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Cui X, Shang S, Lv X, Zhao J, Qi Y, Liu Z. Perspectives of small molecule inhibitors of activin receptor‑like kinase in anti‑tumor treatment and stem cell differentiation (Review). Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:5053-5062. [PMID: 31059090 PMCID: PMC6522871 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Activin receptor‑like kinases (ALKs), members of the type I activin receptor family, belong to the serine/threonine kinase receptors of the transforming growth factor‑β (TGF‑β) superfamily. ALKs mediate the roles of activin/TGF‑β in a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes, ranging from cell differentiation and proliferation to apoptosis. For example, the activities of ALKs are associated with an advanced tumor stage in prostate cancer and the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Therefore, potent and selective small molecule inhibitors of ALKs would not only aid in investigating the function of activin/TGF‑β, but also in developing treatments for these diseases via the disruption of activin/TGF‑β. In recent studies, several ALK inhibitors, including LY‑2157299, SB‑431542 and A‑83‑01, have been identified and have been confirmed to affect stem cell differentiation and tumor progression in animal models. This review discusses the therapeutic perspective of small molecule inhibitors of ALKs as drug targets in tumor and stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Cui
- Department of Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Shumi Shang
- Department of Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xinran Lv
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yan Qi
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Zhonghui Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Su X, Huang L, Xiao D, Qu Y, Mu D. Research Progress on the Role and Mechanism of Action of Activin A in Brain Injury. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:697. [PMID: 30356877 PMCID: PMC6190887 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Activin A belongs to the transforming growth factor superfamily and has a variety of biological functions. Studies have revealed that activin A can regulate the body's immune and inflammatory responses and participate in the regulation of cell death. In addition, activin A also has neurotrophic function and plays an important role in the repair of brain damage. This article summarizes recent advances in understanding the role and mechanism of action of activin A in brain injury and provides new hints into the application of activin A in the treatment of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Su
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingyi Huang
- Department of Stomatology, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongqiong Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
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Activin A increases arterial pressure in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in rats by angiotension II. Neuroreport 2018; 27:683-8. [PMID: 27138952 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Activin A, a member of the transforming growth factor β superfamily, plays an important role in the central nervous system as a neurotrophic and neuroprotective factor. The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in the central nervous system is characterized as an important integrative site to regulate arterial pressure (AP). However, whether activin A in the PVN is involved in the regulation of AP is not well characterized. This study aimed to determine the effect of activin A on AP in the PVN in rats. The results showed that activin βA, activin type IIA and IIB receptors (ActRIIA and ActRIIB), and Smad2 and Smad3 mRNA expressions were detectable in the PVN of WKY rats by reverse-transcription PCR, and the expression of ActRIIA protein in the PVN was further confirmed by immunohistochemical staining. A microinjection of angiotensin II (AngII) (0.1 nmol/100 nl) or activin A (2 ng/100 nl) into the PVN increased AP significantly in WKY rats (P<0.05). Moreover, activin A (5 ng/ml) promoted AngII release from the primary cultured PVN neurons that can increase AP and upregulated the expressions of ActRIIA and Smad3 mRNA in the primary cultured PVN neurons (P<0.05). These data suggest that activin A can regulate AP in the PVN in an autocrine or a paracrine manner, which is related to AngII release and the ActRIIA-Smad3 signal pathway.
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Expression and anti-inflammatory role of activin receptor-interacting protein 2 in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10306. [PMID: 28871189 PMCID: PMC5583376 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10855-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a key pathogenic stimulator, can induce the activation of macrophages. Activin receptor-interacting protein 2 (ARIP2), an intracellular signaling protein, has a wide histological distribution, however, whether ARIP2 is involved in regulation of activation of macrophages was not well characterized. Here, by immunocytochemical staining, we found that ARIP2 protein existed in monocyte-macrophage cell line RAW264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages of mouse, and ARIP2 expression in RAW264.7 cells was up-regulated by LPS. Furthermore, the results revealed that ARIP2 overexpression in the LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells inhibited the productions of IL-1β and TNFα, phagocytic activities and CD14 expression, whereas did not alter expressions of MyD88, TLR2 and TLR4. Additionally, in vivo ARIP2 overexpression also reduced the productions of IL-1β and TNFα from the LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages of mouse. These data suggest that ARIP2 may play an anti-inflammatory role in macrophages via inhibiting CD14 expression.
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Pohlkamp T, Durakoglugil M, Lane-Donovan C, Xian X, Johnson EB, Hammer RE, Herz J. Lrp4 domains differentially regulate limb/brain development and synaptic plasticity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116701. [PMID: 25688974 PMCID: PMC4331535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype is the strongest predictor of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) risk. ApoE is a cholesterol transport protein that binds to members of the Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Receptor family, which includes LDL Receptor Related Protein 4 (Lrp4). Lrp4, together with one of its ligands Agrin and its co-receptors Muscle Specific Kinase (MuSK) and Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP), regulates neuromuscular junction (NMJ) formation. All four proteins are also expressed in the adult brain, and APP, MuSK, and Agrin are required for normal synapse function in the CNS. Here, we show that Lrp4 is also required for normal hippocampal plasticity. In contrast to the closely related Lrp8/Apoer2, the intracellular domain of Lrp4 does not appear to be necessary for normal expression and maintenance of long-term potentiation at central synapses or for the formation and maintenance of peripheral NMJs. However, it does play a role in limb development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Pohlkamp
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States of America
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TP); (JH)
| | - Murat Durakoglugil
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States of America
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States of America
| | - Courtney Lane-Donovan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States of America
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States of America
| | - Xunde Xian
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States of America
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States of America
| | - Eric B. Johnson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Hammer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States of America
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States of America
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States of America
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TP); (JH)
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Adam MG, Berger C, Feldner A, Yang WJ, Wüstehube-Lausch J, Herberich SE, Pinder M, Gesierich S, Hammes HP, Augustin HG, Fischer A. Synaptojanin-2 binding protein stabilizes the Notch ligands DLL1 and DLL4 and inhibits sprouting angiogenesis. Circ Res 2013; 113:1206-18. [PMID: 24025447 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.301686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The formation of novel blood vessels is initiated by vascular endothelial growth factor. Subsequently, DLL4-Notch signaling controls the selection of tip cells, which guide new sprouts, and trailing stalk cells. Notch signaling in stalk cells is induced by DLL4 on the tip cells. Moreover, DLL4 and DLL1 are expressed in the stalk cell plexus to maintain Notch signaling. Notch loss-of-function causes formation of a hyperdense vascular network with disturbed blood flow. OBJECTIVE This study was aimed at identifying novel modifiers of Notch signaling that interact with the intracellular domains of DLL1 and DLL4. METHODS AND RESULTS Synaptojanin-2 binding protein (SYNJ2BP, also known as ARIP2) interacted with the PDZ binding motif of DLL1 and DLL4, but not with the Notch ligand Jagged-1. SYNJ2BP was preferentially expressed in stalk cells, enhanced DLL1 and DLL4 protein stability, and promoted Notch signaling in endothelial cells. SYNJ2BP induced expression of the Notch target genes HEY1, lunatic fringe (LFNG), and ephrin-B2, reduced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, and decreased expression of the angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C. It inhibited the expression of genes enriched in tip cells, such as angiopoietin-2, ESM1, and Apelin, and impaired tip cell formation. SYNJ2BP inhibited endothelial cell migration, proliferation, and VEGF-induced angiogenesis. This could be rescued by blockade of Notch signaling or application of angiopoietin-2. SYNJ2BP-silenced human endothelial cells formed a functional vascular network in immunocompromised mice with significantly increased vascular density. CONCLUSIONS These data identify SYNJ2BP as a novel inhibitor of tip cell formation, executing its functions predominately by promoting Delta-Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gordian Adam
- From Division of Vascular Signaling and Cancer (M.G.A., C.B., A.F., W.-J.Y., S.E.H., A.F.) and Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis (S.G., H.G.A.), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis (M.G.A., C.B., W.-J.Y., J.W.-L., S.E.H., M.P., H.G.A., A.F.) and Fifth Medical Department (H.-P.H.), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; and BioNTech AG, Mainz, Germany (J.W.-L.)
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