1
|
Scorrano G, Dono F, Corniello C, Evangelista G, Chiarelli F, Sensi SL. Exploring epileptic phenotypes in PRRT2-related disorders: A report of two cases and literature appraisal. Seizure 2024; 119:3-11. [PMID: 38749256 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2024.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2) is a synaptic protein involved in neurotransmitter vesicle release. PRRT2 protein is highly expressed in the cerebellum, cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and hippocampus. Variants in PRRT2 have been identified as a cause of several neurological disorders, including epilepsy, movement disorders, and headache. METHODS We report two families carrying two distinct PRRT2 mutations showing childhood onset of movement disorders, headache, and epilepsy. Demographics, clinical, EEG, neuroimaging, and genetic sequencing study data were collected. A systematic review of the literature was also performed to dissect the most frequently reported PRRT2-associated epileptic phenotypes. RESULTS two variants in PRRT2 gene (NM_145239.3:c718C>T, p.Arg240Ter; c.649dupC, p.Arg217Profs*8) were identified. The two variants altered the same extracellular domain of PRRT2. The de novo PRRT2 mutation (c718C>T, p.Arg240Ter) was related to multi-drug-resistant epilepsy. According to the literature, homozygous, biallelic variants and 16p11.2 deletions lead to PRRT2 haploinsufficiency and a more severe phenotype. CONCLUSIONS PRRT2 mutations can be associated with several epileptic phenotypes ranging from benign ASM-responsive form to more severe epileptic encephalopathies. Identifying PRRT2 variants in epilepsy patients may help achieve more personalized treatment approaches. However, phenotype-genotype correlations remain a challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Scorrano
- Department of Pediatrics, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Fedele Dono
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Neurology Clinic, Epilepsy Center, "SS Annunziata" Hospital of Chieti, Chieti, Italy; Behavioral Neurology and Molecular Neurology Units, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology - CAST-, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
| | - Clarissa Corniello
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Neurology Clinic, Epilepsy Center, "SS Annunziata" Hospital of Chieti, Chieti, Italy; Behavioral Neurology and Molecular Neurology Units, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology - CAST-, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Giacomo Evangelista
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Neurology Clinic, Epilepsy Center, "SS Annunziata" Hospital of Chieti, Chieti, Italy; Behavioral Neurology and Molecular Neurology Units, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology - CAST-, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Francesco Chiarelli
- Department of Pediatrics, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefano L Sensi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Neurology Clinic, Epilepsy Center, "SS Annunziata" Hospital of Chieti, Chieti, Italy; Behavioral Neurology and Molecular Neurology Units, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology - CAST-, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Deng Y, Xu J, Yao C, Wang L, Dong X, Zhao C. Characteristics of infantile convulsions and choreoathetosis syndrome caused by
PRRT2
mutation. Pediatr Investig 2022; 6:11-15. [PMID: 35382417 PMCID: PMC8960913 DOI: 10.1002/ped4.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance Infantile convulsions and choreoathetosis (ICCA) is a rare neurological disorder. Many affected patients are either misdiagnosed or prescribed multiple antiepileptic drugs. Objective To explore therapeutic drug treatments and dosages for ICCA in children. Methods Detailed clinical features (e.g., past medical history and family history), genetic features, and treatment outcomes were collected from the records of six patients with ICCA. Results Mean age at paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) onset was 8 years 8 months (range, 3–12 years); the clinical presentation was characterized by daily short paroxysmal episodes of dystonia/dyskinesia. All patients had infantile convulsions at less than 1 year of age, and the mean onset age was 5.5 months (range, 4–7 months). Two patients had a family history of ICCA, PKD, or benign familial infantile epilepsy. Whole exome sequencing identified the c.649–650insC mutation in PRRT2 in six patients; three mutations were inherited and three were de novo. All patients were prescribed low‐dose carbamazepine and showed dramatic improvement with the complete disappearance of dyskinetic episodes after 3 days. They attended follow‐up for 5–17 months and were attack‐free until the final follow‐up. Interpretation PRRT2 mutations are the primary cause of ICCA. Low‐dose carbamazepine monotherapy is effective and well‐tolerated in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaxian Deng
- Department of Pediatrics Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Juanyu Xu
- Department of Pediatrics Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Chunmei Yao
- Department of Pediatrics Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pediatrics Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Xiaohuan Dong
- Department of Pediatrics Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Chengsong Zhao
- Department of Outpatient Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li Y, Chen S, Wang C, Wang P, Li X, Zhou L. PRRT2 gene and protein in human: characteristics, evolution and function. ACTA EPILEPTOLOGICA 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s42494-021-00042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
This study was designed to characterize human PRRT2 gene and protein, in order to provide theoretical reference for research on regulation of PRRT2 expression and its involvement in the pathogenesis of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia and other related diseases.
Method
Biological softwares Protparam, Protscale, MHMM, SignalP 5.0, NetPhos 3.1, Swiss-Model, Promoter 2.0, AliBaba2.1 and EMBOSS were used to analyze the sequence characteristics, transcription factors of human PRRT2 and their binding sites in the promoter region of the gene, as well as the physicochemical properties, signal peptides, hydrophobicity property, transmembrane regions, protein structure, interacting proteins and functions of PRRT2 protein.
Results
(1) Evolutionary analysis of PRRT2 protein showed that the human PRRT2 had closest genetic distance from Pongo abelii. (2) The human PRRT2 protein was an unstable hydrophilic protein located on the plasma membrane. (3) The forms of random coil (67.65%) and alpha helix (23.24%) constituted the main secondary structure elements of PRRT2 protein. There were also multiple potential phosphorylation sites in the protein. (4) The results of ontology analysis showed that the cellular component of PRRT2 protein was located in the plasma membrane; the molecular function of PRRT2 included syntaxin-1 binding and SH3 domain binding; the PRRT2 protein is involved in biological processes of negative regulation of soluble NSF attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex assembly and calcium-dependent activation of synaptic vesicle fusion. (5) String database analysis revealed 10 proteins with close interactions with the human PRRT2 protein. (6) There were at least two promoter regions in the PRRT2 gene within 2000 bp upstream the 5' flank, a 304-bp CpG island in the promoter region and four GC boxes in the 5' regulatory region of PRRT2 gene and we found 13 transcription factors that could bind the promoter region of the PRRT2 gene.
Conclusion
These results provide important information for further studies on the role of PRRT2 gene and identify their functions.
Collapse
|
4
|
Pan Y, Liu Q, Zhang J, Yang Y, Tian Y, Zeng J, Yin P, Mei L, Xiong WC, Li XJ, Li S, Tang B. PRRT2 frameshift mutation reduces its mRNA stability resulting loss of function in paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 522:553-559. [PMID: 31785815 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A heterozygous frameshift PRRT2 mutation (c.649_650InsC) has been identified as the major causative mutation in several paroxysmal disorders, including paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD). Since PKD is an autosomal dominant disorder and since the frameshift mutations of PRRT2 may create a truncated protein, it remains unclear whether this mutation causes toxic gain of function or loss of function. By generating Prrt2 knock-in (KI) mice that express human PRRT2 with the c.649_650InsC mutation and by comparing the phenotypes of Prrt2 KI mice with knockout (KO) mice, we find that both KI and KO mice show the same extents of impaired rotarod and balance beam performance as well as the same sensitivity to seizure induction. Both KI and KO mice show altered formation of SNARE complex and number of synaptic vesicles. In addition, western blotting of KI mouse brain tissues could not detect truncated PRRT2 protein that might be generated by the c.649_650InsC mutation. Moreover, the level of PRRT2 mRNA in KI mice is significantly decreased, recapitulating the reduction of PRRT2 mRNA reported in PKD patients. Furthermore, mutant PRRT2 mRNA is unstable and showed shortened half-life than wild-type PRRT2 mRNA. Our studies suggest that PRRT2 frameshift mutation leads to the loss of function by affecting its mRNA stability, a mechanism that is different from haploinsufficiency due to dysfunctional protein or gain of function caused by truncated protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongcheng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Qiong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jennifer Zhang
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yun Tian
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Junsheng Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Peng Yin
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Xiao-Jiang Li
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shihua Li
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Beisha Tang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yin XM, Lin JH, Cao L, Zhang TM, Zeng S, Zhang KL, Tian WT, Hu ZM, Li N, Wang JL, Guo JF, Wang RX, Xia K, Zhang ZH, Yin F, Peng J, Liao WP, Yi YH, Liu JY, Yang ZX, Chen Z, Mao X, Yan XX, Jiang H, Shen L, Chen SD, Zhang LM, Tang BS. Familial paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia is associated with mutations in the KCNA1 gene. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:625-637. [PMID: 29294000 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is a heterogeneous movement disorder characterized by recurrent dyskinesia attacks triggered by sudden movement. PRRT2 has been identified as the first causative gene of PKD. However, it is only responsible for approximately half of affected individuals, indicating that other loci are most likely involved in the etiology of this disorder. To explore the underlying causative gene of PRRT2-negative PKD, we used a combination strategy including linkage analysis, whole-exome sequencing and copy number variations analysis to detect the genetic variants within a family with PKD. We identified a linkage locus on chromosome 12 (12p13.32-12p12.3) and detected a novel heterozygous mutation c.956 T>G (p.319 L>R) in the potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 1, KCNA1. Whole-exome sequencing in another 58 Chinese patients with PKD who lacked mutations in PRRT2 revealed another novel mutation in the KCNA1 gene [c.765 C>A (p.255 N>K)] within another family. Biochemical analysis revealed that the L319R mutant accelerated protein degradation via the proteasome pathway and disrupted membrane expression of the Kv1.1 channel. Electrophysiological examinations in transfected HEK293 cells showed that both the L319R and N255K mutants resulted in reduced potassium currents and respective altered gating properties, with a dominant negative effect on the Kv1.1 wild-type channel. Our study suggests that these mutations in KCNA1 cause the Kv1.1 channel dysfunction, which leads to familial PKD. The current study further extended the genotypic spectrum of this disorder, indicating that Kv1.1 channel dysfunction maybe one of the underlying defects in PKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Meng Yin
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jing-Han Lin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Tong-Mei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Sheng Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Kai-Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Wo-Tu Tian
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zheng-Mao Hu
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jun-Ling Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Ji-Feng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Ruo-Xi Wang
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,Institute of Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Kun Xia
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zhuo-Hua Zhang
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,Institute of Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 420001, China
| | - Fei Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Development Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Development Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Wei-Ping Liao
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education of China, Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Institute of Neuroscience, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Yong-Hong Yi
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education of China, Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Institute of Neuroscience, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Jing-Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhi-Xian Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xiao Mao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xin-Xiang Yan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Sheng-Di Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Li-Ming Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Bei-Sha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 200032, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Shanghai 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhao G, Liu X, Zhang Q, Wang K. PRRT2 mutations in a cohort of Chinese families with paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia and genotype-phenotype correlation reanalysis in literatures. Int J Neurosci 2018; 128:751-760. [PMID: 29285950 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2017.1418345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Though rare, children are susceptible to paroxysmal dyskinesias such as paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, and infantile convulsions and choreoathetosis. Recent studies showed that the cause of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia or infantile convulsions and choreoathetosis could be proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2) gene mutations. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study analysed PRRT2 gene mutations in 51 families with paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia or infantile convulsions and choreoathetosis by direct sequencing. In particular, we characterize the genotype-phenotype correlation between age at onset and the types of PRRT2 mutations in all published cases. RESULTS Direct sequencing showed that 12 out of the 51 families had three different pathogenic mutations (c.649dupC, c.776dupG, c.649C>T) in the PRRT2 gene. No significant difference of age at onset between the patients with and without PRRT2 mutations was found in this cohort of patients. A total of 97 different PRRT2 mutations have been reported in 87 studies till now. The PRRT2 mutation classes are wide, and most mutations are frameshift mutations but the most common mutation remains c.649dupC. Comparisons of the age at onset in paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia or infantile convulsions patients with different types of mutations showed no significant difference. CONCLUSIONS This study expands the clinical and genetic spectrums of Chinese patients with paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia and infantile convulsions and choreoathetosis. No clear genotype-phenotype correlation between the age at onset and the types of mutations has been determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Zhao
- a Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- b Department of Neurology, Qianfoshan Hospital , Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- c Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences , Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kang Wang
- d Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen T, Giri M, Xia Z, Subedi YN, Li Y. Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of epilepsy: a review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2017; 13:1841-1859. [PMID: 28761347 PMCID: PMC5516882 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s142032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common episodic neurological disorder or condition characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures, and genetics seems to play a key role in its etiology. Early linkage studies have localized multiple loci that may harbor susceptibility genes to epilepsy, and mutational analyses have detected a number of mutations involved in both ion channel and nonion channel genes in patients with idiopathic epilepsy. Genome-wide studies of epilepsy have found copy number variants at 2q24.2-q24.3, 7q11.22, 15q11.2-q13.3, and 16p13.11-p13.2, some of which disrupt multiple genes, such as NRXN1, AUTS2, NLGN1, CNTNAP2, GRIN2A, PRRT2, NIPA2, and BMP5, implicated for neurodevelopmental disorders, including intellectual disability and autism. Unfortunately, only a few common genetic variants have been associated with epilepsy. Recent exome-sequencing studies have found some genetic mutations, most of which are located in nonion channel genes such as the LGI1, PRRT2, EFHC1, PRICKLE, RBFOX1, and DEPDC5 and in probands with rare forms of familial epilepsy, and some of these genes are involved with the neurodevelopment. Since epigenetics plays a role in neuronal function from embryogenesis and early brain development to tissue-specific gene expression, epigenetic regulation may contribute to the genetic mechanism of neurodevelopment through which a gene and the environment interacting with each other affect the development of epilepsy. This review focused on the analytic tools used to identify epilepsy and then provided a summary of recent linkage and association findings, indicating the existence of novel genes on several chromosomes for further understanding of the biology of epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Chen
- Department of Health Management Center, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mohan Giri
- National Center for Rheumatic Diseases, Ratopul, Gaushala, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Zhenyi Xia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yadu Nanda Subedi
- National Center for Rheumatic Diseases, Ratopul, Gaushala, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Health Management Center, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Huang XJ, Wang T, Wang JL, Liu XL, Che XQ, Li J, Mao X, Zhang M, Bi GH, Wu L, Zhang Y, Wang JY, Shen JY, Tang BS, Cao L, Chen SD. Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia: Clinical and genetic analyses of 110 patients. Neurology 2015; 85:1546-53. [PMID: 26446061 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the clinical and genetic features of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) in a large population and to analyze the genotype-phenotype correlation of PKD. METHODS We analyzed clinical manifestations and conducted PRRT2 screening in 110 patients with PKD. Clinical data were compared between 91 probands with and without PRRT2 mutations. RESULTS Among the enrolled participants (45 from 26 families, 65 sporadic cases), 8 PRRT2 mutations were detected in 20 PKD families (76.9%) and 14 sporadic cases (21.5%), accounting for 37.4% (34/91) of the study population. Five mutations (c.649dupC, c.649delC, c.487C>T, c.573dupT, c.796C>T) were already reported, while 3 mutations (c.787C>T, c.797G>A, c.931C>T) were undocumented. A patient harboring a homozygous c.931C>T mutation was shown to have inherited the mutation via uniparental disomy. Compared with non-PRRT2 mutation carriers, the PRRT2 mutation carriers were younger at onset, experienced longer attacks, and tended to present with complicated PKD, combined phenotypes of dystonia and chorea, and a positive family history. A good response was shown in 98.4% of the patients prescribed with carbamazepine. CONCLUSIONS PRRT2 mutations are common in patients with PKD and are significantly associated with an earlier age at onset, longer duration of attacks, a complicated form of PKD, combined phenotypes of dystonia and chorea, and a tendency for a family history of PKD. A patient with uniparental disomy resulting in a homozygous c.931C>T mutation is identified in the present study. Carbamazepine is the first-choice drug for patients with PKD, but an individualized treatment regimen should be developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jun Huang
- From the Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology (X.-J.H., T.W., X.-L.L., L.W., Y.Z., J.-Y.W., J.-Y.S., L.C., S.-D.C.), Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.-L.W., X.-Q.C., J.L., X.M., B.-S.T.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province; Department of Neurology (M.Z.), Huainan First People's Hospital affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Huainan, Anhui Province; and Department of Neurology (G.-H.B.), Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tian Wang
- From the Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology (X.-J.H., T.W., X.-L.L., L.W., Y.Z., J.-Y.W., J.-Y.S., L.C., S.-D.C.), Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.-L.W., X.-Q.C., J.L., X.M., B.-S.T.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province; Department of Neurology (M.Z.), Huainan First People's Hospital affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Huainan, Anhui Province; and Department of Neurology (G.-H.B.), Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jun-Ling Wang
- From the Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology (X.-J.H., T.W., X.-L.L., L.W., Y.Z., J.-Y.W., J.-Y.S., L.C., S.-D.C.), Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.-L.W., X.-Q.C., J.L., X.M., B.-S.T.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province; Department of Neurology (M.Z.), Huainan First People's Hospital affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Huainan, Anhui Province; and Department of Neurology (G.-H.B.), Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Li Liu
- From the Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology (X.-J.H., T.W., X.-L.L., L.W., Y.Z., J.-Y.W., J.-Y.S., L.C., S.-D.C.), Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.-L.W., X.-Q.C., J.L., X.M., B.-S.T.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province; Department of Neurology (M.Z.), Huainan First People's Hospital affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Huainan, Anhui Province; and Department of Neurology (G.-H.B.), Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiang-Qian Che
- From the Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology (X.-J.H., T.W., X.-L.L., L.W., Y.Z., J.-Y.W., J.-Y.S., L.C., S.-D.C.), Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.-L.W., X.-Q.C., J.L., X.M., B.-S.T.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province; Department of Neurology (M.Z.), Huainan First People's Hospital affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Huainan, Anhui Province; and Department of Neurology (G.-H.B.), Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jin Li
- From the Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology (X.-J.H., T.W., X.-L.L., L.W., Y.Z., J.-Y.W., J.-Y.S., L.C., S.-D.C.), Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.-L.W., X.-Q.C., J.L., X.M., B.-S.T.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province; Department of Neurology (M.Z.), Huainan First People's Hospital affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Huainan, Anhui Province; and Department of Neurology (G.-H.B.), Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao Mao
- From the Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology (X.-J.H., T.W., X.-L.L., L.W., Y.Z., J.-Y.W., J.-Y.S., L.C., S.-D.C.), Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.-L.W., X.-Q.C., J.L., X.M., B.-S.T.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province; Department of Neurology (M.Z.), Huainan First People's Hospital affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Huainan, Anhui Province; and Department of Neurology (G.-H.B.), Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong Province, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- From the Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology (X.-J.H., T.W., X.-L.L., L.W., Y.Z., J.-Y.W., J.-Y.S., L.C., S.-D.C.), Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.-L.W., X.-Q.C., J.L., X.M., B.-S.T.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province; Department of Neurology (M.Z.), Huainan First People's Hospital affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Huainan, Anhui Province; and Department of Neurology (G.-H.B.), Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guang-Hui Bi
- From the Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology (X.-J.H., T.W., X.-L.L., L.W., Y.Z., J.-Y.W., J.-Y.S., L.C., S.-D.C.), Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.-L.W., X.-Q.C., J.L., X.M., B.-S.T.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province; Department of Neurology (M.Z.), Huainan First People's Hospital affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Huainan, Anhui Province; and Department of Neurology (G.-H.B.), Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong Province, China
| | - Li Wu
- From the Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology (X.-J.H., T.W., X.-L.L., L.W., Y.Z., J.-Y.W., J.-Y.S., L.C., S.-D.C.), Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.-L.W., X.-Q.C., J.L., X.M., B.-S.T.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province; Department of Neurology (M.Z.), Huainan First People's Hospital affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Huainan, Anhui Province; and Department of Neurology (G.-H.B.), Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- From the Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology (X.-J.H., T.W., X.-L.L., L.W., Y.Z., J.-Y.W., J.-Y.S., L.C., S.-D.C.), Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.-L.W., X.-Q.C., J.L., X.M., B.-S.T.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province; Department of Neurology (M.Z.), Huainan First People's Hospital affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Huainan, Anhui Province; and Department of Neurology (G.-H.B.), Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing-Yi Wang
- From the Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology (X.-J.H., T.W., X.-L.L., L.W., Y.Z., J.-Y.W., J.-Y.S., L.C., S.-D.C.), Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.-L.W., X.-Q.C., J.L., X.M., B.-S.T.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province; Department of Neurology (M.Z.), Huainan First People's Hospital affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Huainan, Anhui Province; and Department of Neurology (G.-H.B.), Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jun-Yi Shen
- From the Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology (X.-J.H., T.W., X.-L.L., L.W., Y.Z., J.-Y.W., J.-Y.S., L.C., S.-D.C.), Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.-L.W., X.-Q.C., J.L., X.M., B.-S.T.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province; Department of Neurology (M.Z.), Huainan First People's Hospital affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Huainan, Anhui Province; and Department of Neurology (G.-H.B.), Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bei-Sha Tang
- From the Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology (X.-J.H., T.W., X.-L.L., L.W., Y.Z., J.-Y.W., J.-Y.S., L.C., S.-D.C.), Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.-L.W., X.-Q.C., J.L., X.M., B.-S.T.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province; Department of Neurology (M.Z.), Huainan First People's Hospital affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Huainan, Anhui Province; and Department of Neurology (G.-H.B.), Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Li Cao
- From the Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology (X.-J.H., T.W., X.-L.L., L.W., Y.Z., J.-Y.W., J.-Y.S., L.C., S.-D.C.), Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.-L.W., X.-Q.C., J.L., X.M., B.-S.T.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province; Department of Neurology (M.Z.), Huainan First People's Hospital affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Huainan, Anhui Province; and Department of Neurology (G.-H.B.), Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Sheng-Di Chen
- From the Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology (X.-J.H., T.W., X.-L.L., L.W., Y.Z., J.-Y.W., J.-Y.S., L.C., S.-D.C.), Rui Jin Hospital & Rui Jin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (J.-L.W., X.-Q.C., J.L., X.M., B.-S.T.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province; Department of Neurology (M.Z.), Huainan First People's Hospital affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Huainan, Anhui Province; and Department of Neurology (G.-H.B.), Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang LM, An Y, Pan G, Ding YF, Zhou YF, Yao YH, Wu BL, Zhou SZ. Reduced Penetrance of PRRT2 Mutation in a Chinese Family With Infantile Convulsion and Choreoathetosis Syndrome. J Child Neurol 2015; 30:1263-9. [PMID: 25403460 DOI: 10.1177/0883073814556887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia is a rare episodic movement disorder that can be isolated or associated with benign infantile seizures as part of choreoathetosis syndrome. Mutations in the PRRT2 gene have been recently identified as a cause of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia and infantile convulsion and choreoathetosis (ICCA). We reported a PRRT2 heterozygous mutation (c.604-607delTCAC, p.S202Hfs*25) in a 3-generation Chinese family with infantile convulsion and choreoathetosis and paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia. The mutation was present in 5 family members, of which 4 were clinically affected and 1 was an obligate carrier with reduced penetrance of PRRT2. The affected carriers of this mutation presented with a similar type of infantile convulsion during early childhood and developed additional paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia symptoms later in life. In addition, they all had a dramatic clinical response to oxcarbazepine/phenytoin therapy. Reduced penetrance of the PRRT2 mutation in this family could warrant genetic counseling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y An
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - G Pan
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y F Ding
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y F Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y H Yao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - B L Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - S Z Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
He ZW, Qu J, Zhang Y, Mao CX, Wang ZB, Mao XY, Deng ZY, Zhou BT, Yin JY, Long HY, Xiao B, Zhang Y, Zhou HH, Liu ZQ. PRRT2 mutations are related to febrile seizures in epileptic patients. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:23408-17. [PMID: 25522171 PMCID: PMC4284774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151223408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies reported that the proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2) gene was identified to be related to paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD), infantile convulsions with PKD, PKD with migraine and benign familial infantile epilepsy (BFIE). The present study explores whether the PRRT2 mutation is a potential cause of febrile seizures, including febrile seizures plus (FS+), generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) and Dravet syndrome (DS); thus, it may provide a new drug target for personalized medicine for febrile seizure patients. We screened PRRT2 exons in a cohort of 136 epileptic patients with febrile seizures, including FS+, GEFS+ and DS. PRRT2 genetic mutations were identified in 25 out of 136 (18.4%) febrile seizures in epileptic patients. Five loss-of-function and coding missense mutations were identified: c.649delC (p.R217Efs*12), c.649_650insC (p.R217Pfs*8), c.412C>G (p.Pro138Ala), c.439G>C (p.Asp147His) and c.623C>A (p.Ser208Tyr). PRRT2 variants were probably involved in the etiology of febrile seizures in epileptic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Wen He
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410014, China.
| | - Jian Qu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Chen-Xue Mao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Zhi-Bin Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Xiao-Yuan Mao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Zhi-Yong Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410014, China.
| | - Bo-Ting Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Ji-Ye Yin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Hong-Yu Long
- Departments of Pharmacy and Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Bo Xiao
- Departments of Pharmacy and Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Zhao-Qian Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
PRRT2 truncated mutations lead to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2014; 20:1399-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
12
|
Abstract
Hereditary neurological disorders (HNDs) are relatively common in children compared to those occurring in adulthood. Recognising clinical manifestations of HNDs is important for the selection of genetic testing, genetic testing results interpretation, and genetic consultation. Meanwhile, advances in next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have significantly enabled the discovery of genetic causes of HNDs and also challenge paediatricians on applying genetic investigation. Combination of both clinical information and advanced technologies will enhance the genetic test yields in clinical setting. This review summarises the clinical presentations as well as genetic causes of paediatric neurological disorders in four major areas including movement disorders, neuropsychiatric disorders, neuron peripheral disorders and epilepsy. The aim of this review is to help paediatric neurologists not only to see the clinical features but also the complex genetic aspect of HNDs in order to utilise genetic investigation confidently in their clinical practice. A smooth transition from research based to clinical use of comprehensive genetic testing in HNDs in children could be foreseen in the near future while genetic testing, genetic counselling and genetic data interpretation are in place appropriately.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Huang
- 1 Neuroscience Research Australia & the University of New South Wales, NSW, 2031, Australia ; 2 Department of Genetic Medicine, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia ; 3 Cytogenetics Department, Western Sydney Genetics Program, Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia ; 4 Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University & National Laboratory of Medical Genetics of China, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Sui Yu
- 1 Neuroscience Research Australia & the University of New South Wales, NSW, 2031, Australia ; 2 Department of Genetic Medicine, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia ; 3 Cytogenetics Department, Western Sydney Genetics Program, Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia ; 4 Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University & National Laboratory of Medical Genetics of China, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Zhanhe Wu
- 1 Neuroscience Research Australia & the University of New South Wales, NSW, 2031, Australia ; 2 Department of Genetic Medicine, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia ; 3 Cytogenetics Department, Western Sydney Genetics Program, Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia ; 4 Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University & National Laboratory of Medical Genetics of China, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- 1 Neuroscience Research Australia & the University of New South Wales, NSW, 2031, Australia ; 2 Department of Genetic Medicine, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia ; 3 Cytogenetics Department, Western Sydney Genetics Program, Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia ; 4 Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University & National Laboratory of Medical Genetics of China, Changsha 410000, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
IFITMs restrict the replication of multiple pathogenic viruses. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:4937-55. [PMID: 24076421 PMCID: PMC4121887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The interferon-inducible transmembrane protein (IFITM) family inhibits a growing number of pathogenic viruses, among them influenza A virus, dengue virus, hepatitis C virus, and Ebola virus. This review covers recent developments in our understanding of the IFITM's molecular determinants, potential mechanisms of action, and impact on pathogenesis.
Collapse
|