra
- School of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain.
- School of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Portela-Lomba M, Simón D, Fernández de Sevilla D, Moreno-Flores MT, Sierra J. Small molecules fail to induce direct reprogramming of adult rat olfactory ensheathing glia to mature neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1110356. [PMID: 36910262 PMCID: PMC9998535 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1110356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
An approach to generate new neurons after central nervous system injury or disease is direct reprogramming of the individual's own somatic cells into differentiated neurons. This can be achieved either by transduction of viral vectors that express neurogenic transcription factors and/or through induction with small molecules, avoiding introducing foreign genetic material in target cells. In this work, we propose olfactory ensheathing glia (OEG) as a candidate for direct reprogramming to neurons with small molecules due to its well-characterized neuro-regenerative capacity. After screening different combinations of small molecules in different culture conditions, only partial reprogramming was achieved: induced cells expressed neuronal markers but lacked the ability of firing action potentials. Our work demonstrates that direct conversion of adult olfactory ensheathing glia to mature, functional neurons cannot be induced only with pharmacological tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Portela-Lomba
- School of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Simón
- School of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Fernández de Sevilla
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mª Teresa Moreno-Flores
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Sierra
- School of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.,School of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ursavas S, Darici H, Karaoz E. Olfactory ensheathing cells: Unique glial cells promising for treatments of spinal cord injury. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:1579-1597. [PMID: 33605466 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is generally the consequence of physical damage, which may result in devastating consequences such as paraplegia or paralysis. Some certain candidates for SCI repair are olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), which are unique glial cells located in the transition region of the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system and perform neuron regeneration in the olfactory system throughout life. Culture studies have clarified many properties of OECs, but their mechanisms of actions are not fully understood. Successful results achieved in animal models showcased that SCI treatment with OEC transplants is suitable for clinical trials. However, clinical trials are limited by difficulties like cell acquisition for autograft transplantation. Despite the improvements in both animal and clinical studies so far, there is still insufficient information about the mechanism of actions, adverse effects, proper application methods, effective subtypes, and sources of cells. This review summarizes pre-clinical and clinical literature focused on the cellular characterization of both OECs in vitro and post-transplantation. We highlight the roles and effects of OECs on (a) the injury-induced glial milieu, (b) neuronal growth/regeneration, and (c) functional recovery after injury. Due to the shown benefits of OECs with in vitro and animal studies and a limited number of clinical trials, where safety and effectivity were shown, it is necessary to conduct more studies on OECs to obtain effective and feasible treatment methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selin Ursavas
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Darici
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdal Karaoz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research & Practice, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research and Manufacturing, Liv Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yao R, Murtaza M, Velasquez JT, Todorovic M, Rayfield A, Ekberg J, Barton M, St John J. Olfactory Ensheathing Cells for Spinal Cord Injury: Sniffing Out the Issues. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:879-889. [PMID: 29882418 PMCID: PMC6050914 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718779353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are glia reported to sustain the continuous axon extension and successful topographic targeting of the olfactory receptor neurons responsible for the sense of smell (olfaction). Due to this distinctive property, OECs have been trialed in human cell transplant therapies to assist in the repair of central nervous system injuries, particularly those of the spinal cord. Though many studies have reported neurological improvement, the therapy remains inconsistent and requires further improvement. Much of this variability stems from differing olfactory cell populations prior to transplantation into the injury site. While some studies have used purified cells, others have used unpurified transplants. Although both preparations have merits and faults, the latter increases the variability between transplants received by recipients. Without a robust purification procedure in OEC transplantation therapies, the full potential of OECs for spinal cord injury may not be realised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Yao
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Murtaza
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Tello Velasquez
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Todorovic
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - A Rayfield
- 2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Ekberg
- 2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Barton
- 2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - J St John
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gómez RM, Sánchez MY, Portela-Lomba M, Ghotme K, Barreto GE, Sierra J, Moreno-Flores MT. Cell therapy for spinal cord injury with olfactory ensheathing glia cells (OECs). Glia 2018; 66:1267-1301. [PMID: 29330870 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The prospects of achieving regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) have changed, as most recent findings indicate that several species, including humans, can produce neurons in adulthood. Studies targeting this property may be considered as potential therapeutic strategies to respond to injury or the effects of demyelinating diseases in the CNS. While CNS trauma may interrupt the axonal tracts that connect neurons with their targets, some neurons remain alive, as seen in optic nerve and spinal cord (SC) injuries (SCIs). The devastating consequences of SCIs are due to the immediate and significant disruption of the ascending and descending spinal pathways, which result in varying degrees of motor and sensory impairment. Recent therapeutic studies for SCI have focused on cell transplantation in animal models, using cells capable of inducing axon regeneration like Schwann cells (SchCs), astrocytes, genetically modified fibroblasts and olfactory ensheathing glia cells (OECs). Nevertheless, and despite the improvements in such cell-based therapeutic strategies, there is still little information regarding the mechanisms underlying the success of transplantation and regarding any secondary effects. Therefore, further studies are needed to clarify these issues. In this review, we highlight the properties of OECs that make them suitable to achieve neuroplasticity/neuroregeneration in SCI. OECs can interact with the glial scar, stimulate angiogenesis, axon outgrowth and remyelination, improving functional outcomes following lesion. Furthermore, we present evidence of the utility of cell therapy with OECs to treat SCI, both from animal models and clinical studies performed on SCI patients, providing promising results for future treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Gómez
- Fundación de Neuroregeneración en Colombia, Grupo de investigación NeuroRec, Bogota D.C, Colombia
| | - Magdy Y Sánchez
- Fundación de Neuroregeneración en Colombia, Grupo de investigación NeuroRec, Bogota D.C, Colombia.,Maestría en Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota D.C, Colombia
| | - Maria Portela-Lomba
- Facultad de CC Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kemel Ghotme
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Sabana, Chía, Colombia
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota D.C, Colombia.,Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Sierra
- Facultad de CC Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Isolation of putative stem cells present in human adult olfactory mucosa. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181151. [PMID: 28719644 PMCID: PMC5515430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The olfactory mucosa (OM) has the unique characteristic of performing an almost continuous and lifelong neurogenesis in response to external injuries, due to the presence of olfactory stem cells that guarantee the maintenance of the olfactory function. The easy accessibility of the OM in humans makes these stem cells feasible candidates for the development of regenerative therapies. In this report we present a detailed characterization of a patient-derived OM, together with a description of cell cultures obtained from the OM. In addition, we present a method for the enrichment and isolation of OM stem cells that might be used for future translational studies dealing with neuronal plasticity, neuro-regeneration or disease modeling.
Collapse
|
8
|
Barton MJ, John JS, Clarke M, Wright A, Ekberg J. The Glia Response after Peripheral Nerve Injury: A Comparison between Schwann Cells and Olfactory Ensheathing Cells and Their Uses for Neural Regenerative Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E287. [PMID: 28146061 PMCID: PMC5343823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) exhibits a much larger capacity for regeneration than the central nervous system (CNS). One reason for this difference is the difference in glial cell types between the two systems. PNS glia respond rapidly to nerve injury by clearing debris from the injury site, supplying essential growth factors and providing structural support; all of which enhances neuronal regeneration. Thus, transplantation of glial cells from the PNS is a very promising therapy for injuries to both the PNS and the CNS. There are two key types of PNS glia: olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), which populate the olfactory nerve, and Schwann cells (SCs), which are present in the rest of the PNS. These two glial types share many similar morphological and functional characteristics but also exhibit key differences. The olfactory nerve is constantly turning over throughout life, which means OECs are continuously stimulating neural regeneration, whilst SCs only promote regeneration after direct injury to the PNS. This review presents a comparison between these two PNS systems in respect to normal physiology, developmental anatomy, glial functions and their responses to injury. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms and differences between the two systems is crucial for the development of future therapies using transplantation of peripheral glia to treat neural injuries and/or disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Barton
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Nathan QLD 4111, Australia.
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology & Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - James St John
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Nathan QLD 4111, Australia.
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology & Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan QLD 4111, Australia.
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Mary Clarke
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Alison Wright
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia.
| | - Jenny Ekberg
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology & Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan QLD 4111, Australia.
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Linckosides enhance proliferation and induce morphological changes in human olfactory ensheathing cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 75:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
10
|
García-Escudero V, Rosales M, Muñoz JL, Scola E, Medina J, Khalique H, Garaulet G, Rodriguez A, Lim F. Patient-derived olfactory mucosa for study of the non-neuronal contribution to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pathology. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1284-95. [PMID: 25807871 PMCID: PMC4459844 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a degenerative motor neuron disease which currently has no cure. Research using rodent ALS models transgenic for mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) has implicated that glial–neuronal interactions play a major role in the destruction of motor neurons, but the generality of this mechanism is not clear as SOD1 mutations only account for less than 2% of all ALS cases. Recently, this hypothesis was backed up by observation of similar effects using astrocytes derived from post-mortem spinal cord tissue of ALS patients which did not carry SOD1 mutations. However, such necropsy samples may not be easy to obtain and may not always yield viable cell cultures. Here, we have analysed olfactory mucosa (OM) cells, which can be easily isolated from living ALS patients. Disease-specific changes observed when ALS OM cells were co-cultured with human spinal cord neurons included decreased neuronal viability, aberrant neuronal morphology and altered glial inflammatory responses. Our results show the potential of OM cells as new cell models for ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vega García-Escudero
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (C.S.I.C.- U.A.M.), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Rosales
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Muñoz
- Departamento de Neurología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esteban Scola
- Departamento de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Medina
- Departamento de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hena Khalique
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Garaulet
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodriguez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Filip Lim
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nazareth L, Tello Velasquez J, Lineburg KE, Chehrehasa F, St John JA, Ekberg JAK. Differing phagocytic capacities of accessory and main olfactory ensheathing cells and the implication for olfactory glia transplantation therapies. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 65:92-101. [PMID: 25752729 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The rodent olfactory systems comprise the main olfactory system for the detection of odours and the accessory olfactory system which detects pheromones. In both systems, olfactory axon fascicles are ensheathed by olfactory glia, termed olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), which are crucial for the growth and maintenance of the olfactory nerve. The growth-promoting and phagocytic characteristics of OECs make them potential candidates for neural repair therapies such as transplantation to repair the injured spinal cord. However, transplanting mixed populations of glia with unknown properties may lead to variations in outcomes for neural repair. As the phagocytic capacity of the accessory OECs has not yet been determined, we compared the phagocytic capacity of accessory and main OECs in vivo and in vitro. In normal healthy animals, the accessory OECs accumulated considerably less axon debris than main OECs in vivo. Analysis of freshly dissected OECs showed that accessory OECs contained 20% less fluorescent axon debris than main OECs. However, when assayed in vitro with exogenous axon debris added to the culture, the accessory OECs phagocytosed almost 20% more debris than main OECs. After surgical removal of one olfactory bulb which induced the degradation of main and accessory olfactory sensory axons, the accessory OECs responded by phagocytosing the axon debris. We conclude that while accessory OECs have the capacity to phagocytose axon debris, there are distinct differences in their phagocytic capacity compared to main OECs. These distinct differences may be of importance when preparing OECs for neural transplant repair therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynnmaria Nazareth
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4000 Queensland, Australia; Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Queensland, Australia
| | - Johana Tello Velasquez
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Queensland, Australia
| | - Katie E Lineburg
- QIMR-Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, 4006 Queensland, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Chehrehasa
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4000 Queensland, Australia; Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Queensland, Australia
| | - James A St John
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Queensland, Australia.
| | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4000 Queensland, Australia; Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Queensland, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tello Velasquez J, Watts ME, Todorovic M, Nazareth L, Pastrana E, Diaz-Nido J, Lim F, Ekberg JAK, Quinn RJ, John JAS. Low-dose curcumin stimulates proliferation, migration and phagocytic activity of olfactory ensheathing cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111787. [PMID: 25360677 PMCID: PMC4216124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the promising strategies for neural repair therapies is the transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) which are the glial cells of the olfactory system. We evaluated the effects of curcumin on the behaviour of mouse OECs to determine if it could be of use to further enhance the therapeutic potential of OECs. Curcumin, a natural polyphenol compound found in the spice turmeric, is known for its anti-cancer properties at doses over 10 µM, and often at 50 µM, and it exerts its effects on cancer cells in part by activation of MAP kinases. In contrast, we found that low-dose curcumin (0.5 µM) applied to OECs strikingly modulated the dynamic morphology, increased the rate of migration by up to 4-fold, and promoted significant proliferation of the OECs. Most dramatically, low-dose curcumin stimulated a 10-fold increase in the phagocytic activity of OECs. All of these potently stimulated behavioural characteristics of OECs are favourable for neural repair therapies. Importantly, low-dose curcumin gave a transient activation of p38 kinases, which is in contrast to the high dose curcumin effects on cancer cells in which these MAP kinases tend to undergo prolonged activation. Low-dose curcumin mediated effects on OECs demonstrate cell-type specific stimulation of p38 and ERK kinases. These results constitute the first evidence that low-dose curcumin can modulate the behaviour of olfactory glia into a phenotype potentially more favourable for neural repair and thereby improve the therapeutic use of OECs for neural repair therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle E. Watts
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael Todorovic
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lynnmaria Nazareth
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Erika Pastrana
- Nature Communications, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Filip Lim
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jenny A. K. Ekberg
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ronald J. Quinn
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James A. St John
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ekberg JAK, St John JA. Crucial roles for olfactory ensheathing cells and olfactory mucosal cells in the repair of damaged neural tracts. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 297:121-8. [PMID: 24293406 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells, the glial cells of the olfactory nervous system, exhibit unique growth-promoting and migratory properties that make them interesting candidates for cell therapies targeting neuronal injuries such as spinal cord injury. Transplantation of olfactory cells is feasible and safe in humans; however, functional outcomes are highly variable with some studies showing dramatic improvements and some no improvements at all. We propose that the reason for this is that the identity and purity of the cells is different in each individual study. We have shown that olfactory ensheathing cells are not a uniform cell population and that individual subpopulations of OECs are present in different regions of the olfactory nervous system, with strikingly different behaviors. Furthermore, the presence of fibroblasts and other cell types in the transplant can dramatically alter the behavior of the transplanted glial cells. Thus, a thorough characterization of the differences between olfactory ensheathing cell subpopulations and how the behavior of these cells is affected by the presence of other cell types is highly warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny A K Ekberg
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Queensland, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4000, Queensland, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fibroblasts isolated from human middle turbinate mucosa cause neural progenitor cells to differentiate into glial lineage cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76926. [PMID: 24204706 PMCID: PMC3804490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) is a potential therapy for repair of spinal cord injury (SCI). Autologous transplantation of OECs has been reported in clinical trials. However, it is still controversial whether purified OECs or olfactory mucosa containing OECs, fibroblasts and other cells should be used for transplantation. OECs and fibroblasts were isolated from olfactory mucosa of the middle turbinate from seven patients. The percentage of OECs with p75NTR+ and GFAP+ ranged from 9.2% to 73.2%. Fibroblasts were purified and co-cultured with normal human neural progenitors (NHNPs). Based on immunocytochemical labeling, NHNPs were induced into glial lineage cells when they were co-cultured with the mucosal fibroblasts. These results demonstrate that OECs can be isolated from the mucosa of the middle turbinate bone as well as from the dorsal nasal septum and superior turbinates, which are the typical sites for harvesting OECs. Transplantation of olfactory mucosa containing fibroblasts into the central nervous system (CNS) needs to be further investigated before translation to clinical application.
Collapse
|
15
|
Panni P, Ferguson IA, Beacham I, Mackay-Sim A, Ekberg JAK, St John JA. Phagocytosis of bacteria by olfactory ensheathing cells and Schwann cells. Neurosci Lett 2013; 539:65-70. [PMID: 23415759 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Opportunistic bacterial infections of the nasal cavity could potentially lead to infection of the brain if the olfactory or trigeminal nerves are colonised. The olfactory nerve may be a more susceptible route because primary olfactory neurons are in direct contact with the external environment. Peripheral glia are known to be able to phagocytose some species of bacteria and may therefore provide a defence mechanism against bacterial infection. As the nasal cavity is frequently exposed to bacterial infections, we hypothesised that the olfactory and trigeminal nerves within the nasal cavity could be subjected to bacterial colonisation and that the olfactory ensheathing cells and Schwann cells may be involved in responding to the bacterial invasion. We have examined the ability of mouse OECs and Schwann cells from the trigeminal nerve and dorsal root ganglia to phagocytose Escherichia coli and Burkholderia thailandensis in vitro. We found that all three sources of glia were equally able to phagocytose E. coli with 75-85% of glia having phagocytosed bacteria within 24h. We also show that human OECs phagocytosed E. coli. In contrast, the mouse OECs and Schwann cells had little capacity to phagocytose B. thailandensis. Thus subtypes of peripheral glia have similar capacities for phagocytosis of bacteria but show selective capacity for the two different species of bacteria that were examined. These results have implications for the understanding of the mechanisms of bacterial infections as well as for the use of glia for neural repair therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Panni
- Neurosurgery Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano 20132, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nadri S, Yazdani S, Arefian E, Gohari Z, Eslaminejad MB, Kazemi B, Soleimani M. Mesenchymal stem cells from trabecular meshwork become photoreceptor-like cells on amniotic membrane. Neurosci Lett 2013; 541:43-8. [PMID: 23403103 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy is a promising approach for treatment of degenerative retinal disorders such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In this study, human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were isolated from the trabecular meshwork (TM), the major functional tissue of the anterior chamber angle in the eye, were characterized and differentiated into photoreceptor cells on amniotic membrane (AM). After isolation of trabecular meshwork and culture of the stromal segment of this tissue, fibroblast-like cells (CD105(+), CD90(+), CD44(+), CD166(+) cells) capable of differentiation toward mesenchymal and photoreceptor lineages were obtained. The isolated cells were seeded on amniotic membrane and were treated with induction medium. Immunocytochemistry and quantitative real time RT-PCR (qPCR) were used to detect expression of photoreceptor genes such as rhodopsin, recoverin, CRX, and peripherin; and the bipolar cell marker protein kinase C alpha (PKC-alpha). As a result, immunocytochemistry revealed that the differentiated TMMSCs expressed rhodopsin, CRX and PKC proteins. qPCR showed the expression of rhodopsin (rod like photoreceptor-specific marker), and CRX genes were significantly higher in TMMSCs differentiated on AM than those differentiated on tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS). In conclusion, our findings suggested that a combination of TMMSCs (as a new source) and basement membrane support from AM might be a suitable source of cells for subretinal transplantation in regenerative therapy for retinal disorders such as AMD and RP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samad Nadri
- Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Johnson TV, Martin KR. Cell transplantation approaches to retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection in glaucoma. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 13:78-82. [PMID: 22939899 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a complex neurodegenerative disease that involves interactions among multiple signaling pathways, ultimately leading to progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. The development of neuroprotective approaches to glaucoma therapy could preserve vision by modulating these pathologic pathways or by acting directly on RGCs to attenuate cell death and maintain function. Intraocular cell transplantation is being evaluated as one approach to achieve sustained RGC neuroprotection. Unlike traditional pharmacological approaches, transplanted cells might be capable of simultaneously targeting multiple pro-survival pathways via local delivery of secreted factors and/or via modulation of the intraocular microenvironment. Elucidating the mechanisms by which different cell types attenuate RGC death in models of glaucoma may uncover additional novel mechanisms of neuroprotection. In this review, we will discuss the rationale for transplantation-based approaches to neuroprotection for glaucoma and explore the various mechanisms of action proposed to account for RGC neuroprotection achieved by two distinct cell classes that have been studied most extensively for this purpose: glial cells and mesenchymal stem cells.
Collapse
|