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Bangar A, Khan H, Kaur A, Dua K, Singh TG. Understanding mechanistic aspect of the therapeutic role of herbal agents on neuroplasticity in cerebral ischemic-reperfusion injury. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117153. [PMID: 37717842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability. The only FDA-approved therapy for treating stroke is tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), exhibiting a short therapeutic window. Due to this reason, only a small number of patients can be benefitted in this critical period. In addition, the use of endovascular interventions may reverse vessel occlusion more effectively and thus help further improve outcomes in experimental stroke. During recovery of blood flow after ischemia, patients experience cognitive, behavioral, affective, emotional, and electrophysiological changes. Therefore, it became the need for an hour to discover a novel strategy for managing stroke. The drug discovery process has focused on developing herbal medicines with neuroprotective effects via modulating neuroplasticity. AIM OF THE STUDY We gather and highlight the most essential traditional understanding of therapeutic plants and their efficacy in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. In addition, we provide a concise summary and explanation of herbal drugs and their role in improving neuroplasticity. We review the pharmacological activity of polyherbal formulations produced from some of the most frequently referenced botanicals for the treatment of cerebral ischemia damage. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic literature review of bentham, scopus, pubmed, medline, and embase (elsevier) databases was carried out with the help of the keywords like neuroplasticity, herbal drugs, neural progenitor cells, neuroprotection, stem cells. The review was conducted using the above keywords to understand the therapeutic and mechanistic role of herbal neuroprotective agents on neuroplasticity in cerebral ischemic-reperfusion injury. RESULTS Neuroplasticity emerged as an alternative to improve recovery and management after cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury. Neuroplasticity is a physiological process throughout one's life in response to any stimuli and environment. Traditional herbal medicines have been established as an adjuvant to stroke therapy since they were used from ancient times and provided promising effects as an adjuvant to experimental stroke. The plants and phytochemicals such as Curcuma longa L., Moringa oliefera Lam, Panax ginseng C.A. Mey., and Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC., etc., have shown promising effects in improving neuroplasticity after experimental stroke. Such effects occur by modulation of various molecular signalling pathways, including PI3K/Akt, BDNF/CREB, JAK/STAT, HIF-1α/VEGF, etc. CONCLUSIONS: Here, we gave a perspective on plant species that have shown neuroprotective effects and can show promising results in promoting neuroplasticity with specific targets after cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury. In this review, we provide the complete detail of studies conducted on the role of herbal drugs in improving neuroplasticity and the signaling pathway involved in the recovery and management of experimental stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annu Bangar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India.
| | - Heena Khan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India.
| | - Amarjot Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India.
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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Zhang X, Peng B, Zhang S, Wang J, Yuan X, Peled S, Chen W, Ding J, Li W, Zhang A, Wu Q, Stavrovskaya IG, Luo C, Sinha B, Tu Y, Yuan X, Li M, Liu S, Fu J, Aziz-Sultan A, Kristal BS, Alterovitz G, Du R, Zhou S, Wang X. The MT1 receptor as the target of ramelteon neuroprotection in ischemic stroke. J Pineal Res 2024; 76:e12925. [PMID: 37986632 PMCID: PMC10872556 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Novel and effective therapies for ischemic stroke are urgently needed. Here, we report that melatonin receptor 1A (MT1) agonist ramelteon is a neuroprotective drug candidate as demonstrated by comprehensive experimental models of ischemic stroke, including a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mouse model of cerebral ischemia in vivo, organotypic hippocampal slice cultures ex vivo, and cultured neurons in vitro; the neuroprotective effects of ramelteon are diminished in MT1-knockout (KO) mice and MT1-KO cultured neurons. For the first time, we report that the MT1 receptor is significantly depleted in the brain of MCAO mice, and ramelteon treatment significantly recovers the brain MT1 losses in MCAO mice, which is further explained by the Connectivity Map L1000 bioinformatic analysis that shows gene-expression signatures of MCAO mice are negatively connected to melatonin receptor agonist like Ramelteon. We demonstrate that ramelteon improves the cerebral blood flow signals in ischemic stroke that is potentially mediated, at least, partly by mechanisms of activating endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Our results also show that the neuroprotection of ramelteon counteracts reactive oxygen species-induced oxidative stress and activates the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 pathway. Ramelteon inhibits the mitochondrial and autophagic death pathways in MCAO mice and cultured neurons, consistent with gene set enrichment analysis from a bioinformatics perspective angle. Our data suggest that Ramelteon is a potential neuroprotective drug candidate, and MT1 is the neuroprotective target for ischemic stroke, which provides new insights into stroke therapy. MT1-KO mice and cultured neurons may provide animal and cellular models of accelerated ischemic damage and neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Bin Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Shenqi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Xiong Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Sharon Peled
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Wu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Jinyin Ding
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Andrew Zhang
- Biomedical Cybernetics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qiaofeng Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Irina G. Stavrovskaya
- Department of Medicine, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Research Foundation of The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chengliang Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Bharati Sinha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Yanyang Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Xiaojing Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Mingchang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Shuqing Liu
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianfang Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- The Joslin Beth Israel Deaconess Foot Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ali Aziz-Sultan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Bruce S. Kristal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gil Alterovitz
- Biomedical Cybernetics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rose Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Shuanhu Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Ginkgolide B promotes neuronal differentiation through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in neural stem cells of the postnatal mammalian subventricular zone. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14947. [PMID: 30297722 PMCID: PMC6175824 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32960-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) have been used to treat human diseases for thousands of years. Among them, Ginkgo biloba is reported to be beneficial to the nervous system and a potential treatment of neurological disorders. Since the presence of adult neural stem cells (NSCs) brings hope that the brain may heal itself, whether the effect of Ginkgo biloba is on NSCs remains elusive. In this study, we found that Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) and one of its main ingredients, ginkgolide B (GB) promoted cell cycle exit and neuronal differentiation in NSCs derived from the postnatal subventricular zone (SVZ) of the mouse lateral ventricle. Furthermore, the administration of GB increased the nuclear level of β-catenin and activated the canonical Wnt pathway. Knockdown of β-catenin blocked the neurogenic effect of GB, suggesting that GB promotes neuronal differentiation through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Thus, our data provide a potential mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of GBE or GB on brain injuries and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Li MZ, Zhang Y, Zou HY, Ouyang JY, Zhan Y, Yang L, Cheng BCY, Wang L, Zhang QX, Lei JF, Zhao YY, Zhao H. Investigation of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) promotes neurovascular restoration and axonal remodeling after embolic stroke in rat using magnetic resonance imaging and histopathological analysis. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:989-1001. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Fan W, Li X, Huang L, He S, Xie Z, Fu Y, Fang W, Li Y. S-oxiracetam ameliorates ischemic stroke induced neuronal apoptosis through up-regulating α7 nAChR and PI3K / Akt / GSK3β signal pathway in rats. Neurochem Int 2018; 115:50-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Luo SY, Li R, Le ZY, Li QL, Chen ZW. Anfibatide protects against rat cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via TLR4/JNK/caspase-3 pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 807:127-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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l-3-n-Butylphthalide Activates Akt/mTOR Signaling, Inhibits Neuronal Apoptosis and Autophagy and Improves Cognitive Impairment in Mice with Repeated Cerebral Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury. Neurochem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2328-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Baral S, Pariyar R, Kim J, Lee HS, Seo J. Quercetin-3-O-glucuronide promotes the proliferation and migration of neural stem cells. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 52:39-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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EGb761 Ameliorates Neuronal Apoptosis and Promotes Angiogenesis in Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage via RSK1/GSK3β Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1556-1567. [PMID: 28185127 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0363-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal apoptosis after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) plays an essential role in neurological deterioration. Preclinical studies have shown that EGb761, an extract of Ginkgo biloba, is neuroprotective in some other neurological diseases with apoptosis. This study was conducted to investigate the potential neuroprotective effect of EGb761 on neuronal apoptosis in experimental ICH. A model of ICH was induced in C57BL/6 mice by injecting collagenase. EGb761 was administered for 21 days and neurologic behaviors were assessed at 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after ICH. RNAi-mediated knockdown of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (RSK1) was used to further investigate the role of RSK1 in EGb761-induced neuroprotective effects. Neuronal death was determined by TUNEL staining. The image datasets of neurovascular networks were acquired via micro-optical sectioning tomography (MOST). The glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) activity was assayed using commercial kit. Primary cultured cortical neurons were exposed to ferrous iron and treated with EGb761. Apoptotic neurons were counted by flow cytometry. RSK1, GSK3β, phosphorylated-GSK3β (pGSK3β), Bcl2, Bax, cleaved-caspase3 (CC3), and VEGF were measured by Western blot. The pGSK3β was also detected by immunofluorescence staining. We found that mice in EGb761 group performed better on rotarod test. Reduced TUNEL-positive neurons and richer microvascular networks were observed in mice treated with EGb761. EGb761 attenuates neuronal apoptosis induced by ferrous iron counted by flow cytometry in vitro. Decreased GSK3β activity was observed in EGb761-treated mice compared with mice with ICH. EGb761 increased the expression of pGSK3β (Ser9), RSK1 and the Bcl2/Bax ratio, and VEGF and decreased CC3 expression. In conclusion, EGb761 reduces neuronal apoptosis and promotes angiogenesis in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage via RSK1/GSK3β pathway.
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Wang Y, Zhang J, Han M, Liu B, Gao Y, Ma P, Zhang S, Zheng Q, Song X. SMND-309 promotes neuron survival through the activation of the PI3K/Akt/CREB-signalling pathway. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:1982-1990. [PMID: 26911316 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1137951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Context In clinical practice, the promotion of neuron survival is necessary to recover neurological functions after the onset of stroke. Objective This study aimed to investigate the post-ischaemic neuroprotective effect of SMND-309, a novel metabolite of salvianolic acid, on differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. Materials and methods SH-SY5Y cells were differentiated by pre-treating with 5 μM all-trans-retinoic acid for 6 d. The differentiated SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) for 2 h and reperfusion (R) for 24 h to induce OGD/R injury. After OGD injury, differentiated SH-SY5Y cells were treated with or without SMND-309 (5, 10, 20 μM) for another 24 h. Cell viability was detected through Cell counting kit-8 assay and lactate dehydrogenase leakage assay. Apoptosis was evaluated through flow cytometry, caspase-3 activity assay. Changes in protein levels were assessed through Western blot. Results SMND-309 ameliorated the degree of injury in the differentiated SH-SY5Y cells by increasing cell viabilities (5 μM, 65.4% ± 4.1%; 10 μM, 69.8% ± 3.7%; 20 μM, 75.3% ± 5.1%) and by reducing LDH activity (20 μM, 2.5 fold) upon OGD/R stimulation. Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining results suggested that apoptotic rate of differentiated SH-SY5Y cells decreased from 43.8% induced by OGD/R injury to 19.2% when the cells were treated with 20 μM SMND-309. SMND-309 significantly increased the Bcl-2 level of the injured differentiated SH-SY5Y cells but decreased the caspase-3 activity of these cells by 1.6-fold. In contrast, SMND-309 did not affect the Bax level of these cells. SMND-309 evidently increased the protein expression of BDNF when Akt and CREB were activated. This function was antagonized by the addition of LY294002. Conclusion SMND-309 can prevent neuronal cell death in vitro. This process may be related to the activation of the PI3K/Akt/CREB-signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youlei Wang
- a School of Special Education , Binzhou Medical University , Yantai , PR China
| | - Jinjin Zhang
- a School of Special Education , Binzhou Medical University , Yantai , PR China
| | - Meng Han
- b Zibo Occupational Disease Hospital , Zibo , PR China
| | - Bo Liu
- a School of Special Education , Binzhou Medical University , Yantai , PR China
| | - Yulin Gao
- a School of Special Education , Binzhou Medical University , Yantai , PR China
| | - Peng Ma
- a School of Special Education , Binzhou Medical University , Yantai , PR China
| | - Songzi Zhang
- c School of Pharmacy , Taishan Medical College , Taian , PR China
| | - Qingyin Zheng
- a School of Special Education , Binzhou Medical University , Yantai , PR China
- d Department of Otolaryngology - HNS , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Xiaodong Song
- a School of Special Education , Binzhou Medical University , Yantai , PR China
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Li JH, Chen ZX, Zhang XG, Li Y, Yang WT, Zheng XW, Chen S, Lu L, Gu Y, Zheng GQ. Bioactive components of Chinese herbal medicine enhance endogenous neurogenesis in animal models of ischemic stroke: A systematic analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4904. [PMID: 27749547 PMCID: PMC5059049 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) has been used to treat stroke for thousands of years. The objective of the study is to assess the current evidence for bioactive components of CHM as neurogenesis agent in animal models of ischemic stroke. METHODS We searched PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang Database, and VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals published from the inception up to November 2015. The primary measured outcome was one of neurogenesis biomarker, including Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), Nestin, doublecortin (DCX), polysialylated form of the neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM), neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). RESULTS Thirty eligible studies were identified. The score of quality assessment ranged from 2 of 10 to 7 of 10. Compared with controls, 10 studies conducting neurobehavioral evaluation showed significant effects on bioactive components of CHM for improving neurological deficits score after ischemic insults (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05); 6 studies in Morris water-maze test showed bioactive components of CHM significantly decreased escape latency and increased residence time (P < 0.05); 5 studies demonstrated that bioactive components of CHM significantly reduced infarct volume after ischemic stroke (P < 0.05); 25 of 26 studies showed that bioactive components of CHM significantly increased the expression of BrdU and/or Nestin markers in rats/mice brain after ischemic injury (P < 0.05, or P < 0.01); 4 of 5 studies for promoting the expression of PSA-NCAM or DCX biomarker (P < 0.05); 5 studies for improving the expression of NeuN biomarker (P < 0.05); 6 of 7 studies for promoting the expression of GFAP biomarker in brain after ischemic stroke (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The findings suggest that bioactive components of CHM may improve neurological function, reduce infarct volume, and promote endogenous neurogenesis, including proliferation, migration, and differentiation of neural stem cells after ischemic stroke. However, evidences are supported but limited because only a few studies were available for each descriptive analysis. Further rigor study is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Huang Li
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou
| | - Zi-Xian Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou
| | - Xiao-Guang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou
| | - Wen-Ting Yang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou
| | - Xia-Wei Zheng
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou
| | - Lin Lu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yong Gu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Correspondence: Yong Gu, Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China (e-mail: ); Guo-Qing Zheng, Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China (e-mail: )
| | - Guo-Qing Zheng
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou
- Correspondence: Yong Gu, Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China (e-mail: ); Guo-Qing Zheng, Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China (e-mail: )
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Zhu J, Shi R, Chen S, Dai L, Shen T, Feng Y, Gu P, Shariff M, Nguyen T, Ye Y, Rao J, Xing G. The Relieving Effects of BrainPower Advanced, a Dietary Supplement, in Older Adults with Subjective Memory Complaints: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2016; 2016:7898093. [PMID: 27190539 PMCID: PMC4842387 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7898093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Subjective memory complaints (SMCs) are common in older adults that can often predict further cognitive impairment. No proven effective agents are available for SMCs. The effect of BrainPower Advanced, a dietary supplement consisting of herbal extracts, nutrients, and vitamins, was evaluated in 98 volunteers with SMCs, averaging 67 years of age (47-88), in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Subjective hypomnesis/memory loss (SML) and attention/concentration deficits (SAD) were evaluated before and after 12-week supplementation of BrainPower Advanced capsules (n = 47) or placebo (n = 51), using a 5-point memory questionnaire (1 = no/slight, 5 = severe). Objective memory function was evaluated using 3 subtests of visual/audio memory, abstraction, and memory recall that gave a combined total score. The BrainPower Advanced group had more cases of severe SML (severity ⩾ 3) (44/47) and severe SAD (43/47) than the placebo group (39/51 and 37/51, < 0.05, < 0.05, resp.) before the treatment. BrainPower Advanced intervention, however, improved a greater proportion of the severe SML (29.5%)(13/44) (P < 0.01) and SAD (34.9%)(15/43)(P < 0.01) than placebo (5.1% (2/39) and 13.5% (5/37), resp.). Thus, 3-month BrainPower Advanced supplementation appears to be beneficial to older adults with SMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfen Zhu
- Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Rong Shi
- School of Public Health, Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Su Chen
- Si-Tang Community Health Service Center of Shanghai, Shanghai 200431, China
| | - Lihua Dai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tian Shen
- Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Pingping Gu
- Southern California Kaiser Sunset, 4867 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Mina Shariff
- Department of Research, DRM Resources, 1683 Sunflower Avenue, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
| | - Tuong Nguyen
- Department of Research, DRM Resources, 1683 Sunflower Avenue, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
| | - Yeats Ye
- Maryland Population Research Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Jianyu Rao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Guoqiang Xing
- Imaging Institute of Rehabilitation and Development of Brain Function, North Sichuan Medical University, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong 637000, China
- Lotus Biotech.com LLC, John Hopkins University-MCC, 9601 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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Shu Y, Yang Y, Zhang P. Neuroprotective effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. Brain Res Bull 2016; 121:115-23. [PMID: 26802510 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Various reports have suggested that penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHC), a new cholinergic antagonist, exhibits a variety of biological actions such as anti-tumor and cardioprotective effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PHC on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and evaluate whether the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) pathway is involved in the protective effects of PHC. Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to Sham group, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) group, I/R+PHC (0.1mg/kg) group, and I/R+PHC (1mg/kg) group. Mice were subjected to 2h of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, followed by 24h of reperfusion except the mice in the sham group. Neurological deficits, infarct volume, brain water content, blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, and neuronal apoptosis were evaluated. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), superoxide production, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured. The expressions of the key proteins in the JNK/p38MAPK pathway were detected using the Western blot. The results suggested that compared to the I/R group, the PHC-treated group showed improved neurological deficits and BBB integrity, and reduced infarction volume, brain water content, and apoptosis. In addition, PHC significantly suppressed the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, superoxide production, and MDA, and increased the levels of SOD and GSH-Px. Finally, PHC significantly downregulated the phosphorylation of JNK, p38MAPK, and c-Jun, indicating PHC protects against cerebral I/R injury by downregulating the JNK/p38MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Shu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China; Department of Pain Treatment Pain Management, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yin Yang
- The Second Department of Orthopedics, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Pengbo Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China.
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Nash KM, Shah ZA. Current Perspectives on the Beneficial Role of Ginkgo biloba in Neurological and Cerebrovascular Disorders. INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE INSIGHTS 2015; 10:1-9. [PMID: 26604665 PMCID: PMC4640423 DOI: 10.4137/imi.s25054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba extract is an alternative medicine available as a standardized formulation, EGb 761®, which consists of ginkgolides, bilobalide, and flavonoids. The individual constituents have varying therapeutic mechanisms that contribute to the pharmacological activity of the extract as a whole. Recent studies show anxiolytic properties of ginkgolide A, migraine with aura treatment by ginkgolide B, a reduction in ischemia-induced glutamate excitotoxicity by bilobalide, and an alternative antihypertensive property of quercetin, among others. These findings have been observed in EGb 761 as well and have led to clinical investigation into its use as a therapeutic for conditions such as cognition, dementia, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular diseases. This review explores the therapeutic mechanisms of the individual EGb 761 constituents to explain the pharmacology as a whole and its clinical application to cardiovascular and neurological disorders, in particular ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Nash
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Zahoor A Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, OH, USA. ; Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, OH, USA
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15
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EGb761 improves histological and functional recovery in rats with acute spinal cord contusion injury. Spinal Cord 2015; 54:259-65. [PMID: 26481704 DOI: 10.1038/sc.2015.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN This is an experimental study. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract 761 (EGb761) on histological features of injured sites and on functional performance of rats subjected to standardized spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING This study was conducted in Xian, Shaanxi, China. METHODS Thirty female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham-operated, saline-treated control and EGb761-treated. The Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan Locomotor Rating Score (BBB score) was calculated and footprint analysis was performed to evaluate the functional performance of the rats in each group. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and caspase-3 staining were performed to evaluate the necrosis area and apoptotic cells at the injured site in each group. RESULTS At 14, but not 1, 3 and 7, days post injury (DPI), rats in the EGb761-treated group exhibited significantly better BBB scores compared with the saline-treated control group (P<0.05). The EGb761-treated group also showed increased stride length, decreased stride width and reduced toe dragging at 14 DPI (P<0.05). Analysis of HE staining revealed that the EGb761-treated group had reduced necrosis at the injury site compared with the saline-treated control group (P<0.05). Analysis of TUNEL and caspase-3 staining demonstrated that cell apoptosis was increased at 1-14 DPI, peaking at 24-h post injury in the gray matter, and 7 DPI in the white matter. At 7 DPI, the quantity of apoptotic cells was significantly decreased in the EGb761-treated group. CONCLUSION EGb761 administration during the acute phase after SCI significantly reduced secondary injury-induced tissue necrosis and cell apoptosis and improved functional performance in rats.
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Zhao Y, Xu P, Hu S, Du L, Xu Z, Zhang H, Cui W, Mak S, Xu D, Shen J, Han Y, Liu Y, Xue M. Tanshinone II A, a multiple target neuroprotectant, promotes caveolae-dependent neuronal differentiation. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 765:437-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Huang J, Kodithuwakku ND, He W, Zhou Y, Fan W, Fang W, He G, Wu Q, Chu S, Li Y. The neuroprotective effect of a novel agent N2 on rat cerebral ischemia associated with the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Neuropharmacology 2015; 95:12-21. [PMID: 25725335 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the third leading cause of death and the main reason for severe disabilities in the world today. N2, 4 - (2 - (1H - imidazol - 1 - yl) ethoxy) - 3 - methoxybenzoic acid is considered as a novel potent agent for cerebral ischemia due to its effect in preventing neuronal cell death after ischemic stroke. In the present study, we investigated the post-ischemic neuroprotective effect of N2 and its underlying mechanisms. Using a MCAO rat model, we found that N2 reversed brain infarct size, reduced cerebral edema and decreased the neurological deficit score significantly. Moreover, N2 diminished TUNEL positive cells, down-regulated bax expression and up-regulated bcl-2 expression notably. In addition, we evaluated the oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) injury induced neuron cell death in rat primary cortical neuron and assessed the neuroprotective effect of our drug. N2 increased cell viability, ameliorated neuron cell injury by decreasing LDH activity, and inhibited cell apoptotic rate while suppressed apoptotic signaling via inhibiting the bax expression, and elevating the bcl-2 expression. Furthermore, the neuroprotective effect of N2 was associated with the PI3K/Akt pathway which was proved by the use of PI3K inhibitor LY294002. The combination of our findings disclosed that N2 can be used as an effective neuroprotective agent for ischemic stroke due to its significant effect on preventing neuronal cell death after cerebral ischemia both in vivo and in vitro and the effectiveness was dose dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinru Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Nandani Darshika Kodithuwakku
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Wei He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Wenxiang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Weirong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Guangwei He
- Hefei Yigong Medicine Co., Ltd., Hefei, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Hefei Yigong Medicine Co., Ltd., Hefei, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Shaoxing Chu
- Hefei Yigong Medicine Co., Ltd., Hefei, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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Leonardo CC, Mendes M, Ahmad AS, Doré S. Efficacy of prophylactic flavan-3-ol in permanent focal ischemia in 12-mo-old mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H583-91. [PMID: 25576625 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00239.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of flavan-3-ol-containing foods, including (-)-epicatechin (EC), has been linked to lower incidence of cardiovascular disease and stroke. We previously demonstrated nuclear transcription factor erythroid 2p45-related factor-2 (Nrf2) -dependent EC efficacy in reducing stroke-induced deficits in 2-mo-old mice; yet stroke is primarily a disease of the elderly. Because neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and vascular dysfunction are hallmarks of aging, we tested whether Nrf2 mediates EC efficacy in aging mice through modulation of glial responses and blood brain barrier permeability. First, we compared anastomosis in naïve wild-type and C57BL/6 Nrf2(-/-) mice to identify potential differences in cerebrovascular architecture. Data showed no significant differences in the number of anastomoses or mean intersection points, indicating similar gross vascular physiology. To assess efficacy and mechanisms of protection, wild-type or Nrf2(-/-) mice were administered the minimum effective EC dose established in our previous studies before the permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion. Similar to previous results with young mice, 12-mo-old wild types also showed significant reductions in infarct volume (41.01 ± 29.57%) and improved performance in removing adhesive tape relative to vehicle-treated controls, whereas a trend toward protection was observed in Nrf2(-/-). However, EC did not reduce immunoreactivity for the microglia/macrophage marker anti-ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, suggesting that dampened activation/recruitment did not account for EC protection. Furthermore, there were no differences in mouse IgG extravasation or spontaneous hemorrhage between EC-treated groups. These data demonstrate that EC protection occurs independent of microglia/macrophage modulation or blood brain barrier preservation, suggesting that the glial cell responses in young mice are compensatory to another, and potentially novel, protective mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Leonardo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Translational Research and Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Monique Mendes
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Translational Research and Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Abdullah S Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Translational Research and Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Translational Research and Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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