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Eaves DL, Hodges NJ, Buckingham G, Buccino G, Vogt S. Enhancing motor imagery practice using synchronous action observation. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 88:1891-1907. [PMID: 36574019 PMCID: PMC11315722 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-022-01768-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we discuss a variety of ways in which practising motor actions by means of motor imagery (MI) can be enhanced via synchronous action observation (AO), that is, by AO + MI. We review the available research on the (mostly facilitatory) behavioural effects of AO + MI practice in the early stages of skill acquisition, discuss possible theoretical explanations, and consider several issues related to the choice and presentation schedules of suitable models. We then discuss considerations related to AO + MI practice at advanced skill levels, including expertise effects, practical recommendations such as focussing attention on specific aspects of the observed action, using just-ahead models, and possible effects of the perspective in which the observed action is presented. In section "Coordinative AO + MI", we consider scenarios where the observer imagines performing an action that complements or responds to the observed action, as a promising and yet under-researched application of AO + MI training. In section "The dual action simulation hypothesis of AO + MI", we review the neurocognitive hypothesis that AO + MI practice involves two parallel action simulations, and we consider opportunities for future research based on recent neuroimaging work on parallel motor representations. In section "AO + MI training in motor rehabilitation", we review applications of AO, MI, and AO + MI training in the field of neurorehabilitation. Taken together, this evidence-based, exploratory review opens a variety of avenues for future research and applications of AO + MI practice, highlighting several clear advantages over the approaches of purely AO- or MI-based practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Eaves
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Nicola J Hodges
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Gavin Buckingham
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Giovanni Buccino
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele and Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefan Vogt
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
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2
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Seitz S, Schuster-Amft C, Wandel J, Bonati LH, Parmar K, Gerth HU, Behrendt F. Effect of concurrent action observation, peripheral nerve stimulation and motor imagery on dexterity in patients after stroke: a pilot study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14858. [PMID: 38937566 PMCID: PMC11211322 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65911-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Research to improve and expand treatment options for motor impairment after stroke remains an important issue in rehabilitation as the reduced ability to move affected limbs is still a limiting factor in the selection of training content for stroke patients. The combination of action observation and peripheral nerve stimulation is a promising method for inducing increased excitability and plasticity in the primary motor cortex of healthy subjects. In addition, as reported in the literature, the use of action observation and motor imagery in conjunction has an advantage over the use of one or the other alone in terms of the activation of motor-related brain regions. The aim of the pilot study was thus to combine these findings into a multimodal approach and to evaluate the potential impact of the concurrent application of the three methods on dexterity in stroke patients. The paradigm developed accordingly was tested with 10 subacute patients, in whom hand dexterity, thumb-index pinch force and thumb tapping speed were measured for a baseline assessment and directly before and after the single intervention. During the 10-min session, patients were instructed to watch a repetitive thumb-index finger tapping movement displayed on a monitor and to imagine the sensations that would arise from physically performing the same motion. They were also repeatedly electrically stimulated at the wrist on the motorically more affected body side and asked to place their hand behind the monitor for the duration of the session to support integration of the displayed hand into their own body schema. The data provide a first indication of a possible immediate effect of a single application of this procedure on the dexterity in patients after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Seitz
- Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden, Switzerland
- Institute of Physiotherapy, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Corina Schuster-Amft
- Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden, Switzerland
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Biel, Switzerland
| | - Jasmin Wandel
- Institute for Optimization and Data Analysis, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Biel, Switzerland
| | - Leo H Bonati
- Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Parmar
- Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans Ulrich Gerth
- Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden, Switzerland
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Behrendt
- Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden, Switzerland.
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Biel, Switzerland.
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3
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Kraeutner SN, Karlinsky A, Besler Z, Welsh TN, Hodges NJ. What we imagine learning from watching others: how motor imagery modulates competency perceptions resulting from the repeated observation of a juggling action. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 87:2583-2593. [PMID: 37266707 PMCID: PMC10236399 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-023-01838-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Although motor learning can occur from observing others perform a motor skill (action observation; AO), observers' confidence in their own ability to perform the skill can be falsely increased compared to their actual ability. This illusion of motor competence (i.e., 'over-confidence') may arise because the learner does not gain access to sensory feedback about their own performance-a source of information that can help individuals understand their veridical motor capabilities. Unlike AO, motor imagery (MI; the mental rehearsal of a motor skill) is thought to be linked to an understanding of movement consequences and kinaesthetic information. MI may thus provide the learner with movement-related diagnostic information, leading to greater accuracy in assessing ability. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of MI when paired with AO in assessments of one's own motor capabilities in an online observation task. Two groups rated their confidence in performing a juggling task following repeated observations of the action without MI (OBS group; n = 45) or with MI following observation (OBS+MI; n = 39). As predicted, confidence increased with repeated observation for both groups, yet increased to a greater extent in the OBS relative to the OBS+MI group. The addition of MI appeared to reduce confidence that resulted from repeated AO alone. Data support the hypothesis that AO and MI are separable and that MI allows better access to sensory information than AO. However, further research is required to assess changes in confidence that result from MI alone and motor execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Kraeutner
- Neuroplasticity, Imagery, and Motor Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Rm 204 -Arts and Sciences Centre (ASC), University of British Columbia, 3187 University Way, Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, V1V1V7, Canada.
| | - April Karlinsky
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Bernardino, CA, 92407, USA
| | - Zachary Besler
- Motor Skills Lab, School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Timothy N Welsh
- Centre for Motor Control Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 2C9, Canada
| | - Nicola J Hodges
- Motor Skills Lab, School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z3, Canada
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Takenaka Y, Matsumoto H, Suzuki T, Sugawara K. Corticospinal excitability changes during muscle relaxation and contraction in motor imagery. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:3810-3826. [PMID: 37641563 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
To enhance smooth muscle contraction and relaxation during rehabilitation and sports activities, a comprehensive understanding of the motor control mechanisms within the central nervous system is necessary. However, current knowledge on these aspects is insufficient. Therefore, this study aimed to deepen our understanding of motor controls, by investigating the alterations in corticospinal excitability within cortical motor areas related to muscle contraction and relaxation using motor imagery with a reaction time task paradigm. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to measure the motor-evoked potentials in the first dorsal interosseous muscle of the right hand after the 'go' signal. Static weak muscle contraction (Experiment 1: 18 healthy participants) and resting state (Experiment 2: 16 healthy participants) were applied as background factors, and a trial without motor imagery was performed as a control. Muscle contraction was maintained in the background in the contraction motor imagery. A decrease in excitability in the relaxation motor imagery task occurred compared with the control. When the muscles were at rest, an increase in excitability in the contraction motor imagery and a transient increase in excitability in the relaxation motor imagery occurred compared with the control condition. Hence, the excitability of contraction and relaxation motor imagery is characterized by a continuous increase in excitability, transient increase and subsequent decrease in excitability, respectively. These results suggest that muscle contraction sensory information in the background condition may be necessary for muscle relaxation. Matching the background conditions may be crucial when utilizing motor imagery for rehabilitation or sports training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Takenaka
- Division of Physical Therapy Science, Graduate Course of Health and Social Work, Kanagawa University of Human Services, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Hitomi Matsumoto
- Division of Physical Therapy Science, Graduate Course of Health and Social Work, Kanagawa University of Human Services, Yokosuka, Japan
- Division of Rehabilitation, Shonan Keiiku Hospital, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Suzuki
- Division of Physical Therapy Science, Graduate Course of Health and Social Work, Kanagawa University of Human Services, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Kenichi Sugawara
- Division of Physical Therapy Science, Graduate Course of Health and Social Work, Kanagawa University of Human Services, Yokosuka, Japan
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Gmamdya H, Souissi MA, Bougrine H, Baaziz M, Noomen Guelmami, Majdi B, Robin N, Bali N. The Positive Impact of Combining Motor Imagery, Action Observation and Coach's Feedback on Archery Accuracy of Young Athletes. Percept Mot Skills 2023; 130:2226-2248. [PMID: 37656001 DOI: 10.1177/00315125231193218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, learning and motor control researchers have examined, in diverse ways, the practical strategies that enhance motor skill acquisition in sport. In this study we investigated the impact of combining Motor Imagery (MI), Feedback (F), and Action Observation (AO) on the quality of archery longbow shooting at a 10-meter target. We randomly assigned 60 young athletes to (a) a Control group (Control), (b) a Feedback and Motor Imagery group (F + MI), and (c) a Feedback, Motor Imagery, and Action Observation group (F + MI + AO). Over an 8-week intervention period athletes performed two training sessions per week. During each session, all participants engaged in two blocks of ten effective shots. Performance improvement was significantly greater in the F + MI + AO group than in the two other groups, confirming the beneficial impact of combining all three methods of improving archery accuracy. These findings suggest practical recommendations for athletes and trainers for delivering optimal mental training to improve shooting accuracy for these archers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Gmamdya
- Research Laboratory in Disability and Social Maladjustment, University of Mannouba, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Gafsa University, Gafsa, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Abdelkader Souissi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Gafsa University, Gafsa, Tunisia
- Physical Activity, Sport and Health, Research Unit, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Houda Bougrine
- Physical Activity, Sport and Health, Research Unit, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Ksar-Said, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Baaziz
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Ksar-Said, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Noomen Guelmami
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - Bouazizi Majdi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Gafsa University, Gafsa, Tunisia
| | - Nicolas Robin
- Laboratoire ACTES (3596), UFR STAPS, Université des Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Naila Bali
- Research Laboratory in Disability and Social Maladjustment, University of Mannouba, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Ksar-Said, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
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6
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Behrendt F, Le-Minh M, Schuster-Amft C. Influence of combined action observation and motor imagery of walking on lower limb reflex modulation in patients after stroke-preliminary results. BMC Res Notes 2022; 15:166. [PMID: 35562777 PMCID: PMC9101860 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-06057-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The combined use of action observation and motor imagery (AOMI) is a promising technique in neurorehabilitation that can be usefully applied in addition to conventional forms of therapy. Previous studies with healthy participants showed that the mere passive observation of walking results in a phase-dependent reflex modulation in the tibialis anterior muscle that resembles the pattern occurring when walking. In patients after stroke, a similar reflex modulation was found in several lower limb muscles during the real execution of walking, but responses were blunted. To clarify whether and how lower limb reflex responses are also modulated in such patients during the combined synchronous observation and imagery of walking, medium-latency cutaneous reflexes from the tibialis anterior muscle were measured. We compared the reflex responses of seven patients after stroke during the AOMI of walking from two different conditions: (a) elicited during the end stance phase and (b) during the end swing phase, both normalized to a baseline condition. Results So far, using the identical methodological set-up as in our study with healthy individuals, we could not find any noteworthy reflex response modulation. The study was registered with the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00028255). Trial registration : The study was registered with the German Clinical Trials Register: DRKS00028255.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Behrendt
- Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden, Switzerland. .,Department of Engineering and Information Technology, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Monika Le-Minh
- Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden, Switzerland.,Department of Health, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Corina Schuster-Amft
- Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden, Switzerland.,Department of Engineering and Information Technology, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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7
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Emerson JR, Scott MW, van Schaik P, Butcher N, Kenny RPW, Eaves DL. A neural signature for combined action observation and motor imagery? An fNIRS study into prefrontal activation, automatic imitation, and self-other perceptions. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2407. [PMID: 34994997 PMCID: PMC8865155 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Research indicates that both observed and imagined actions can be represented in the brain as two parallel sensorimotor representations. One proposal is that higher order cognitive processes would align these two hypothetical action simulations. METHODS We investigated this hypothesis using an automatic imitation paradigm, with functional near-infrared spectroscopy recordings over the prefrontal cortex during different motor simulation states. On each trial, participants (n = 14) observed a picture of a rhythmical action (instructed action) followed by a distractor movie showing the same or different action. Participants then executed the instructed action. Distractor actions were manipulated to be fast or slow, and instructions were manipulated during distractor presentation: action observation (AO), combined action observation and motor imagery (AO+MI) and observe to imitate (intentional imitation). A pure motor imagery (MI) condition was also included. RESULTS Kinematic analyses showed that although distractor speed effects were significant under all instructions (shorter mean cycle times in execution for fast compared to slow trials), this imitation bias was significantly stronger for combined AO+MI than both AO and MI, and stronger for intentional imitation than the other three automatic imitation conditions. In the left prefrontal cortex, cerebral oxygenation was significantly greater for combined AO+MI than all other instructions. Participants reported that their representation of the self overlapped with the observed model significantly more during AO+MI than AO. CONCLUSION Left prefrontal activation may therefore be a neural signature of AO+MI, supporting attentional switching between concurrent representations of self (MI, top-down) and other (AO, bottom-up) to increase imitation and perceived closeness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Emerson
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Matthew W Scott
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul van Schaik
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Humanities & Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Natalie Butcher
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Humanities & Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Ryan P W Kenny
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Daniel L Eaves
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK.,Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
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8
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Takenaka Y, Suzuki T, Sugawara K. Time course effect of corticospinal excitability for motor imagery. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:6123-6134. [PMID: 34328240 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of temporal changes in corticospinal excitability in motor imagery (MI) and the effect of real-time guides for MI on excitability changes. The MI task involved wrist flexion and motor evoked potentials using transcranial magnetic stimulation were recorded and examined from the flexor carpi radialis. Ballistic (momentary MI) and tonic (continuous MI) conditions were used, and the duration of each MI was different. In Experiment 1, each MI task was performed using an acoustic trigger. In Experiment 2, a real-time guide was presented on a computer screen, which provided a visual indication of the onset and duration of the MI task through via moving dots on the screen. The results indicate that the corticospinal excitability changed differently, depending on the duration of MI. Additionally, with real-time guides, the change in corticospinal excitability became clearer. Thus, corticospinal excitability changes due to the temporal specificities of MI, as well as with actual motor output. Moreover, if MI is actively performed without a guide, it is likely to show an unintended change in corticospinal excitability. It is suggested that when MI is performed with visual guide, the excitatory changes of the corticospinal tract might be different from the actual motor output. Therefore, when using MI for mental practices, it is possible to improve the effect of a guide for MI, such as a visual indicator for motor output. Additionally, when examining neural activities in MI, it may be necessary to consider the characteristics of motion performed by MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Takenaka
- Division of Physical Therapy Science, Graduate Course of Health and Social Work, Kanagawa University of Human Services, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Suzuki
- Division of Physical Therapy Science, Graduate Course of Health and Social Work, Kanagawa University of Human Services, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kenichi Sugawara
- Division of Physical Therapy Science, Graduate Course of Health and Social Work, Kanagawa University of Human Services, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
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Comparison of the on-line effects of different motor simulation conditions on corticospinal excitability in healthy participants. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13176. [PMID: 34162974 PMCID: PMC8222244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92591-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In healthy participants, corticospinal excitability is known to increase during motor simulations such as motor imagery (MI), action observation (AO) and mirror therapy (MT), suggesting their interest to promote plasticity in neurorehabilitation. Further comparing these methods and investigating their combination may potentially provide clues to optimize their use in patients. To this end, we compared in 18 healthy participants abductor pollicis brevis (APB) corticospinal excitability during MI, AO or MT, as well as MI combined with either AO or MT. In each condition, 15 motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) and three maximal M-wave were elicited in the right APB. Compared to the control condition, mean normalized MEP amplitude (i.e. MEP/M) increased during MI (P = .003), MT (P < .001) and MT + MI (P < .001), without any difference between the three conditions. No MEP modulation was evidenced during AO or AO + MI. Because MI provided no additional influence when combined with AO or MT, our results may suggest that, in healthy subjects, visual feedback and unilateral movement with a mirror may provide the greatest effects among all the tested motor simulations.
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Scott MW, Wood G, Holmes PS, Williams J, Marshall B, Wright DJ. Combined action observation and motor imagery: An intervention to combat the neural and behavioural deficits associated with developmental coordination disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:638-646. [PMID: 34022280 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Action observation (AO) and motor imagery (MI) have been used separately across different populations to alleviate movement impairment. Recently these two forms of covert motor simulation have been combined (combined action observation and motor imagery; AOMI), resulting in greater neurophysiological activity in the motor system, and more favourable behavioural outcomes when compared to independent AO and MI. This review aims to outline how some of the neural deficits associated with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) are evident during AO and MI, and highlight how these motor simulation techniques have been used independently to improve motor skill learning in children in this population. The growing body of evidence indicating that AOMI is superior to the independent use of either AO and MI is then synthesised and discussed in the context of children with DCD. To conclude, recommendations to optimise the delivery of AOMI for children with DCD are provided and future avenues for research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Scott
- Research Centre for Health, Psychology and Communities, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
| | - Greg Wood
- Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul S Holmes
- Research Centre for Health, Psychology and Communities, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Jacqueline Williams
- Institute for Health and Sport, College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ben Marshall
- Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - David J Wright
- Research Centre for Health, Psychology and Communities, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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11
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Mouthon A, Ruffieux J, Taube W. Modulation of intracortical inhibition during physically performed and mentally simulated balance tasks. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1379-1388. [PMID: 33606094 PMCID: PMC8064969 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04577-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Action observation (AO) during motor imagery (MI), so-called AO + MI, has been proposed as a new form of non-physical training, but the neural mechanisms involved remains largely unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to explore whether there were similarities in the modulation of short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) during execution and mental simulation of postural tasks, and if there was a difference in modulation of SICI between AO + MI and AO alone. METHOD 21 young adults (mean ± SD = 24 ± 6.3 years) were asked to either passively observe (AO) or imagine while observing (AO + MI) or physically perform a stable and an unstable standing task, while motor evoked potentials and SICI were assessed in the soleus muscle. RESULT SICI results showed a modulation by condition (F2,40 = 6.42, p = 0.009) with less SICI in the execution condition compared to the AO + MI (p = 0.009) and AO (p = 0.002) condition. Moreover, switching from the stable to the unstable stance condition reduced significantly SICI (F1,20 = 8.34, p = 0.009) during both, physically performed (- 38.5%; p = 0.03) and mentally simulated balance (- 10%, p < 0.001, AO + MI and AO taken together). CONCLUSION The data demonstrate that SICI is reduced when switching from a stable to a more unstable standing task during both real task execution and mental simulation. Therefore, our results strengthen and further support the existence of similarities between executed and mentally simulated actions by showing that not only corticospinal excitability is similarly modulated but also SICI. This proposes that the activity of the inhibitory cortical network during mental simulation of balance tasks resembles the one during physical postural task execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mouthon
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Medicine Section, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, Movement and Sport Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - J Ruffieux
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Medicine Section, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, Movement and Sport Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - W Taube
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Medicine Section, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, Movement and Sport Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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12
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Iso N, Moriuchi T, Fujiwara K, Matsuo M, Mitsunaga W, Hasegawa T, Iso F, Cho K, Suzuki M, Higashi T. Hemodynamic Signal Changes During Motor Imagery Task Performance Are Associated With the Degree of Motor Task Learning. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:603069. [PMID: 33935666 PMCID: PMC8081959 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.603069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to investigate whether oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) generated during a motor imagery (MI) task is associated with the motor learning level of the task. Methods We included 16 right-handed healthy participants who were trained to perform a ball rotation (BR) task. Hemodynamic brain activity was measured using near-infrared spectroscopy to monitor changes in oxy-Hb concentration during the BR MI task. The experimental protocol used a block design, and measurements were performed three times before and after the initial training of the BR task as well as after the final training. The BR count during training was also measured. Furthermore, subjective vividness of MI was evaluated three times after NIRS measurement using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Results The results showed that the number of BRs increased significantly with training (P < 0.001). VAS scores also improved with training (P < 0.001). Furthermore, oxy-Hb concentration and the region of interest (ROI) showed a main effect (P = 0.001). An interaction was confirmed (P < 0.001), and it was ascertained that the change in oxy-Hb concentrations due to training was different for each ROI. The most significant predictor of subjective MI vividness was supplementary motor area (SMA) oxy-Hb concentration (coefficient = 0.365). Discussion Hemodynamic brain activity during MI tasks may be correlated with task motor learning levels, since significant changes in oxy-Hb concentrations were observed following initial and final training in the SMA. In particular, hemodynamic brain activity in the SMA was suggested to reflect the MI vividness of participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Iso
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Tokyo Kasei University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takefumi Moriuchi
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Health Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kengo Fujiwara
- Department of Health Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Moemi Matsuo
- Department of Health Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Wataru Mitsunaga
- Department of Health Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takashi Hasegawa
- Department of Health Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Fumiko Iso
- Department of Health Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kilchoon Cho
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Tokyo Kasei University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Tokyo Kasei University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshio Higashi
- Department of Health Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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13
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Meers R, Nuttall HE, Vogt S. Motor imagery alone drives corticospinal excitability during concurrent action observation and motor imagery. Cortex 2020; 126:322-333. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Suzuki T, Suzuki M, Kanemura N, Hamaguchi T. Differential Effect of Visual and Proprioceptive Stimulation on Corticospinal Output for Reciprocal Muscles. Front Integr Neurosci 2019; 13:63. [PMID: 31736723 PMCID: PMC6829117 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2019.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the corticospinal excitability of reciprocal muscles during tasks involving sensory difference between proprioceptive and visual inputs. Participants were instructed to relax their muscles and to observe a screen during vibratory stimulation. A video screen was placed on the board covering the right hand and forearm. Participants were randomly tested in four conditions: resting, control, static, and dynamic. The resting condition involved showing a black screen, the control condition, a mosaic patterned static videoclip; the static condition, a static videoclip of wrist flexion 0°; and the dynamic condition, a videoclip that corresponded to each participant's closely-matched illusory wrist flexion angle and speed by vibration. Vibratory stimulation (frequency 80 Hz and duration 4 s) was applied to the distal tendon of the dominant right extensor carpi radialis (ECR) using a tendon vibrator in the control, static, and dynamic conditions. Four seconds after the vibratory stimulation (end of vibration), the primary motor cortex at the midpoint between the centers of gravity of the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) and ECR muscles was stimulated by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The ECR motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes significantly increased in the control condition compared to the resting condition, whereas the FCR MEP amplitudes did not change between the resting and control conditions. In addition, the ECR MEP amplitudes significantly increased in the static condition compared to the dynamic condition. However, the FCR MEP amplitudes significantly increased in the dynamic condition compared to the static condition. These results imply that the difference between visuo-proprioceptive information had an effect on corticospinal excitability for the muscle. In conclusion, we found that proprioceptive and visual information differentially altered the corticospinal excitability of reciprocal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Suzuki
- School of Health Sciences, Saitama Prefectural University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tokyo Kasei University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naohiko Kanemura
- School of Health Sciences, Saitama Prefectural University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toyohiro Hamaguchi
- School of Health Sciences, Saitama Prefectural University, Saitama, Japan
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15
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Robin N, Toussaint L, Charles-Charlery C, Coudevylle GR. Free throw performance in non-expert basketball players: The effect of dynamic motor imagery combined with action observation. LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2019.101595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Emerson JR, Binks JA, Scott MW, Kenny RPW, Eaves DL. Combined action observation and motor imagery therapy: a novel method for post-stroke motor rehabilitation. AIMS Neurosci 2018; 5:236-252. [PMID: 32341964 PMCID: PMC7179337 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2018.4.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral vascular accidents (strokes) are a leading cause of motor deficiency in millions of people worldwide. While a complex range of biological systems is affected following a stroke, in this paper we focus primarily on impairments of the motor system and the recovery of motor skills. We briefly review research that has assessed two types of mental practice, which are currently recommended in stroke rehabilitation. Namely, action observation (AO) therapy and motor imagery (MI) training. We highlight the strengths and limitations in both techniques, before making the case for combined action observation and motor imagery (AO + MI) therapy as a potentially more effective method. This is based on a growing body of multimodal brain imaging research showing advantages for combined AO + MI instructions over the two separate methods of AO and MI. Finally, we offer a series of suggestions and considerations for how combined AO + MI therapy could be employed in neurorehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel L. Eaves
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
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17
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Cengiz B, Vurallı D, Zinnuroğlu M, Bayer G, Golmohammadzadeh H, Günendi Z, Turgut AE, İrfanoğlu B, Arıkan KB. Analysis of mirror neuron system activation during action observation alone and action observation with motor imagery tasks. Exp Brain Res 2017; 236:497-503. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-5147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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18
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Hasegawa T, Miyata H, Nishi K, Sagari A, Moriuchi T, Matsuo T, Tabira T, Higashi T. Somatosensory cortex excitability changes due to differences in instruction conditions of motor imagery. Somatosens Mot Res 2017; 34:151-157. [DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2017.1368476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hasegawa
- Medical Corporation, Wajinkai Wajinkai Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
- Unit of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hironori Miyata
- Rehabilitation Sciences, Kyushu Nutrition Welfare University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Keita Nishi
- Medical Corporation, Wajinkai Wajinkai Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
- Macroscopic Anatomy, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Akira Sagari
- Health Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takefumi Moriuchi
- Unit of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuo
- Unit of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishikyushu University, Saga, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tabira
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Toshio Higashi
- Unit of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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19
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Furukawa Y, Uehara K, Furuya S. Expertise-dependent motor somatotopy of music perception. Neurosci Lett 2017; 650:97-102. [PMID: 28435044 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Precise mapping between sound and motion underlies successful communication and information transmission in speech and musical performance. Formation of the map typically undergoes plastic changes in the neuronal network between auditory and motor regions through training. However, to what extent the map is somatotopically-tuned so that auditory information can specifically modulate the corticospinal system responsible for the relevant motor action has not been elucidated. Here we addressed this issue by assessing the excitability of corticospinal system including the primary motor cortex (M1) innervating the hand intrinsic muscles by means of transcranial magnetic stimulation while trained pianists and musically-untrained individuals (non-musicians) were listening to either piano tones or noise. M1 excitability was evaluated at two anatomically-independent muscles of the hand. The results demonstrated elevation of M1 excitability at not all but one specific muscle while listening to piano tones in the pianists, but no excitability change in both of the muscles in the non-musicians. However, listening to noise did not elicit any changes of M1 excitability at both muscles in both the pianists and the non-musicians. These findings indicate that auditory information representing the trained motor action tunes M1 excitability in a non-uniform, somatotopically-specific manner, which is likely associated with multimodal experiences in musical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Furukawa
- Musical Skill and Injury Center (MuSIC), Sophia University, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Uehara
- Musical Skill and Injury Center (MuSIC), Sophia University, Japan; School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, USA
| | - Shinichi Furuya
- Musical Skill and Injury Center (MuSIC), Sophia University, Japan; SONY Computer Science Laboratory (CSL), Japan.
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20
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Friesen CL, Bardouille T, Neyedli HF, Boe SG. Combined Action Observation and Motor Imagery Neurofeedback for Modulation of Brain Activity. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 10:692. [PMID: 28119594 PMCID: PMC5223402 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor imagery (MI) and action observation have proven to be efficacious adjuncts to traditional physiotherapy for enhancing motor recovery following stroke. Recently, researchers have used a combined approach called imagined imitation (II), where an individual watches a motor task being performed, while simultaneously imagining they are performing the movement. While neurofeedback (NFB) has been used extensively with MI to improve patients' ability to modulate sensorimotor activity and enhance motor recovery, the effectiveness of using NFB with II to modulate brain activity is unknown. This project tested the ability of participants to modulate sensorimotor activity during electroencephalography-based II-NFB of a complex, multi-part unilateral handshake, and whether this ability transferred to a subsequent bout of MI. Moreover, given the goal of translating findings from NFB research into practical applications, such as rehabilitation, the II-NFB system was designed with several user interface and user experience features, in an attempt to both drive user engagement and match the level of challenge to the abilities of the subjects. In particular, at easy difficulty levels the II-NFB system incentivized contralateral sensorimotor up-regulation (via event related desynchronization of the mu rhythm), while at higher difficulty levels the II-NFB system incentivized sensorimotor lateralization (i.e., both contralateral up-regulation and ipsilateral down-regulation). Thirty-two subjects, receiving real or sham NFB attended four sessions where they engaged in II-NFB training and subsequent MI. Results showed the NFB group demonstrated more bilateral sensorimotor activity during sessions 2–4 during II-NFB and subsequent MI, indicating mixed success for the implementation of this particular II-NFB system. Here we discuss our findings in the context of the design features included in the II-NFB system, highlighting limitations that should be considered in future designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Friesen
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada
| | - Timothy Bardouille
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada; Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre, IWK Health CentreHalifax, NS, Canada; School of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada
| | - Heather F Neyedli
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada; School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada
| | - Shaun G Boe
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada; School of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada; School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada
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21
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Eaves DL, Riach M, Holmes PS, Wright DJ. Motor Imagery during Action Observation: A Brief Review of Evidence, Theory and Future Research Opportunities. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:514. [PMID: 27917103 PMCID: PMC5116576 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor imagery (MI) and action observation (AO) have traditionally been viewed as two separate techniques, which can both be used alongside physical practice to enhance motor learning and rehabilitation. Their independent use has largely been shown to be effective, and there is clear evidence that the two processes can elicit similar activity in the motor system. Building on these well-established findings, research has now turned to investigate the effects of their combined use. In this article, we first review the available neurophysiological and behavioral evidence for the effects of combined action observation and motor imagery (AO+MI) on motor processes. We next describe a conceptual framework for their combined use, and then discuss several areas for future research into AO+MI processes. In this review, we advocate a more integrated approach to AO+MI techniques than has previously been adopted by movement scientists and practitioners alike. We hope that this early review of an emergent body of research, along with a related set of research questions, can inspire new work in this area. We are optimistic that future research will further confirm if, how, and when this combined approach to AO+MI can be more effective in motor learning and rehabilitation settings, relative to the more traditional application of MI or AO independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Eaves
- Sport and Exercise Science Section, Teesside UniversityMiddlesbrough, UK
| | - Martin Riach
- Research Centre for Health, Exercise and Active Living, Manchester Metropolitan UniversityCrewe, UK
| | - Paul S. Holmes
- Research Centre for Health, Exercise and Active Living, Manchester Metropolitan UniversityCrewe, UK
| | - David J. Wright
- Research Centre for Health, Exercise and Active Living, Manchester Metropolitan UniversityCrewe, UK
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22
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Wright DJ, McCormick SA, Williams J, Holmes PS. Viewing Instructions Accompanying Action Observation Modulate Corticospinal Excitability. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:17. [PMID: 26869901 PMCID: PMC4740958 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Action observation interventions may have the potential to contribute to improved motor function in motor (re)learning settings by promoting functional activity and plasticity in the motor regions of the brain. Optimal methods for delivering such interventions, however, have yet to be established. This experiment investigated the effect on corticospinal excitability of manipulating the viewing instructions provided to participants (N = 21) prior to action observation. Specifically, motor evoked potential responses measured from the right hand muscles following single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to the left motor cortex were compared when participants were instructed to observe finger-thumb opposition movement sequences: (i) passively; (ii) with the intent to imitate the observed movement; or (iii) whilst simultaneously and actively imagining that they were performing the movement as they observed it. All three action observation viewing instructions facilitated corticospinal excitability to a greater extent than did observation of a static hand. In addition, the extent to which corticospinal excitability was facilitated was greater during combined observation and imagery, compared to passive observation. These findings have important implications for the design of action observation interventions in motor (re)learning settings, where instructions that encourage observers to simultaneously imagine themselves performing the observed movement may offer the current optimal method for improving motor function through action observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Wright
- Centre for Health, Exercise and Active Living, Manchester Metropolitan University UK
| | - Sheree A McCormick
- Centre for Health, Exercise and Active Living, Manchester Metropolitan University UK
| | - Jacqueline Williams
- Centre for Health, Exercise and Active Living, Manchester Metropolitan UniversityUK; College of Sport and Exercise Science, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul S Holmes
- Centre for Health, Exercise and Active Living, Manchester Metropolitan UniversityUK; College of Sport and Exercise Science, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia
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23
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Naish KR, Obhi SS. Self-selected conscious strategies do not modulate motor cortical output during action observation. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:2278-84. [PMID: 26311182 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00518.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human motor system is active not only when actions are performed but also when they are observed. Experimenters often manipulate aspects of the action or context to examine factors that influence this "mirror" response. However, little is known about the role of the observer's own top-down intentions and motivation. In this exploratory study, we investigated whether observers are able to exert conscious control over their mirror response, when they are explicitly instructed to either increase or decrease mirroring. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to elicit motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in a thumb abductor muscle as participants (n = 13) watched a video of a hand squeezing a rubber ball. The size of these MEPs, relative to the size of MEPs elicited during fixation cross observation, was taken as an index of mirroring. In an initial block of trials, participants were instructed to merely observe the actions presented. After the first block, the concept of mirroring was explained to the participants, and in the second and third blocks participants were instructed to either increase or decrease their mirror response. We did not instruct them about how to achieve this increase or decrease. Our results showed no difference in either facilitation or absolute motor excitability (i.e., nonnormalized MEP size) between the three blocks, indicating that individuals do not seem to be able to exert control over motor excitability during action observation, at least in the absence of a specific and maintained strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Naish
- Social Brain, Body and Action Lab, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sukhvinder S Obhi
- Social Brain, Body and Action Lab, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Effect of tactile stimulation on primary motor cortex excitability during action observation combined with motor imagery. Neurosci Lett 2015; 600:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Wright DJ, Williams J, Holmes PS. Combined action observation and imagery facilitates corticospinal excitability. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:951. [PMID: 25505880 PMCID: PMC4245481 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Observation and imagery of movement both activate similar brain regions to those involved in movement execution. As such, both are recommended as techniques for aiding the recovery of motor function following stroke. Traditionally, action observation and movement imagery (MI) have been considered as independent intervention techniques. Researchers have however begun to consider the possibility of combining the two techniques into a single intervention strategy. This study investigated the effect of combined action observation and MI on corticospinal excitability, in comparison to either observation or imagery alone. Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was delivered to the hand representation of the left motor cortex during combined action observation and MI, passive observation (PO), or MI of right index finger abduction-adduction movements or control conditions. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) and abductor digiti minimi (ADM) muscles of the right hand. The combined action observation and MI condition produced MEPs of larger amplitude than were obtained during PO and control conditions. This effect was only present in the FDI muscle, indicating the facilitation of corticospinal excitability during the combined condition was specific to the muscles involved in the observed/imagined task. These findings have implications for stroke rehabilitation, where combined action observation and MI interventions may prove to be more effective than observation or imagery alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Wright
- Institute for Performance Research, Manchester Metropolitan University Crewe, UK
| | - Jacqueline Williams
- Institute for Performance Research, Manchester Metropolitan University Crewe, UK ; Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living and College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul S Holmes
- Institute for Performance Research, Manchester Metropolitan University Crewe, UK ; Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living and College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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26
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Electrophysiological correlates of disobedience and feigning-like behaviour in motor imagery. Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 125:763-767. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Rizzolatti G, Cattaneo L, Fabbri-Destro M, Rozzi S. Cortical Mechanisms Underlying the Organization of Goal-Directed Actions and Mirror Neuron-Based Action Understanding. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:655-706. [PMID: 24692357 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00009.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the functions of motor system evolved remarkably in the last 20 years. This is the consequence not only of an increase in the amount of data on this system but especially of a paradigm shift in our conceptualization of it. Motor system is not considered anymore just a “producer” of movements, as it was in the past, but a system crucially involved in cognitive functions. In the present study we review the data on the cortical organization underlying goal-directed actions and action understanding. Our review is subdivided into two major parts. In the first part, we review the anatomical and functional organization of the premotor and parietal areas of monkeys and humans. We show that the parietal and frontal areas form circuits devoted to specific motor functions. We discuss, in particular, the visuo-motor transformation necessary for reaching and for grasping. In the second part we show how a specific neural mechanism, the mirror mechanism, is involved in understanding the action and intention of others. This mechanism is located in the same parieto-frontal circuits that mediate goal-directed actions. We conclude by indicating future directions for studies on the mirror mechanism and suggest some major topics for forthcoming research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Rizzolatti
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Trento, Italy; and Brain Center for Motor and Social Cognition, Italian Institute of Technology, Parma, Italy
| | - Luigi Cattaneo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Trento, Italy; and Brain Center for Motor and Social Cognition, Italian Institute of Technology, Parma, Italy
| | - Maddalena Fabbri-Destro
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Trento, Italy; and Brain Center for Motor and Social Cognition, Italian Institute of Technology, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Rozzi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Trento, Italy; and Brain Center for Motor and Social Cognition, Italian Institute of Technology, Parma, Italy
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Vogt S, Di Rienzo F, Collet C, Collins A, Guillot A. Multiple roles of motor imagery during action observation. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:807. [PMID: 24324428 PMCID: PMC3839009 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 20 years, the topics of action observation (AO) and motor imagery (MI) have been largely studied in isolation from each other, despite the early integrative account by Jeannerod (1994, 2001). Recent neuroimaging studies demonstrate enhanced cortical activity when AO and MI are performed concurrently ("AO+MI"), compared to either AO or MI performed in isolation. These results indicate the potentially beneficial effects of AO+MI, and they also demonstrate that the underlying neurocognitive processes are partly shared. We separately review the evidence for MI and AO as forms of motor simulation, and present two quantitative literature analyses that indeed indicate rather little overlap between the two bodies of research. We then propose a spectrum of concurrent AO+MI states, from congruent AO+MI where the contents of AO and MI widely overlap, over coordinative AO+MI, where observed and imagined action are different but can be coordinated with each other, to cases of conflicting AO+MI. We believe that an integrative account of AO and MI is theoretically attractive, that it should generate novel experimental approaches, and that it can also stimulate a wide range of applications in sport, occupational therapy, and neurorehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Vogt
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University Lancaster, UK
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