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Sohroforouzani AM, Shakerian S, Ghanbarzadeh M, Alaei H. Effect of forced treadmill exercise on stimulation of BDNF expression, depression symptoms, tactile memory and working memory in LPS-treated rats. Behav Brain Res 2022; 418:113645. [PMID: 34743949 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been implicated in cognitive dysfunction and the occurrence of depression in neurodegenerative diseases. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is believed to be involved with the benefits of exercise training in boosting memory and learning processes and antidepressant therapies. This study aimed to investigate the effect of forced treadmill exercise on hippocampal BDNF expression levels, depression symptoms, tactile memory and working memory in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated rats. For this purpose, 40 male Wistar rats received 0.25 mg/kg of LPS or saline intraperitoneally for 9 consecutive days before exercise. They again received a single injection of 0.5 mg/kg of LPS or saline on days 20 and 41 after exercise. Exercise groups had to run on a motorized treadmill 5 days a week for 8 weeks. Following the last exercise training session, forced swim test (FST), Y maze and novel object recognition (NOR) task were performed. Finally, the hippocampus of rats was removed and used for determination of BDNF expression levels by real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR). The data showed that LPS decreased BDNF expression levels, Y maze score, and recognition index in NOR and increased immobility time in FST (p < 0.05). In contrast, forced treadmill exercise increased BDNF expression levels and improved the percentage of spontaneous alternation, recognition index, and immobility time in LPS-treated rats (p < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between BDNF expression levels with immobility time and recognition index (p < 0.05) but not with the percentage of spontaneous alternation (p > 0.05). The findings suggest that forced treadmill exercise may protect the brain of LPS-treated rats by improving the symptoms of depression and cognitive function through its effect on BDNF expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeed Shakerian
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Sport Sciences Faculty, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Ghanbarzadeh
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Sport Sciences Faculty, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hojjatallah Alaei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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2
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Jafarzadeh G, Shakerian S, Farbood Y, Ghanbarzadeh M. Effects of Eight Weeks of Resistance Exercises on Neurotrophins and Trk Receptors in Alzheimer Model Male Wistar Rats. Basic Clin Neurosci 2021; 12:349-359. [PMID: 34917294 PMCID: PMC8666928 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.2067.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study evaluates the effects of 8 weeks of resistance exercises on the expression of neurotrophins and Trk receptors in Alzheimer model male Wistar rats. METHODS For this purpose, 32 mature male Wistar rats with a mean weight of 230-280 g were chosen and divided into Alzheimer and Sham groups. The rats in the sham group received normal saline, while the ones in the Alzheimer group received streptomycin via intraventricular injection. These rats were then divided into the following four subgroups: 1) resting sham, 2) exercising sham, 3) resting Alzheimer, and 4) exercising Alzheimer. The two exercising rat subgroups exercised three times a week for 8 weeks. A weight was attached to their tails, and they had to carry it on a 26-step ladder in each cycle. Resting groups were handled every day to minimize the effects of stress. At the end of the eighth week and 24 hours after the last exercise session (to avoid the effects of the last exercise session), the rats were put under deep anesthesia and beheaded. Hippocampus tissues were precisely extracted, and samples were sent to the laboratory for molecular and cellular tests. To investigate gene expression, quantitative RTPCR was used. RESULTS The tests for comparing the mean values of BDNF, NT3, NGF, TrkA, and TrkB in two rat groups showed that with error levels of less than 5%, there is a significant difference in the amounts of BDNF, NT3, NGF, TrkA, and TrkB between exercising rats and resting ones. These amounts were much higher in the exercising Alzheimer rats group. CONCLUSION Eight weeks of resistance exercises increased the expression of BDNF, NT3, and NGF genes and TrkA and TrkB receptors in Alzheimer model Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamhasan Jafarzadeh
- Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeid Shakerian
- Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Yaghoob Farbood
- Department of Physiology, Khalij Fars Physiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Ghanbarzadeh
- Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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3
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Ku YH, Kang JH, Lee H. Effect of Bee Venom on an Experimental Cellular Model of Alzheimer's Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2020; 48:1803-1819. [PMID: 33300477 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x20500901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by the deposition of the [Formula: see text]-Amyloid peptide ([Formula: see text]A), which causes the inflammation of neurons. Bee venom (BV) elicits a strong anti-inflammatory response, and therefore we conducted an in vitro experiment to study the efficacy of BV in an AD cellular model. To mimic AD, the U87MG cell line was incubated for 168 hours with 2.5 [Formula: see text]M [Formula: see text]A. Changes were confirmed by microscopy, and peptides were measured under stain-free conditions using homo-tomography. Sulforhodamine B analysis was performed to analyze the cell viability. Real-Time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis was conducted to analyze mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (NF-[Formula: see text]B, COX-2, TNF-[Formula: see text], IL-1), and Western blot was performed to measure the Caspase-3 protein levels. BV showed no cytotoxicity at concentrations below 10 [Formula: see text]g/mL. The NF-[Formula: see text]B mRNA levels were not significantly different between the BV group and the control group. The amount of [Formula: see text]A accumulation in the BV group decreased significantly. The mRNA expression levels of COX-2, TNF-[Formula: see text], and IL-1 were significantly reduced using 10 [Formula: see text]g/mL of BV compared to those in the control group. Additionally, Caspase-3 levels were also reduced compared to those of the control group when BV was used at a concentration of 10 [Formula: see text]g/mL. BV could inhibit apoptosis and inflammatory responses in an AD cellular model. In addition, it prevented cell accumulation of [Formula: see text]A, an important pathogenic mechanism in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ho Ku
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine Daejeon University, 62, Daehak-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion Medicine, Cheonan Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, 4, Notaesan-ro, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hui Kang
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine Daejeon University, 62, Daehak-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion Medicine, Cheonan Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, 4, Notaesan-ro, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Lee
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine Daejeon University, 62, Daehak-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion Medicine, Cheonan Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, 4, Notaesan-ro, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
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Voluntary Wheel Running Improves Spatial Learning Memory by Suppressing Inflammation and Apoptosis via Inactivation of Nuclear Factor Kappa B in Brain Inflammation Rats. Int Neurourol J 2020; 24:96-103. [PMID: 33271006 PMCID: PMC7731883 DOI: 10.5213/inj.2040432.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Exercise has been shown to protect against diverse brain diseases. Voluntary exercise improves cognition and has a neuroprotective effect. The aim of this investigation is to study the effect of voluntary wheel running on brain inflammation in rats with regard to inflammation and apoptosis. Methods Brain inflammation was caused by intracranial injection of lipopolysaccharide using a stereotaxic instrument. Voluntary wheel running group were conducted during 21 consecutive days, staring 2 days after brain inflammation. Results Brain inflammation increased proinflammatory cytokine production and apoptosis cell death in the hippocampus. There changes in the hippocampus deteriorated spatial learning memory. However, voluntary wheel running suppressed the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and apoptotic neuronal cell death via inactivation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)/NF-κB inhibitor-α pathway. Voluntary wheel running also promoted the recovery of the spatial learning memory impairment. Conclusions Voluntary wheel running after brain inflammation enhanced spatial learning memory by suppressing proinflammatory cytokine secretion and apoptosis cell death. Voluntary wheel running is also expected to be effective in inflammatory diseases of the urogenital system.
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ApoE Genotype-Dependent Response to Antioxidant and Exercise Interventions on Brain Function. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9060553. [PMID: 32630431 PMCID: PMC7346214 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined whether antioxidant supplementation is a viable complement to exercise regimens in improving cognitive and motor performance in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease risk. Starting at 12 months of age, separate groups of male and female mice expressing human Apolipoprotein E3 (GFAP-ApoE3) or E4 (GFAP-ApoE4) were fed either a control diet or a diet supplemented with vitamins E and C. The mice were further separated into a sedentary group or a group that followed a daily exercise regimen. After 8 weeks on the treatments, the mice were administered a battery of functional tests including tests to measure reflex and motor, cognitive, and affective function while remaining on their treatment. Subsequently, plasma inflammatory markers and catalase activity in brain regions were measured. Overall, the GFAP-ApoE4 mice exhibited poorer motor function and spatial learning and memory. The treatments improved balance, learning, and cognitive flexibility in the GFAP-ApoE3 mice and overall the GFAP-ApoE4 mice were not responsive. The addition of antioxidants to supplement a training regimen only provided further benefits to the active avoidance task, and there was no antagonistic interaction between the two interventions. These outcomes are indicative that there is a window of opportunity for treatment and that genotype plays an important role in response to interventions.
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6
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Moosavi Sohroforouzani A, Shakerian S, Ghanbarzadeh M, Alaei H. Treadmill exercise improves LPS-induced memory impairments via endocannabinoid receptors and cyclooxygenase enzymes. Behav Brain Res 2020; 380:112440. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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7
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Kopec BM, Zhao L, Rosa-Molinar E, Siahaan TJ. Non-invasive Brain Delivery and Efficacy of BDNF in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice as a Model of Alzheimer's Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 8. [PMID: 32551362 PMCID: PMC7302105 DOI: 10.18103/mra.v8i2.2043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) have been demonstrated for their potential as a neuroregenerative treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Unfortunately, most proteins cannot be effectively delivered into the brain from the blood stream due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this study, we delivered BDNF using ADTC5 as BBB modulator (BBBM) into the brains of transgenic APP/PS1 mice, a mouse model for AD. As controls, two groups of APP/PS1 mice were treated with BDNF alone and vehicle, respectively. All three groups were subjected to behavioral/cognitive assessments in Y-maze and novel object recognition (NOR) tests as well as evaluation of the brain markers activated by BDNF. The results showed that BDNF + ADTC5 group performed significantly better in both the Y-maze and NOR assessments compared to mice that received BDNF alone or vehicle. In addition, significant upregulations of NG2 receptors as well as EGR1 and ARC mRNA transcripts were observed in the brain cortex of mice treated with BDNF + ADTC5, further indicating the efficacy of delivered BDNF in the brain. There were high plaque loads in all groups of mice, suggesting no influence of BDNF on the plaque formation. In summary, ADTC5 can deliver BDNF into the brains of APP/PS1 mice and the activity of BDNF in improving cognitive function was likely due to improvement in synaptic plasticity via NG2 glia cells and not by reducing the plaque load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Kopec
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047 USA
| | - Liqin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047 USA
| | - Eduardo Rosa-Molinar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047 USA
| | - Teruna J Siahaan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047 USA
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8
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Kupferschmid BJ, Rowsey PJ, Riviera M. Characterization of Spatial Learning and Sickness Responses in Aging Rats Following Recurrent Lipopolysaccharide Administration. Biol Res Nurs 2019; 22:92-102. [PMID: 31601118 DOI: 10.1177/1099800419875824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Infections in older individuals can result in cognitive function decline, yet research is limited on how recurrent infections affect cognitive responses. Activation of the immune system results in sickness responses mediated by cytokines. This pilot study examined effects of a model of recurrent infection in aged, male Brown Norway rats on sickness responses, including spatial learning, and cytokine levels. To model initial and recurrent infection, 300 μg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline was administered 1/day for 2 consecutive days during 2 weeks separated by 16 days. Testing occurred for 6 days during each LPS injection week using the Morris water maze, a measure used to evaluate spatial learning. Directional heading error (DHE) and swim time latency served as spatial learning indices. Retention tests and probe trials assessed memory. Plasma cytokine levels were assessed 5 and 24 hr after each LPS injection during Week 2. While food intake and weight decreased significantly in LPS-injected rats compared to controls during Week 1, both displayed increased DHE. Despite exhibiting lessened sickness behaviors during Week 2, experimental animals still displayed spatial learning deficits. Probe trials revealed memory deficits in LPS-injected animals. Interleukin 6 level was higher in the experimental group 5 and 24 hr after LPS injection on Day 1 compared to Day 2 and higher in the experimental compared to the control group at 5 hr on Day 1. Cognitive effects were dissociated from metabolic effects in aged rats, with recurring LPS exposure resulting in persistent cognitive impairment despite decreased sickness responses. Further research with older individuals is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela J Rowsey
- School of Nursing, Adult Health Nursing, The University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Michael Riviera
- School of Nursing, The University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, MI, USA
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9
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Hamzehloei L, Rezvani ME, Rajaei Z. Effects of carvacrol and physical exercise on motor and memory impairments associated with Parkinson's disease. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2019; 77:493-500. [PMID: 31365641 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20190079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of carvacrol and treadmill exercise on memory deficit, rotational behavior and oxidative stress biomarkers in a 6-OHDA-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease. Wistar rats were treated with carvacrol at a dose of 25 mg/kg and/or ran on a treadmill for a week. Then, 6-OHDA was microinjected into the medial forebrain bundle and treatments continued for six more weeks. Aversive memory, rotational behavior and oxidative stress biomarkers were assessed at the end of week six. The 6-OHDA-lesioned group showed a significant increase in rotational behavior and a decrease in step-through latency in the passive avoidance test compared with the sham group. These behaviors were accompanied by increased lipid peroxidation levels and decreased total thiol concentration in the striatum and/or hippocampus of the hemiparkinsonian rats. Moreover, treatment with carvacrol and exercise reduced rotational behavior and improved aversive memory deficit, which was accompanied by decreased lipid peroxidation levels and increased total thiol concentration in the striatum and/or hippocampus. In conclusion, treatment with carvacrol and treadmill exercise ameliorated motor and memory deficits by modulating oxidative stress in the striatum and hippocampus of hemiparkinsonian rats. Therefore, the combination of carvacrol and treadmill exercise could be an effective therapeutic tool for treatment of neurobehavioral deficits in Parkinson's disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Hamzehloei
- Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ebrahim Rezvani
- Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ziba Rajaei
- Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Isfahan, Iran
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10
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Kelty TJ, Schachtman TR, Mao X, Grigsby KB, Childs TE, Olver TD, Michener PN, Richardson RA, Roberts CK, Booth FW. Resistance-exercise training ameliorates LPS-induced cognitive impairment concurrent with molecular signaling changes in the rat dentate gyrus. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:254-263. [PMID: 31120807 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00249.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective treatments preventing brain neuroinflammatory diseases are lacking. Resistance-exercise training (RT) ameliorates mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a forerunner to neuroinflammatory diseases. However, few studies have addressed the molecular basis by which RT abates MCI. Thus experiments were performed to identify some molecular changes occurring in response to RT in young, female Wistar rats. To induce MCI, intraventricular lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections were used to increase dentate gyrus inflammation, reflected by significantly increased TNF-α (~400%) and IL-1β (~1,500%) mRNA (P < 0.0001) after 6 wk. Five days after LPS injections, half of LPS-injected rats performed RT by ladder climbing for 6 wk, 3 days/wk, whereas half remained without ladders. RT for 6 wk increased lean body mass percentage (P < 0.05), individual muscle masses (gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior) (P < 0.05), and maximum lifting capacity (P < 0.001). The RT group, compared with sedentary controls, had 1) ameliorated spatial learning deficits (P < 0.05), 2) increased dentate gyrus phosphorylation of IGF-1R, protein kinase B, and GSK-3β proteins (P < 0.05), components of downstream IGF-1 signaling, and 3) increased dentate gyrus synaptic plasticity marker synapsin protein (P < 0.05). Two follow-up experiments (without LPS) characterized dentate gyrus signaling during short-term RT. Twenty-four hours following the third workout in a 1-wk training duration, phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and GSK-3β proteins, as well as proliferation marker protein, PCNA, were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Similar changes did not occur in a separate group of rats following a single RT workout. Taken together, these data indicate that RT ameliorates LPS-induced MCI after RT, possibly mediated by increased IGF-1 signaling pathway components within the dentate gyrus. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The data suggest that resistance-exercise training restores cognitive deficits induced by lipopolysaccharides and can activate associated IGF-1 signaling in the dentate gyrus. Our data show, for the first time, that as few as three resistance-exercise workouts (spread over 1 wk) can activate IGF-1 downstream signaling and increase proliferation marker PCNA in the dentate gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J Kelty
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Todd R Schachtman
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Xuansong Mao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Kolter B Grigsby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Thomas E Childs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - T Dylan Olver
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan , Canada
| | - Paige N Michener
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Christian K Roberts
- Geriatrics, Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs of Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
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11
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Ceasing exercise induces depression-like, anxiety-like, and impaired cognitive-like behaviours and altered hippocampal gene expression. Brain Res Bull 2019; 148:118-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Treadmill Exercise Alleviates Circadian Rhythm Disruption-Induced Memory Deficits by Activation of Glucocorticoid Receptor and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor-Dependent Pathway. Int Neurourol J 2019; 23:S40-49. [PMID: 30832466 PMCID: PMC6433206 DOI: 10.5213/inj.1938048.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Circadian rhythm affects learning process, memory consolidation, and long-term memory. In this study, the alleviating effect of exercise on circadian rhythm disruption-induced memory deficits was investigated. Methods BMAL1 knockdown transgenic mice (BMAL1 TG) were used as the BMAL1-TG group and the BMAL1-TG with treadmill exercise group. Female C57BL/6J mice of the same age were used as the wildtype group and the wildtype with treadmill exercise group. The mice in the treadmill exercise groups performed running on a motorized treadmill under the dark-dark conditions for 8 weeks. Short-term memory, nonspatial object memory, and spatial learning memory were determined using stepdown avoidance test, novel object-recognition test, and radial 8-arm maze test. Immunohistochemistry for doublecortin and 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine was conducted for the determination of hippocampal neurogenesis. Using the western blot analysis, we determined the expressions of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and factors related to the neurogenesis and memory consolidation, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, tyrosine kinase B, p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase, cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, protein kinas B, protein kinase C alpha, early-growth-response gene 1. Results Circadian rhythm disruption impaired memory function through inhibiting the expressions of GR and the factors related to neurogenesis and memory consolidation. Treadmill exercise improved memory function via enhancing the expressions of GR and above-mentioned factors. Conclusions Treadmill exercise acts as the zeitgeber that improves memory function under the circadian rhythm disrupted conditions.
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13
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Song SH, Jee YS, Ko IG, Lee SW, Sim YJ, Kim DY, Lee SJ, Cho YS. Treadmill exercise and wheel exercise improve motor function by suppressing apoptotic neuronal cell death in brain inflammation rats. J Exerc Rehabil 2018; 14:911-919. [PMID: 30656148 PMCID: PMC6323344 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1836508.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain inflammation is involved in many brain disorders, such as brain ischemic injury, Alzheimer diseases, and Parkinson disease. Physical exercise has been recommended for the prevention and treatment of many brain inflammatory diseases. In the present study, the effects of exercise on motor function in relation with apoptotic neuronal cell death following neuroinflammation were investigated. Moreover, we compared the effect of forced exercise with voluntary exercise on neuroinflammation-induced motor malfunction. For this study, rota-rod test, vertical pole test, foot fault test, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, immunohistochemistry for caspase-3, and western blot for Bcl-2 and Bax were performed. Lipopolysaccharide was intraventricular infused for induction of brain inflammation. Treadmill exercise and wheel exercise were conducted during 6 weeks. In the present results, Treadmill exercise and wheel exercise alleviated brain inflammation-induced motor impairments by suppressing apoptotic neuronal cell death in the motor cortex. These effects of treadmill exercise and wheel exercise were similarly appeared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hyuk Song
- Department of Physical Activity Design, Hanseo University, Seosan, Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Jee
- Department of Physical Activity Design, Hanseo University, Seosan, Korea
| | - Il-Gyu Ko
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Physical Education, Korea Military Academy, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Je Sim
- Department of Physical Education, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Korea
| | - Dae-Young Kim
- Department of Sports Healthcare, College of Humanities & Social Sciences, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Sam-Jun Lee
- Department of Physical Education, College of Health, Welfare, and Education, Tong Myong University, Busan, Korea
| | - Young Sam Cho
- Department of Urology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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14
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Lin TW, Tsai SF, Kuo YM. Physical Exercise Enhances Neuroplasticity and Delays Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Plast 2018; 4:95-110. [PMID: 30564549 PMCID: PMC6296269 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-180073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that exercise can improve learning and memory as well as attenuate neurodegeneration, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition to improving neuroplasticity by altering the synaptic structure and function in various brain regions, exercise also modulates systems like angiogenesis and glial activation that are known to support neuroplasticity. Moreover, exercise helps to maintain a cerebral microenvironment that facilitates synaptic plasticity by enhancing the clearance of Aβ, one of the main culprits of AD pathogenesis. The purpose of this review is to highlight the positive impacts of exercise on promoting neuroplasticity. Possible mechanisms involved in exercise-modulated neuroplasticity are also discussed. Undoubtedly, more studies are needed to design an optimal personalized exercise protocol for enhancing brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Wei Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sheng-Feng Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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15
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Newcombe EA, Camats-Perna J, Silva ML, Valmas N, Huat TJ, Medeiros R. Inflammation: the link between comorbidities, genetics, and Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:276. [PMID: 30249283 PMCID: PMC6154824 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1313-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, most cases of which lack a clear causative event. This has made the disease difficult to characterize and, thus, diagnose. Although some cases are genetically linked, there are many diseases and lifestyle factors that can lead to an increased risk of developing AD, including traumatic brain injury, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and other metabolic syndromes, in addition to aging. Identifying common factors and trends between these conditions could enhance our understanding of AD and lead to the development of more effective treatments. Although the immune system is one of the body’s key defense mechanisms, chronic inflammation has been increasingly linked with several age-related diseases. Moreover, it is now well accepted that chronic inflammation has an important role in the onset and progression of AD. In this review, the different inflammatory signals associated with AD and its risk factors will be outlined to demonstrate how chronic inflammation may be influencing individual susceptibility to AD. Our goal is to bring attention to potential shared signals presented by the immune system during different conditions that could lead to the development of successful treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estella A Newcombe
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia.
| | - Judith Camats-Perna
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Mallone L Silva
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas Valmas
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Tee Jong Huat
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Stem Cell Ageing and Regenerative Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Medeiros
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Building 79, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia.
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16
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Chen YH, Kuo TT, Kao JH, Huang EYK, Hsieh TH, Chou YC, Hoffer BJ. Exercise Ameliorates Motor Deficits and Improves Dopaminergic Functions in the Rat Hemi-Parkinson's Model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3973. [PMID: 29507426 PMCID: PMC5838260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22462-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the influences of exercise on motor deficits and dopaminergic transmission in a hemiparkinson animal model, we measured the effects of exercise on the ambulatory system by estimating spatio-temporal parameters during walking, striatal dopamine (DA) release and reuptake and synaptic plasticity in the corticostriatal pathway after unilateral 6-OHDA lesions. 6-OHDA lesioned hemiparkinsonian rats were exercised on a fixed speed treadmill for 30 minutes per day. Controls received the same lesion but no exercise. Animals were subsequently analyzed for behavior including gait analysis, rotarod performance and apomorphine induced rotation. Subsequently, in vitro striatal dopamine release was analyzed by using FSCV and activity-dependent plasticity in the corticostriatal pathway was measured in each group. Our data indicated that exercise could improve motor walking speed and increase the apomorphine-induced rotation threshold. Exercise also ameliorated spatiotemporal impairments in gait in PD animals. Exercise increased the parameters of synaptic plasticity formation in the corticostriatal pathway of PD animals as well as the dynamics of dopamine transmission in PD animals. Fixed speed treadmill training 30 minutes per day could ameliorate spatial-temporal gait impairment, improve walking speed, dopamine transmission as well as corticostriatal synaptic plasticity in the unilateral 6-OHDA lesioned rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hao Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C..
| | - Tung-Tai Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Computer and Communication Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jen-Hsin Kao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Eagle Yi-Kung Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tsung-Hsun Hsieh
- Department of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Chou
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Barry J Hoffer
- Graduate Program on Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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17
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Sajadi A, Amiri I, Gharebaghi A, Komaki A, Asadbegi M, Shahidi S, Mehdizadeh M, Soleimani Asl S. Treadmill exercise alters ecstasy- induced long- term potentiation disruption in the hippocampus of male rats. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1603-1607. [PMID: 28612273 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0046-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or ecstasy is a derivative of amphetamine that leads to long term potentiation (LTP) disruption in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). Exercise has been accepted as a treatment for the improvement of neurodegenerative disease. Herein, the effects of exercise on the MDMA- induced neurotoxicity were assessed. Male Wistar rats received intraperitoneal injection of MDMA (10 mg/kg) and exercised for one month on a treadmill (Simultaneously or asynchronously with MDMA). LTP and expression of BDNF were assessed using electrophysiology and western blotting methods, respectively. MDMA attenuated the field excitatory post-synaptic potential (fEPSP) slope in comparison with the control group, whereas treadmill exercise increased this parameter when compared to MDMA group. Furthermore, BDNF expression significantly decreased in MDMA group and treadmill exercise could increase that. In conclusion, results of this study suggest that synchronous exercise is able to improve MDMA-induced LTP changes through increase of BDNF expression in the hippocampus of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Sajadi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Iraj Amiri
- Anatomy Department, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Endometrium and Endometriosis Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Gharebaghi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Asadbegi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Siamak Shahidi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mehdizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Iran University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Soleimani Asl
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- Anatomy Department, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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18
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Kupferschmid BJ, Therrien BA. Spatial Learning Responses to Lipopolysaccharide in Adult and Aged Rats. Biol Res Nurs 2017; 20:32-39. [PMID: 28891299 DOI: 10.1177/1099800417726875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sickness behaviors, adaptive responses to infections, include lethargy, depression, reduced eating and grooming, and concentration problems resulting from interactions between the immune and neuroendocrine systems. Detecting these responses is especially critical in the elderly, as the infections that cause them can lead to cognitive impairment. While deficits in spatial learning, a hippocampal-dependent form of learning, are part of the sickness response, directional heading errors (DHEs; an indicator of spatial-learning deficits) and their time trajectories need further examination. Therefore, we simultaneously investigated the time trajectory of age-dependent sickness responses and spatial learning over 5 days in adult (5-6 months) and aged (22 months) male Brown-Norway rats injected with 250 μg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS; experimental group) or 0.9% sodium chloride (control group). LPS administration resulted in pronounced, age-dependent weight loss and decreased food intake that persisted in the aged group. Animals were tested for 5 days (trial) in the Morris water maze. After 7 days of rest, animals were retested for 2 days (retention). Adult and aged LPS-treated animals displayed greater differences in mean DHE than the control groups, indicating that they exhibited more DHE over the trial days. Experimental groups did not show consistent DHE improvement until Day 4 (adult) or 5 (aged). LPS had no effect on probe or retention trials. We conclude that LPS activation of the immune system results in a selective, age-dependent impairment in spatial learning, decreased food intake, and weight loss. All of these results are prolonged in aged animals.
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19
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Jin JJ, Ko IG, Kim SE, Hwang L, Lee MG, Kim DY, Jung SY. Age-dependent differences of treadmill exercise on spatial learning ability between young- and adult-age rats. J Exerc Rehabil 2017; 13:381-386. [PMID: 29114501 PMCID: PMC5667613 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1735070.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of exercise, which increases hippocampal neurogenesis and improves memory function, is well documented, however, differences in the effect of exercise on young children and adults are not yet known. In the present study, age-dependent differences of treadmill exercise on spatial learning ability between young- and adult-age rats were investigated. The rats in the exercise groups were forced to run on a motorized treadmill for 30 min once a day for 6 weeks. Radial 8-arm maze test was conducted for the determination of spatial learning ability. Cell proliferation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus was determined by 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine immunohistochemistry. Western blot for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) was performed. In the present study, the number of errors in the young-age rats was effectively decreased by treadmill exercise. Hippocampal neurogenesis was more active in the young-age rats than in the adult-age rats. BDNF and TrkB expression in the hippocampus was greater in the adult-age rats than in the young-age rats. The results of this study showed that adults have excellent spatial learning abilities than children, but the improvement of exercise-induced spatial learning ability through neurogenesis is better in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jang Jin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Sports Medicine, College of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Il-Gyu Ko
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Lakkyong Hwang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Man-Gyoon Lee
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Dae-Young Kim
- Department of Sports Healthcare, College of Humanities & Social Sciences, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Sun-Young Jung
- Department of Physical Therapy, Hosan University, Gyeongsan, Korea
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20
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Kim TW, Choi HH, Chung YR. Treadmill exercise alleviates impairment of cognitive function by enhancing hippocampal neuroplasticity in the high-fat diet-induced obese mice. J Exerc Rehabil 2016; 12:156-62. [PMID: 27419109 PMCID: PMC4934958 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1632644.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is one of the most effective methods for managing obesity, and exercise exerts positive effects on various brain functions. Excessive weight gain is known to be related to the impairment of cognitive function. High-fat diet-induced obesity impairs hippocampal neuroplasticity, which impedes cognitive function, such as learning ability and memory function. In this study, we investigated the effect of treadmill exercise on impairment of cognitive function in relation with hippocampal neuroplasticity using high-fat diet-induced obese mice. After obesity was induced by a 20-week high-fat (60%) diet, treadmill exercise was performed for 12 weeks. In the present results, cognitive function was impaired in the high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tyrosin kinase B (TrkB) expression and cell proliferation were decreased in the high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Treadmill exercise improved cognitive function through enhancing neuroplasticity, including increased expression of BDNF and TrkB and enhanced cell proliferation. The present results suggest that treadmill exercise enhances hippocampal neuroplasticity, and then potentially plays a protective role against obesity-induced cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Woon Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Hee Choi
- Division of Leisure & Sports Science, Department of Exercise Prescription, Dongseo University, Busan, Korea
| | - Yong-Rak Chung
- Department of Golf Mapping, College of Arts Physical Education, Joongbu University, Geumsan, Korea
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21
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Neuroprotective Effects of Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Transplantation in Combination With Treadmill Exercise Following Traumatic Brain Injury. Int Neurourol J 2016; 20:S49-56. [PMID: 27230460 PMCID: PMC4895912 DOI: 10.5213/inj.1632616.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes cognitive impairments, motor deficits, and neuropsychiatric/behavioral deficits problems. Transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) facilitates functional recovery from brain insults. Treadmill exercise increases neurogenesis and inhibits apoptosis. In this study, we investigated the effects of BMSC transplantation in combination with treadmill exercise on memory function, by evaluating its effect on neurogenesis and apoptosis in the hippocampus following TBI. Methods: TBI was induced using an electromagnetic-controlled cortical impact device. BMSCs were transplanted into both sides of traumatic scar region 1 week after TBI induction. One week after transplantation of BMSCs, the rats in the exercise groups were trained to run on a treadmill for 30 minutes once daily for 28 days. Step-down avoidance task and radial 8-arm maze test were conducted. Levels of 5-bromo-2ʹ-deoxyuridine and caspase-3 were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Western blot was used to evaluate the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tyrosine kinase B (TrkB), total-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (t-ERK1/2), phosphorylated-ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2), Bcl-2, and Bax. Results: TBI deteriorated memory function, suppressed neurogenesis, and accelerated apoptosis in the hippocampus. Treadmill exercise and BMSC transplantation independently improved memory function by increasing neurogenesis with suppression of apoptosis through the BDNF-ERK pathway in the TBI-induced rats. Combination of BMSC transplantation with treadmill exercise showed additional enhancement of neurogenesis and suppression of apoptosis in the hippocampus. Conclusions: The present study shows that treadmill exercise may aid the therapeutic effect of BMSC transplantation on TBI in rats.
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22
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Zhang Z, Wu H, Huang H. Epicatechin Plus Treadmill Exercise are Neuroprotective Against Moderate-stage Amyloid Precursor Protein/Presenilin 1 Mice. Pharmacogn Mag 2016; 12:S139-46. [PMID: 27279698 PMCID: PMC4883070 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.182174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Epidemiological evidence suggests that exercise and dietary polyphenols are beneficial in reducing Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. Materials and Methods: In the present study, 8 months old amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 (APP/PS1) mice (a moderate pathology phase) were given the green tea catechin (-)-epicatechin delivered orally in the drinking water (50 mg/kg daily), along with treadmill exercise for 4 months, in order to investigate whether the combination can ameliorate the cognitive loss and delay the progression of AD in APP/PS1 transgenic (Tg) mice. Results: At termination, untreated-Tg mice showed elevated soluble amyloid-β (Aβ1–40) and Aβ1–42 levels and deficits in spatial learning and memory, compared with their wild-type littermates. The combined intervention protected against cognitive deficits in the Morris water maze, lowered soluble Aβ1–40 and Aβ1–42 levels in the hippocampus as well as reducing brain oxidative stress. In addition, brain-derived neurotrophic factor proteins wee elevated and Akt/GSK-3/cAMP response element-binding protein signaling was activated in the combination group. Conclusions: Dietary polyphenol plus exercise may exert beneficial effects on brain health and slow the progression of moderate- or mid-stages of AD. SUMMARY Amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 transgenic mice showed elevated soluble amyloid-β (Aβ1–40) and Aβ1–42 levels and deficits in spatial learning and memory, compared with their wild-type littermates Oral administration of epicatechin, combined with treadmill exercise for 4 months, could protect against cognitive deficits, and lowered soluble Aβ1–40 and Aβ1–42 levels as well as reducing brain oxidative stress Brain-derived neurotrophic factor proteins were elevated, and Akt/GSK-3/cAMP response element binding protein signaling was activated in the combination group Dietary polyphenol plus exercise might exert beneficial effects on brain health and slow the progression of moderate- or mid-stages of Alzheimer's disease.
Abbreviations used: AD: Alzheimer's disease, Tg: APP/PS1 transgenic, BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Aβ: Amyloid-β, APP: Amyloid precursor protein, PS1: Presenilin 1, nTg: Wild-type littermates, IACUC: Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, GSSG: Glutathione oxidized form, GSH: Glutathione reductase, SOD: Superoxide dismutase, CAT: Catalase, LPO: Lipoperoxidation, CREB: cAMP response element binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, China
| | - Hao Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Houcai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Delivery Systems of Chinese Meteria Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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23
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Lee SH, Ko IG, Kim SE, Hwang L, Jin JJ, Choi HH, Kim CJ. Aqueous extract of Cordyceps alleviates cerebral ischemia-induced short-term memory impairment in gerbils. J Exerc Rehabil 2016; 12:69-78. [PMID: 27162767 PMCID: PMC4849494 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1632586.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is caused by reduced cerebral blood flow due to a transient or permanent cerebral artery occlusion. Ischemic injury in the brain leads to neuronal cell death, and eventually causes neurological impairments. Cordyceps, the name given to the fungi on insects, has abundant useful natural products with various biological activities. Cordyceps is known to have nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antiapoptotic effects. We investigated the effects of Cordyceps on short-term memory, neuronal apoptosis, and cell proliferation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus following transient global ischemia in gerbils. For this study, a step-down avoidance test, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay, immunohistochemistry for caspase-3 and 5-bromo-2′-de-oxyuridine, and western blot for Bax, Bcl-2, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and tyrosin kinase B were performed. In the present study, Cordyceps alleviated cerebral ischemia-induced short-term memory impairment. Cordyceps showed therapeutic effects through inhibiting cerebral ischemia-induced apoptosis in the hippocampus. Cordyceps suppressed cerebral ischemia-induced cell proliferation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus due to the reduced apoptotic neuronal cell death. Cordyceps treatment also enhanced BDNF and TrkB expressions in the hippocampus of ischemic gerbils. It can be suggested that Cordyceps overcomes cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal apoptosis, thus facilitates recovery following cerebral ischemia injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hak Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Science & Engineering, Cheongju University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Il-Gyu Ko
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Lakkyong Hwang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun-Jang Jin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Hee Choi
- Division of Leisure & Sports Science, Department of Exercise Prescription, Dongseo University, Busan, Korea
| | - Chang-Ju Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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24
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Obesity Reduces Cognitive and Motor Functions across the Lifespan. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:2473081. [PMID: 26881095 PMCID: PMC4737453 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2473081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to a sedentary lifestyle, more and more people are becoming obese nowadays. In addition to health-related problems, obesity can also impair cognition and motor performance. Previous results have shown that obesity mainly affects cognition and motor behaviors through altering brain functions and musculoskeletal system, respectively. Many factors, such as insulin/leptin dysregulation and inflammation, mediate the effect of obesity and cognition and motor behaviors. Substantial evidence has suggested exercise to be an effective way to improve obesity and related cognitive and motor dysfunctions. This paper aims to discuss the association of obesity with cognition and motor behaviors and its underlying mechanisms. Following this, mechanisms of exercise to improve obesity-related dysfunctions are described. Finally, implications and future research direction are raised.
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25
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Xiong JY, Li SC, Sun YX, Zhang XS, Dong ZZ, Zhong P, Sun XR. Long-term treadmill exercise improves spatial memory of male APPswe/PS1dE9 mice by regulation of BDNF expression and microglia activation. Biol Sport 2015; 32:295-300. [PMID: 26681831 PMCID: PMC4672160 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1163692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that physical activity could delay or attenuate the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). But the underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. To investigate the effect of long-term treadmill exercise on the spatial memory of AD mice and the possible role of β-amyloid, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and microglia in the effect, male APPswe/PS1dE9 AD mice aged 4 months were subjected to treadmill exercise for 5 months with 6 sessions per week and gradually increased load. A Morris water maze was used to evaluate the spatial memory. Expression levels of β-amyloid, BDNF and Iba-1 (a microglia marker) in brain tissue were detected by immunohistochemistry. Sedentary AD mice and wildtype C57BL/6J mice served as controls. The results showed that 5-month treadmill exercise significantly decreased the escape latencies (P < 0.01 on the 4th day) and improved the spatial memory of the AD mice in the water maze test. Meanwhile, treadmill exercise significantly increased the number of BDNF-positive cells and decreased the ratios of activated microglia in both the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. However, treadmill exercise did not significantly alleviate the accumulation of β-amyloid in either the cerebral cortex or the hippocampus of the AD mice (P > 0.05). The study suggested that long-term treadmill exercise could improve the spatial memory of the male APPswe/PS1dE9 AD mice. The increase in BDNF-positive cells and decrease in activated microglia might underpin the beneficial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Xiong
- School of Physical Education, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China ; Equal contribution
| | - S C Li
- School of Physical Education, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China ; Equal contribution
| | - Y X Sun
- Library of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China ; Equal contribution
| | - X S Zhang
- School of Physical Education, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China ; Equal contribution
| | - Z Z Dong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325200, China
| | - P Zhong
- Laboratory of Physiological Science, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - X R Sun
- Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China ; Institute of Aging Research, Dongguan Scientific Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
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26
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Cheng YY, Kao CL, Ma HI, Hung CH, Wang CT, Liu DH, Chen PY, Tsai KL. SIRT1-related inhibition of pro-inflammatory responses and oxidative stress are involved in the mechanism of nonspecific low back pain relief after exercise through modulation of Toll-like receptor 4. J Biochem 2015; 158:299-308. [PMID: 25922201 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Low back pain is a common clinical problem that causes disability and impaired quality of life. While the reason behind low back pain was largely considered to be of musculoskeletal origin, the contribution of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress could never be overlooked. Exercise has been proven to be an effective approach to treat low back pain. However, the mechanism of the exercise effect on the inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress is still largely unknown. In this study, we revealed that exercise intervention reduces Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) pathway and enhances Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression in low back pain patients. We also confirmed that exercise up-regulates the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, PPAR-γ coactivator-1 and FoxOs family proteins and also increases the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase in patients with low back pain. Furthermore, we found that exercise intervention attenuates the oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations and p53 expression in patients with low back pain. This study demonstrates that exercise intervention improves low back pain symptoms through regulation of the SIRT1 axis with repression of oxidative stress and TLR-4 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yang Cheng
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Lan Kao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-I Ma
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; and
| | - Ching-Hsia Hung
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Tien Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ding-Hao Liu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yin Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Ling Tsai
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Exercise-induced neuroprotection of hippocampus in APP/PS1 transgenic mice via upregulation of mitochondrial 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:834502. [PMID: 25538817 PMCID: PMC4236906 DOI: 10.1155/2014/834502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Improving mitochondrial function has been proposed as a reasonable therapeutic strategy to reduce amyloid-β (Aβ) load and to modify the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the relationship between mitochondrial adaptation and brain neuroprotection caused by physical exercise in AD is poorly understood. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of long-term treadmill exercise on mitochondrial 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase-1 (OGG1) level, mtDNA oxidative damage, and mitochondrial function in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of AD. In the present study, twenty weeks of treadmill training significantly improved the cognitive function and reduced the expression of Aβ-42 in APP/PS1 transgenic (Tg) mice. Training also ameliorated mitochondrial respiratory function by increasing the complexes I, and IV and ATP synthase activities, whereas it attenuated ROS generation and mtDNA oxidative damage in Tg mice. Furthermore, the impaired mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes and mitochondrial OGG1 activities seen in Tg mice were restored with training. Acetylation level of mitochondrial OGG1 and MnSOD was markedly suppressed in Tg mice after exercise training, in parallel with increased level of SIRT3. These findings suggest that exercise training could increase mtDNA repair capacity in the mouse hippocampus, which in turn would result in protection against AD-related mitochondrial dysfunction and phenotypic deterioration.
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Cechella JL, Leite MR, Rosario AR, Sampaio TB, Zeni G. Diphenyl diselenide-supplemented diet and swimming exercise enhance novel object recognition memory in old rats. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:9666. [PMID: 24994534 PMCID: PMC4150883 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-014-9666-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The benefits of exercise and the element selenium on mental health and cognitive performance are well documented. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the intake of a diet supplemented with diphenyl diselenide [(PhSe)2] and the swimming exercise could enhance memory in old Wistar rats. Male Wistar rats (24 months) were fed daily with standard diet chow or standard chow supplemented with 1 ppm of (PhSe)2 during 4 weeks. Animals were submitted to swimming training with a workload (3 % of body weight, 20 min/day for 4 weeks). After 4 weeks, the object recognition test (ORT) and the object location test (OLT) were performed. The results of this study demonstrated that intake of a supplemented diet with (PhSe)2 and swimming exercise was effective in improving short-term and long-term memory as well as spatial learning, increasing the hippocampal levels of phosphorylated cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) in old rats. This study also provided evidence that (PhSe)2-supplemented diet facilitated memory of old rats by modulating cAMP levels and stimulating CREB phosphorylation, without altering the levels of Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L. Cechella
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Marlon R. Leite
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Alisson R. Rosario
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Tuane B. Sampaio
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Gilson Zeni
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900 Brazil
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Jin JJ, Ko IG, Kim SE, Shin MS, Kim SH, Jee YS. Swimming exercise ameliorates multiple sclerosis-induced impairment of short-term memory by suppressing apoptosis in the hippocampus of rats. J Exerc Rehabil 2014; 10:69-74. [PMID: 24877040 PMCID: PMC4025552 DOI: 10.12965/jer.140103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is one of the autoimmune diseases in the central nervous system. Multiple sclerosis occurs through multiple mechanisms, and it is also mediated in part by an apoptotic mechanism. Swimming exercise has been recommended for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. In the present study, we investigated the effects of swimming exercise on short-term memory in relation with apoptotic neuronal cell death in the hippocampus following induction of multiple sclerosis. For this study, step-down avoidance task, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, immunohistochemistry for caspase-3 were performed. The animal model of multiple sclerosis was made by bilateral intracerebral ventricle injection of ethidium bromide. The rats in the swimming exercise groups were forced to swim for 30 min once daily for 14 consecutive days, starting 3 days after induction of multiple sclerosis. In the present results, short-term memory was deteriorated in the multiple sclerosis-induced rats. The number of TUNEL-positive and caspase-3-positive cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus was increased in the multiple sclerosis-induced rats. Swimming exercise alleviated multiple sclerosis-induced short-term memory impairment by suppressing apoptotic neuronal cell death in the hippocampus. These effects of swimming exercise may aid symptom relief in the incurable neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jang Jin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea ; Department of Exercise Physiology & Prescription, Graduate School of Health Promotion, Hanseo University, Seosan, Korea
| | - Il-Gyu Ko
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mal-Soon Shin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Graduate School of Education, Sangmyung University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Jee
- Department of Exercise Physiology & Prescription, Graduate School of Health Promotion, Hanseo University, Seosan, Korea
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Sim YJ. Treadmill exercise alleviates impairment of spatial learning ability through enhancing cell proliferation in the streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer's disease rats. J Exerc Rehabil 2014; 10:81-8. [PMID: 24877042 PMCID: PMC4025554 DOI: 10.12965/jer.140102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia. This disease is a progressive and irreversible brain disorder accompanied with severe learning and memory impairment. Exercise increases cognitive ability, attenuates motor deficits, increases new neuron formation, and ameliorates neurological impairments in several neurodegenerative diseases. This study investigated the effects of treadmill exercise on spatial learning ability in relation with cell proliferation in the hippocampus. The rat model of Alzheimer’s disease was induced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) using a stereotaxic instrument. The rats in the exercise groups were forced to run on a treadmill for once 30 min daily for 28 consecutive days starting at 3 days after the ICV injection of STZ. Radial 8-arm maze test was conducted for the spatial learning ability. New neuron formation in the hippocampus was detected by 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine (BrdU) immunohistochemistry. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) expressions were examined by western blot analysis. The present results show that ICV injection of STZ impaired spatial learning ability. Decreased cell proliferation with decrement of BDNF and TrkB expressions in the hippocampus were observed in the STZ-induced Alzheimer’s disease rats. However, treadmill exercise alleviated deficits of spatial learning ability. Treadmill exercise enhanced cell proliferation and increased BDNF and TrkB expressions in the rats with ICV injection of STZ. The present study suggests that treadmill exercise can be a useful strategy for treating memory impairment induced by several neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Je Sim
- Department of Physical Education, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Korea
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Kao CL, Tsai KL, Cheng YY, Kuo CH, Lee SD, Chan RC. Vestibular rehabilitation ameliorates chronic dizziness through the SIRT1 axis. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:27. [PMID: 24624081 PMCID: PMC3941041 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dizziness is a common clinical symptom frequently referred to general neurologists and practitioners. Exercise intervention, in the form of vestibular rehabilitation, is known as an effective clinical management for dizziness. This intervention is reported to have a functional role in correcting dizziness, improving gaze stability, retraining balance and gait, and enhancing physical fitness. Dizziness is known to be highly related to inflammation and oxidative stress. SIRT1 is a major molecule for the regulation of inflammation and mitigation of oxidative stress in chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, the bio-molecular roles of SIRT1 involved in the pathogenesis of dizziness are still largely unclear. In this study, a total of 30 subjects were recruited (15 patients with chronic dizziness, and 15 age/gender matched non-dizzy control subjects). The dizzy subjects group received 18 sessions of 30-min vestibular training. We found that the mRNA and protein expression levels of SIRT1 in the blood samples of chronic dizzy patients were repressed compared with those of healthy controls. After vestibular training, the dizzy patients had significant symptomatic improvements. The SIRT1 expression and its downstream genes (PPAR-γ and PGC-1α) were upregulated after vestibular exercises in dizzy subjects. Notably, the catalytic activity of SIRT1, NADPH and antioxidant enzyme activities were also activated in dizzy patients after vestibular training. Furthermore, vestibular exercise training reduced oxidative events and p53 expression in patients with dizziness. This study demonstrated that vestibular exercise training improved dizziness symptoms, and mechanisms for alleviation of chronic dizziness may partly involve the activation of the SIRT1 axis and the repression of redox status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Lan Kao
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei, Taiwan ; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Taipei, Taiwan ; Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang-Ming University Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Ling Tsai
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei, Taiwan ; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Yang Cheng
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Taipei, Taiwan ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taichung Veterans General Hospital Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Kuo
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Sport Sciences, University of Taipei Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Da Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Rai-Chi Chan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei, Taiwan ; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Taipei, Taiwan
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Murray DK, Sacheli MA, Eng JJ, Stoessl AJ. The effects of exercise on cognition in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review. Transl Neurodegener 2014; 3:5. [PMID: 24559472 PMCID: PMC3936925 DOI: 10.1186/2047-9158-3-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairments are highly prevalent in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and can substantially affect a patient’s quality of life. These impairments remain difficult to manage with current clinical therapies, but exercise has been identified as a possible treatment. The objective of this systematic review was to accumulate and analyze evidence for the effects of exercise on cognition in both animal models of PD and human disease. This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Fourteen original reports were identified, including six pre-clinical animal studies and eight human clinical studies. These studies used various exercise interventions and evaluated many different outcome measures; therefore, only a qualitative synthesis was performed. The evidence from animal studies supports the role of exercise to improve cognition in humans through the promotion of neuronal proliferation, neuroprotection and neurogenesis. These findings warrant more research to determine what roles these neural mechanisms play in clinical populations. The reports on cognitive changes in clinical studies demonstrate that a range of exercise programs can improve cognition in humans. While each clinical study demonstrated improvements in a marker of cognition, there were limitations in each study, including non-randomized designs and risk of bias. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system was used and the quality of the evidence for human studies were rated from “low” to “moderate” and the strength of the recommendations were rated from “weak” to “strong”. Studies that assessed executive function, compared to general cognitive abilities, received a higher GRADE rating. Overall, this systematic review found that in animal models exercise results in behavioral and corresponding neurobiological changes in the basal ganglia related to cognition. The clinical studies showed that various types of exercise, including aerobic, resistance and dance can improve cognitive function, although the optimal type, amount, mechanisms, and duration of exercise are unclear. With growing support for exercise to improve not only motor symptoms, but also cognitive impairments in PD, health care providers and policy makers should recommend exercise as part of routine management and neurorehabilitation for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle K Murray
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre and Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia & Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada.
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Kim G, Kim E. Effects of treadmill training on limb motor function and acetylcholinesterase activity in rats with stroke. J Phys Ther Sci 2013; 25:1227-30. [PMID: 24259763 PMCID: PMC3820190 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.25.1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] In the present study, we investigated the effects of treadmill training on limb motor function and acetylcholinesterase activity following focal cerebral ischemia injury. [Methods] Focal cerebral ischemia was examined in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats by using a middle cerebral artery occlusion model. Rats were randomly divided into 3 groups. Group I included untreated normal rats (n=12), Group II included untreated rats with focal cerebral ischemia (n=12), and Group III included rats that performed treadmill exercise (20 m/min) training after focal cerebral ischemia (n=12). We determined the limb placement test score for each rat on days 1,7, 14, and 21; acetylcholinesterase activity in the hippocampus was examined at the end of the experiment. [Results] We observed that the motor behavior index improved in the treadmill group, and hippocampal acetylcholinesterase activity was decreased. [Conclusion] These results indicated that treadmill training after focal cerebral ischemia exerts a neuroprotective effects against ischemic brain injury by improving motor performance and decreasing the levels of acetylcholinesterase activity. Furthermore, these results suggest that treadmill training at an appropriate intensity is critical for post-stroke rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeyeop Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Dongshin University, Republic of Korea
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Kim TW, Shin MS, Park JK, Shin MA, Lee HH, Lee SJ. Treadmill exercise alleviates prenatal noise stress-induced impairment of spatial learning ability through enhancing hippocampal neurogenesis in rat pups. J Exerc Rehabil 2013; 9:451-6. [PMID: 24282804 PMCID: PMC3836547 DOI: 10.12965/jer.130064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress alters brain cell properties and then disturbs cognitive processes, such as learning and memory. In this study, we investigated the effect of postnatal treadmill exercise on hippocampal neurogenesis and spatial learning ability of rat pups following prenatal noise stress. The impact of exercise intensity (mild-intensity exercise vs heavy-intensity exercise) was also compared. The pregnant rats in the stress-applied group were exposed to a 95 dB supersonic machine sound for 1 h once a day from the 15th day after mating until delivery. After birth, the rat pups in the exercise groups were made to run on a treadmill for 30 min once a day for 7 consecutive days, starting 4 weeks after birth. The spatial learning ability was tested using radial-arm maze task and hippocampal neurogenesis was determined by 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) immunohistochemistry. The rat pups born from the stress-applied maternal rats spent more time for the seeking of water and showed higher number of error in the radial-arm maze task compared to the control group. These rat pups showed suppressed neurogenesis in the hippocampus. In contrast, the rat pups performed postnatal treadmill exercise saved time for seeking of water and showed lower number of error compared to the stress-applied group. Postnatal treadmill exercise also enhanced neurogenesis in the hippocampus. The mild-intensity exercise showed more potent impact compared to the heavy-intensity exercise. The present results reveal that postnatal treadmill exercise lessens prenatal stress-induced deterioration of brain function in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Woon Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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