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Oral Methylphenidate Treatment of an Adolescent ADHD Rat Model Does Not Alter Cocaine-Conditioned Place Preference during Adulthood: A Negative Report. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4. [PMID: 31930173 PMCID: PMC6953993 DOI: 10.20900/jpbs.20190021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The stimulant, methylphenidate (MPH), is commonly used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and has been increasingly prescribed for school age children and adolescents. Concerns regarding its long-term effects on later substance use disorders (SUDs) have been raised. Previous animal studies have produced contradictory results regarding whether early exposure to MPH increases or protects against SUD in adulthood. The goal of our study was to determine if clinically relevant doses of MPH during adolescence alter cocaine responsiveness in adulthood in a rat model of ADHD, the spontaneous hypertensive rat (SHR). We pretreated SHRs with saline or MPH (2.5 mg/kg once or twice day) via oral gavage during their dark cycle from postnatal day 35 (p35) to p44. Adult rats (p80) were assessed in an eight-session cocaine-conditioned place preference test (CPP). Four doses of cocaine were administered via intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) during the conditioning sessions: 1, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg. Once per day MPH treatment had a small sensitizing effect on baseline general locomotor activity in a novel environment at p80 as well as a limited suppressive effect on reward-specific locomotor activity as measured by the decreased preference to enter the cocaine-paired chamber. This treatment did not have any effect on the amount of time that rats chose to spend in the cocaine-paired chamber. Twice per day MPH treatment had no effect on locomotion or drug-preference. Our results suggest that MPH treatment of ADHD rats during adolescence does not alter preference for cocaine in adulthood.
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Salman T, Nawaz S, Waraich RS, Haleem DJ. Repeated administration of methylphenidate produces reinforcement and downregulates 5-HT-1A receptor expression in the nucleus accumbens. Life Sci 2019; 218:139-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kim M, de la Peña JB, Cheong JH, Kim HJ. Neurobiological Functions of the Period Circadian Clock 2 Gene, Per2. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:358-367. [PMID: 29223143 PMCID: PMC6029676 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2017.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Most organisms have adapted to a circadian rhythm that follows a roughly 24-hour cycle, which is modulated by both internal (clock-related genes) and external (environment) factors. In such organisms, the central nervous system (CNS) is influenced by the circadian rhythm of individual cells. Furthermore, the period circadian clock 2 (Per2) gene is an important component of the circadian clock, which modulates the circadian rhythm. Per2 is mainly expressed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus as well as other brain areas, including the midbrain and forebrain. This indicates that Per2 may affect various neurobiological activities such as sleeping, depression, and addiction. In this review, we focus on the neurobiological functions of Per2, which could help to better understand its roles in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikyung Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - June Bryan de la Peña
- Department of Pharmacy, Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Department of Pharmacy, Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
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Do psychoactive drugs have a therapeutic role in compulsivity? Studies on schedule-induced polydipsia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:419-432. [PMID: 29313138 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4819-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Clinical studies have shown that some psychoactive recreational drugs have therapeutic applications in anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia. However, to date, there are few studies on the therapeutic potential efficacy of recreational drugs in compulsive neuropsychiatric disorders. OBJECTIVES We explored the therapeutic potential of different psychoactive and psychedelic drugs in a preclinical model of compulsive behavior. METHODS Outbred male Wistar rats were selected as either high (HD) or low (LD) drinkers according to their behavior in schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP). Subsequently, we assessed the effects of acute administration of scopolamine (0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/kg), methamphetamine (0.25, 0.5, 1.25, and 2.5 mg/kg), ketamine (1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg), cannabidiol (1 and 3 mg/kg), WIN21255-2 (0.5, 075, and 1 mg/kg), and AM404 (0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg) on compulsive drinking in SIP. RESULTS Scopolamine reduced dose-dependent compulsive drinking in HD compared with LD rats in SIP. Methamphetamine induced a dose-dependent inverted U-curve effect in both groups, in which lower doses increased and higher doses reduced compulsive drinking in SIP. Ketamine, cannabidiol, WIN21255-2, and AM404 did not have any relevant effects in SIP. CONCLUSIONS These data provide new evidence that low doses of scopolamine and intermediate doses of methamphetamine might therapeutically reduce compulsive behaviors and suggest that there is not a direct participation of the endocannabinoid system in compulsive behavior on SIP. The research in the underlying neurochemical mechanisms of these psychoactive drugs might provide an additional insight on new therapeutic targets in compulsive neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Long-Term Treatment with Low Doses of Methamphetamine Promotes Neuronal Differentiation and Strengthens Long-Term Potentiation of Glutamatergic Synapses onto Dentate Granule Neurons. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-NWR-0141-16. [PMID: 27419216 PMCID: PMC4939399 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0141-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a psychostimulant, affecting hippocampal function with disparate cognitive effects, which depends on the dose and time of administration, ranging from improvement to impairment of memory. Importantly, in the United States, METH is approved for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Modifications of long-term plasticity of synapses originating from the entorhinal cortex onto dentate granule cells (DGCs) have been proposed to underlie cognitive alterations similar to those seen in METH users. However, the effects of METH on synaptic plasticity of the dentate gyrus are unknown. Here, we investigated the impact of long-term administration of METH (2 mg/kg/d) on neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity of immature and mature DGCs of juvenile mice. We used a mouse model of neurogenesis (the G42 line of GAD67-GFP), in which GFP is expressed by differentiating young DGCs. METH treatment enhanced the differentiation of GFP(+) cells, as it increased the fraction of GFP(+) cells expressing the neuronal marker NeuN, and decreased the amount of immature DGCs coexpressing doublecortin. Interestingly, METH did not change the magnitude of long-term potentiation (LTP) in more immature neurons, but facilitated LTP induction in more differentiated GFP(+) and strengthened plasticity in mature GFP(-) DGCs. The METH-induced facilitation of LTP in GFP(+) neurons was accompanied with spine enlargement. Our results reveal a specific action of long-term use of METH in the long-term plasticity of excitatory synapses onto differentiating DGCs and might have important implications toward the understanding of the synaptic basis of METH-induced cognitive alterations.
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Womersley JS, Mpeta B, Dimatelis JJ, Kellaway LA, Stein DJ, Russell VA. Developmental stress elicits preference for methamphetamine in the spontaneously hypertensive rat model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2016; 12:18. [PMID: 27317355 PMCID: PMC4912802 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-016-0102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental stress has been hypothesised to interact with genetic predisposition to increase the risk of developing substance use disorders. Here we have investigated the effects of maternal separation-induced developmental stress using a behavioural proxy of methamphetamine preference in an animal model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, the spontaneously hypertensive rat, versus Wistar Kyoto and Sprague-Dawley comparator strains. RESULTS Analysis of results obtained using a conditioned place preference paradigm revealed a significant strain × stress interaction with maternal separation inducing preference for the methamphetamine-associated compartment in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Maternal separation increased behavioural sensitization to the locomotor-stimulatory effects of methamphetamine in both spontaneously hypertensive and Sprague-Dawley strains but not in Wistar Kyoto rats. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that developmental stress in a genetic rat model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder may foster a vulnerability to the development of substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline S. Womersley
- />Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa
| | - Bafokeng Mpeta
- />Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa
| | - Jacqueline J. Dimatelis
- />Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa
| | - Lauriston A. Kellaway
- />Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa
| | - Dan J. Stein
- />Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa
| | - Vivienne A. Russell
- />Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa
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Motaghinejad M, Motevalian M. Involvement of AMPA/kainate and GABAA receptors in topiramate neuroprotective effects against methylphenidate abuse sequels involving oxidative stress and inflammation in rat isolated hippocampus. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 784:181-91. [PMID: 27105819 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Abuses of methylphenidate (MPH) as psychostimulant cause neural damage of brain cells. Neuroprotective properties of topiramate (TPM) have been indicated in several studies but its exact mechanism of action remains unclear. The current study evaluates protective role of various doses of TPM and its mechanism of action in MPH induced oxidative stress and inflammation. The neuroprotective effects of various doses of TPM against MPH induced oxidative stress and inflammation were evaluated and then the action of TPM was studied in presence of domoic acid (DOM), as AMPA/kainate receptor agonist and bicuculline (BIC) as GABAA receptor antagonist, in isolated rat hippocampus. Open Field Test (OFT) was used to investigate motor activity changes. Oxidative, antioxidant and inflammatory factors were measured in isolated hippocampus. TPM (70 and 100mg/kg) decreased MPH induced motor activity disturbances and inhibit MPH induced oxidative stress and inflammation. On the other hand pretreatment of animals with DOM or BIC, inhibit this effect of TPM and potentiate MPH induced motor activity disturbances and increased lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial oxidized form of glutathione (GSSG) level, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in isolated hippocampal cells and decreased reduced form of glutathione (GSH) level, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activity. It seems that TPM can protect cells of hippocampus from oxidative stress and neuroinflammation and it could be partly by activation of GABAA receptor and inhibition of AMPA/kainite receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Motaghinejad
- Razi Drug Research Center & Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Manijeh Motevalian
- Razi Drug Research Center & Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Jaboinski J, Cabral JCC, Campos R, Barros DM. Exposure to methylphenidate during infancy and adolescence in non-human animals and sensitization to abuse of psychostimulants later in life: a systematic review. TRENDS IN PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY 2015; 37:107-17. [PMID: 26630401 DOI: 10.1590/2237-6089-2014-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neuropsychiatric pathology that has an important prevalence among young people and is difficult to diagnose. It is usually treated with methylphenidate, a psychostimulant with a mechanism of action similar to that of cocaine. Previous studies show that repeated use of psychostimulants during childhood or adolescence may sensitize subjects, making them more prone to later abuse of psychostimulant drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine. OBJECTIVE To review experimental studies in non-human models (rodents and monkeys) treated with methylphenidate during infancy or adolescence and tested for reinforcing effects on psychostimulant drugs in adulthood. METHOD Systematic collection of data was performed on four databases (Web of Knowledge, PsycARTICLE, PubMed and SciELO). The initial search identified 202 articles published from 2009 to 2014, which were screened for eligibility. Seven articles met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed in this study. RESULTS The findings indicate that early exposure to methylphenidate has an effect on an ADHD animal model, specifically, on spontaneously hypertensive strain rats, especially those tested using the self-administration paradigm. CONCLUSION Future studies should prioritize the spontaneously hypertensive rat strain - an animal model of ADHD. Experimental designs comparing different behavioral paradigms and modes of administration using this strain could lead to improved understanding of the effects of exposure to methylphenidate during childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Jaboinski
- Institute of Psychology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Renan Campos
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniela Marti Barros
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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Adolescent D-amphetamine treatment in a rodent model of ADHD: Pro-cognitive effects in adolescence without an impact on cocaine cue reactivity in adulthood. Behav Brain Res 2015; 297:165-79. [PMID: 26467602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is comorbid with cocaine abuse. Whereas initiating ADHD medication in childhood does not alter later cocaine abuse risk, initiating medication during adolescence may increase risk. Preclinical work in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR) model of ADHD found that adolescent methylphenidate increased cocaine self-administration in adulthood, suggesting a need to identify alternatively efficacious medications for teens with ADHD. We examined effects of adolescent d-amphetamine treatment on strategy set shifting performance during adolescence and on cocaine self-administration and reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior (cue reactivity) during adulthood in male SHR, Wistar-Kyoto (inbred control), and Wistar (outbred control) rats. During the set shift phase, adolescent SHR needed more trials and had a longer latency to reach criterion, made more regressive errors and trial omissions, and exhibited slower and more variable lever press reaction times. d-Amphetamine improved performance only in SHR by increasing choice accuracy and decreasing errors and latency to criterion. In adulthood, SHR self-administered more cocaine, made more cocaine-seeking responses, and took longer to extinguish lever responding than control strains. Adolescent d-amphetamine did not alter cocaine self-administration in adult rats of any strain, but reduced cocaine seeking during the first of seven reinstatement test sessions in adult SHR. These findings highlight utility of SHR in modeling cognitive dysfunction and comorbid cocaine abuse in ADHD. Unlike methylphenidate, d-amphetamine improved several aspects of flexible learning in adolescent SHR and did not increase cocaine intake or cue reactivity in adult SHR. Thus, adolescent d-amphetamine was superior to methylphenidate in this ADHD model.
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dela Peña I, de la Peña JB, Kim BN, Han DH, Noh M, Cheong JH. Gene expression profiling in the striatum of amphetamine-treated spontaneously hypertensive rats which showed amphetamine conditioned place preference and self-administration. Arch Pharm Res 2014; 38:865-75. [PMID: 25163681 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0470-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the most commonly diagnosed neurobehavioral disorder of childhood, is usually treated with psychostimulants (e.g., amphetamine). Little is known about the neuronal and behavioral consequences of chronic amphetamine use or abuse in individuals with ADHD. Of all ADHD animal models, the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is the most validated and widely used. Here, we analyzed striatal transcriptomes in amphetamine-pretreated SHRs (5 mg/kg, i.p. for 7 days [twice daily]), which showed a conditioned place preference to and self-administration of amphetamine. Microarray analyses revealed increased mRNA expression of 55 genes (>1.65-fold increase), while 17 genes were downregulated (<0.6-fold) in the striatum of SHRs. The main functional categories overrepresented among the differentially expressed genes in the striatum include those involved in transcription (e.g., Cebpb, Per2), genes associated with angiogenesis (e.g., Kdr, Klf5), cell adhesion (e.g., Col11a1, Ctgf), apoptosis (e.g., Nfkbia, Perp) and neuronal development (e.g., Egr2, Nr4a3). In conclusion, we dissected the striatal transcriptional responses to the reinforcing effects of repeated amphetamine treatment in the SHR model of ADHD. Future studies should determine the influence of these altered transcripts on amphetamine reinforcement in amphetamine-treated SHRs, and the clinical relevance of the present findings with regard to amphetamine use/abuse in ADHD individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ike dela Peña
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, 26-21 Kongreung-2-dong, Hwarangro-815, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 139-742, Korea
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dela Peña I, Kim HJ, Sohn A, Kim BN, Han DH, Ryu JH, Shin CY, Noh M, Cheong JH. Prefrontal cortical and striatal transcriptional responses to the reinforcing effect of repeated methylphenidate treatment in the spontaneously hypertensive rat, animal model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Behav Brain Funct 2014; 10:17. [PMID: 24884696 PMCID: PMC4077266 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-10-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Methylphenidate is the most commonly used stimulant drug for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Research has found that methylphenidate is a “reinforcer” and that individuals with ADHD also abuse this medication. Nevertheless, the molecular consequences of long-term recreational methylphenidate use or abuse in individuals with ADHD are not yet fully known. Methods Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), the most validated and widely used ADHD animal model, were pretreated with methylphenidate (5 mg/kg, i.p.) during their adolescence (post-natal day [PND] 42–48) and tested for subsequent methylphenidate-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and self-administration. Thereafter, the differentially expressed genes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and striatum of representative methylphenidate-treated SHRs, which showed CPP to and self-administration of methylphenidate, were analyzed. Results Genome-wide transcriptome profiling analyses revealed 30 differentially expressed genes in the PFC, which include transcripts involved in apoptosis (e.g. S100a9, Angptl4, Nfkbia), transcription (Cebpb, Per3), and neuronal plasticity (Homer1, Jam2, Asap1). In contrast, 306 genes were differentially expressed in the striatum and among them, 252 were downregulated. The main functional categories overrepresented among the downregulated genes include those involved in cell adhesion (e.g. Pcdh10, Ctbbd1, Itgb6), positive regulation of apoptosis (Perp, Taf1, Api5), (Notch3, Nsbp1, Sik1), mitochondrion organization (Prps18c, Letm1, Uqcrc2), and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis (Nedd4, Usp27x, Ube2d2). Conclusion Together, these changes indicate methylphenidate-induced neurotoxicity, altered synaptic and neuronal plasticity, energy metabolism and ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation in the brains of methylphenidate-treated SHRs, which showed methylphenidate CPP and self-administration. In addition, these findings may also reflect cognitive impairment associated with chronic methylphenidate use as demonstrated in preclinical studies. Future studies are warranted to determine the clinical significance of the present findings with regard to long-term recreational methylphenidate use or abuse in individuals with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Minsoo Noh
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, 26-21 Kongreung-2-dong, Hwarangro- 815 Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Korea.
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Dela Peña I, Jeon SJ, Lee E, Ryu JH, Shin CY, Noh M, Cheong JH. Neuronal development genes are key elements mediating the reinforcing effects of methamphetamine, amphetamine, and methylphenidate. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 230:399-413. [PMID: 23783774 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3168-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The molecular mechanisms underlying susceptibility to psychostimulant addiction remain unclear. Searching for commonalities in the effects of addictive drugs on brain gene expression is a prolific approach to determine transcriptional signatures influencing drug abuse. OBJECTIVE We explored the common transcriptional responses to the reinforcing effects of psychostimulants methamphetamine, amphetamine, and methylphenidate. We also aimed to identify transcriptional changes that may subserve abuse of these drugs. METHODS Genome-wide transcriptome profiling analyses were performed to identify common prefrontal cortical (PFC) and striatal gene expression profiles in drug-naïve (cohort 1) and stimulant-pretreated (cohort 2) rats, which showed a conditioned place preference to and self-administration of methamphetamine, amphetamine, and methylphenidate. RESULTS In behavioral studies, stimulant-pretreated rats showed behavioral sensitization characterized by enhanced behavioral response to the rewarding or reinforcing effects of psychostimulants. Inflammation-associated genes (e.g., Alas1, S100a8 and S100a9) were identified as the primary differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in both the PFC and the striatum of cohort 1 rats, while neuronal plasticity (Sgk1)- and brain development (e.g., Bhlhe22, Neurod1, Nr4a2, and Msx1)-associated genes comprised the major upregulated DEGs in the striatum of cohort 2 rats. Furthermore, a meta-analysis of the common striatal DEGs in this study along with morphine-regulated striatal transcriptomes in mice (National Center for Biotechnology Information-Gene Expression Omnibus Database Accession Code GSE7762) suggested similar expression profiles of genes involved in neuronal development (e.g., Bhlhe22, Nr4a2). CONCLUSION This study provides evidence that brain development-associated genes mediate the reinforcing effects of methamphetamine, amphetamine, and methylphenidate and that these transcripts may underlie susceptibility to psychostimulant addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ike Dela Peña
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, 26-21 Kongreung-2-dong, Hwarangro-815, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 139-742, South Korea
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Yetnikoff L, Arvanitogiannis A. Differential sensitivity to the acute and sensitizing behavioral effects of methylphenidate as a function of strain in adolescent and young adult rats. Behav Brain Funct 2013; 9:38. [PMID: 24134881 PMCID: PMC4015822 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-9-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Behavioral effects of stimulant drugs are influenced by non-pharmacological factors, including genetic variability and age. We examined acute and sensitized locomotor effects of methylphenidate in adolescent and early adult male Sprague Dawley (SD), spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats using a drug regimen that differentiates clearly between initial and enduring differences in drug responsiveness. We probed for strain and age differences in the sensitizing effects of methylphenidate using a cocaine challenge. Methylphenidate was administered to the rats in a non-home environment. Findings Strain differences in sensitivity to single methylphenidate injections depend on age and change with continuing drug pretreatment. While SHR rats are more sensitive to methylphenidate relative to WKY regardless of age and pretreatment day, SHR rats become more sensitive to methylphenidate than SD rats towards the end of pretreatment during early adulthood. SD rats exhibit greater sensitivity to methylphenidate relative to the WKY group during adolescence, an effect that dissipates with continued drug pretreatment during adulthood. Remarkably, only SHR rats, regardless of age, exhibit methylphenidate-induced cross-sensitization to the behavioral effects of cocaine. Conclusions Our findings suggest that SHR rats are more vulnerable than other strains to methylphenidate-induced cross-sensitization to cocaine, at least when methylphenidate is administered in a non-home environment. Given that SHR rats are typically used to model features of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, these findings may have important implications for the treatment of this disorder with methylphenidate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Arvanitogiannis
- Department of Psychology, Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Abuse and dependence liability analysis of methylphenidate in the spontaneously hypertensive rat model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): what have we learned? Arch Pharm Res 2013; 36:400-10. [PMID: 23471559 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Methylphenidate is the most prescribed stimulant medication for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Despite the well documented clinical benefits of the drug, several questions remain unanswered concerning the effects of extended methylphenidate use (e.g. can methylphenidate be abused by ADHD patients? does repeated methylphenidate treatment produce addiction?). Preclinical studies can help address the long-term safety of clinical treatments, moreover animal studies provide valuable information on the details of drug actions. The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), bred from normotensive Wistar Kyoto rat strain, is considered as the best validated and the most widely used animal model of ADHD. We reviewed the findings of research reports that investigated the abuse and dependence liability of methylphenidate in SHR. In particular, we surveyed the studies which investigated the effects of methylphenidate pretreatment on subsequent methylphenidate-induced conditioned place preference or self-administration for they may give insights into the abuse or dependence liability of long-term methylphenidate treatment in ADHD.
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Griffin WC, McGovern RW, Bell GH, Randall PK, Middaugh LD, Patrick KS. Interactive effects of methylphenidate and alcohol on discrimination, conditioned place preference and motor coordination in C57BL/6J mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 225:613-25. [PMID: 22955568 PMCID: PMC3547134 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2849-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prior research indicates methylphenidate (MPH) and alcohol (ethanol, EtOH) interact to significantly affect responses humans and mice. The present studies tested the hypothesis that MPH and EtOH interact to potentiate ethanol-related behaviors in mice. METHODS We used several behavioral tasks including: drug discrimination in MPH-trained and EtOH-trained mice, conditioned place preference (CPP), rota-rod and the parallel rod apparatus. We also used gas chromatographic methods to measure brain tissue levels of EtOH and the D- and L-isomers of MPH and the metabolite, ethylphenidate (EPH). RESULTS In discrimination, EtOH (1 g/kg) produced a significant leftward shift in the MPH generalization curve (1-2 mg/kg) for MPH-trained mice, but no effects of MPH (0.625-1.25 mg/kg) on EtOH discrimination in EtOH-trained mice (0-2.5 g/kg) were observed. In CPP, the MPH (1.25 mg/kg) and EtOH (1.75 g/kg) combination significantly increased time on the drug paired side compared to vehicle (30.7 %), but this was similar to MPH (28.8 %) and EtOH (33.6 %). Footslip errors measured in a parallel rod apparatus indicated that the drug combination was very ataxic, with footslips increasing 29.5 % compared to EtOH. Finally, brain EtOH concentrations were not altered by 1.75 g/kg EtOH combined with 1.25 mg/kg MPH. However, EtOH significantly increased D-MPH and L-EPH without changing L-MPH brain concentrations. CONCLUSIONS The enhanced behavioral effects when EtOH is combined with MPH are likely due to the selective increase in brain D-MPH concentrations. These studies are consistent with observations in humans of increased interoceptive awareness of the drug combination and provide new clinical perspectives regarding enhanced ataxic effects of this drug combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C. Griffin
- Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Center for Drug and Alcohol Programs, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425-0742
| | | | - Guinevere H. Bell
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425-0742
| | - Patrick K. Randall
- Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Center for Drug and Alcohol Programs, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425-0742
| | - Lawrence D. Middaugh
- Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Center for Drug and Alcohol Programs, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425-0742
,Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425-0742
| | - Kennerly S. Patrick
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425-0742
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