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Maccioni P, Chin YW, Corelli F, Kwon HC, Colombo G. Reducing effect of intragastrically administered saikosaponin A on alcohol and sucrose self-administration in rats. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:4256-4260. [PMID: 36787176 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2177848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Saikosaponin A (SSA) is an active ingredient of the Asian medicinal herb, Bupleurum falcatum L. When administered via the intraperitoneal (i.p.) route, SSA suppressed multiple addictive-like behaviours, including operant alcohol self-administration, in rodents. It is unknown whether these effects are retained after intragastric (i.g.) administration, a desirable prerequisite for a compound with therapeutic potential. To fill this gap, i.g. SSA (0, 50, and 100 mg/kg) was tested in Sardinian alcohol-preferring (sP) rats trained to lever-respond for oral alcohol. SSA reduced lever-responding and amount of self-administered alcohol. However, when compared to i.p. SSA, i.g. SSA resulted to be markedly less potent and effective, suggestive of reduced bioavailability after i.g. treatment. Finally, and in agreement with previous data on the suppressing effect of i.p. SSA on behaviours motivated by highly palatable foods, i.g. SSA (0, 50, and 100 mg/kg) reduced oral sucrose self-administration in a separate set of sP rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Maccioni
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Young-Won Chin
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Federico Corelli
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Hak Cheol Kwon
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Giancarlo Colombo
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
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2
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Tan B, Wu X, Yu J, Chen Z. The Role of Saponins in the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123956. [PMID: 35745079 PMCID: PMC9227328 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain caused by tissue injury or disease involving the somatosensory nervous system, which seriously affects the patient's body function and quality of life. At present, most clinical medications for the treatment of neuropathic pain, including antidepressants, antiepileptic drugs, or analgesics, often have limited efficacy and non-negligible side effects. As a bioactive and therapeutic component extracted from Chinese herbal medicine, the role of the effective compounds in the prevention and treatment of neuropathic pain have gradually become a research focus to explore new analgesics. Notably, saponins have shown analgesic effects in a large number of animal models. In this review, we summarized the most updated information of saponins, related to their analgesic effects in neuropathic pain, and the recent progress on the research of therapeutic targets and the potential mechanisms. Furthermore, we put up with some perspectives on future investigation to reveal the precise role of saponins in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (B.T.); (X.W.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xueqing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (B.T.); (X.W.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (B.T.); (X.W.); (J.Y.)
- School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (B.T.); (X.W.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-571-88208228
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Wei ZX, Chen L, Zhang JJ, Cheng Y. Aberrations in peripheral inflammatory cytokine levels in substance use disorders: a meta-analysis of 74 studies. Addiction 2020; 115:2257-2267. [PMID: 32533781 DOI: 10.1111/add.15160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To characterize the peripheral inflammatory cytokine profile in people with substance use disorders (SUDs). DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. SETTING Clinical studies that evaluated peripheral blood inflammatory cytokine levels in patients with SUDs and healthy controls PARTICIPANTS: SUD patients and healthy controls. MEASUREMENTS PubMed and Web of Science were systematically searched for relevant studies. Two investigators independently selected studies and extracted data. A total of 77 articles were included in the meta-analysis, containing 5649 patients with SUDs and 4643 healthy controls. Data were pooled using a random-effects model by the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version 2 software. FINDINGS Concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6) in 32 studies, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in 28 studies, IL-10 in 20 studies, IL-8 in 17 studies, C-reactive protein in 14 studies, IL-4 in 10 studies, IL-12 in seven studies, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 in 6 studies, TNF-receptor 2 (TNF-R2) in four studies and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in three studies were significantly higher in patients with SUDs compared with healthy controls, while concentrations of leptin in 14 studies were significantly lower in patients with SUDs compared with healthy controls. The findings were inconclusive for the associations between interferon-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, G-CSF, C-C motif chemokine 11, TGF-α and SUDs. CONCLUSIONS People with substance use disorders (SUDs) appear to have higher peripheral concentrations of IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, C-reactive protein, MCP-1, TNF-R2 and GM-CSF and lower peripheral concentrations of leptin than people without SUDs. This strengthens the view that SUD is accompanied by an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Xu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine for Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine for Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Jun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine for Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
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Maccioni P, Lorrai I, Fara F, Carai MAM, Gessa GL, Chin YW, Lee JH, Kwon HC, Corelli F, Colombo G. Differential Effects of Saikosaponins A, B2, B4, C and D on Alcohol and Chocolate Self-Administration in Rats. Alcohol Alcohol 2020; 55:367-373. [PMID: 32441305 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Treatment with saikosaponin A (SSA)-an ingredient of the medicinal herb, Bupleurum falcatum-has been reported to suppress several addictive-like behaviors, including morphine, cocaine, alcohol and chocolate self-administration in male rats. The aim of this investigation was to investigate whether saikosaponins of B. falcatum other than SSA affect alcohol and chocolate self-administration in rats. METHODS Ovariectomized female Sardinian alcohol-preferring (sP) and Wistar rats were trained to self-administer alcohol (15%, v/v) and a chocolate solution [5% (w/v) Nesquik® in water], respectively, under fixed ratio schedules of reinforcement. The following saikosaponins were compared to SSA: saikosaponin D (SSD; epimer of SSA), saikosaponin C (SSC), saikosaponin B2 (SSB2) and saikosaponin B4 (SSB4). All saikosaponins were tested acutely at the doses of 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg (i.p.). RESULTS Treatment with SSA and SSD resulted in highly similar, marked reductions in alcohol self-administration; SSC failed to alter lever-responding for alcohol, while SSB2 and SSB4 produced intermediate reductions. Only SSA and SSD reduced chocolate self-administration, with SSC, SSB2 and SSB4 being ineffective. CONCLUSIONS The wide spectrum of efficacy of saikosaponins in reducing alcohol and chocolate self-administration suggests that even relatively small structural differences are sufficient to produce remarkable changes in their in vivo pharmacological profile. Together, these results confirm that roots of B. falcatum may be an interesting source of compounds with anti-addictive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Maccioni
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Irene Lorrai
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, Monserrato (CA), Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato (CA), Italy.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Federica Fara
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Mauro A M Carai
- Cagliari Pharmacological Research s.r.l., Cagliari (CA), Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Gessa
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, Monserrato (CA), Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Young-Won Chin
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Lee
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Cheol Kwon
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Federico Corelli
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena (SI), Italy
| | - Giancarlo Colombo
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, Monserrato (CA), Italy
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5
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Zheng J, Chen J, Zou X, Zhao F, Guo M, Wang H, Zhang T, Zhang C, Feng W, Pessah IN, Cao Z. Saikosaponin d causes apoptotic death of cultured neocortical neurons by increasing membrane permeability and elevating intracellular Ca 2+ concentration. Neurotoxicology 2019; 70:112-121. [PMID: 30458186 PMCID: PMC6342622 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Saikosaponins (SSs) are a class of naturally occurring oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins found in Radix bupleuri that has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. As the main active principals of Radix bupleuri, SSs have been shown to suppress mouse motor activity, impair learning and memory, and decrease hippocampal neurogenesis. In the present study, we investigated the effect of five SSs (SSa, SSb1, SSb2, SSc, and SSd) on neuronal viability and the underlying mechanisms in cultured murine neocortical neurons. We demonstrate that SSa, SSb1 and SSd produce concentration-dependent apoptotic neuronal death and induce robust increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) at low micromolar concentrations with a rank order of SSd > SSa > SSb1, whereas SSb2 and SSc have no detectable effect on both neuronal survival and [Ca2+]i. Mechanistically, SSd-induced elevation in [Ca2+]i is the primary result of enhanced extracellular Ca2+ influx, which likely triggers Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release through ryanodine receptor activation, but not SERCA inhibition. SSd-induced Ca2+ entry occurs through a non-selective mechanism since blockers of major neuronal Ca2+ entry pathways, including L-type Ca2+ channel, NMDA receptor, AMPA receptor, Na+-Ca2+ exchanger, and TRPV1, all failed to attenuate the Ca2+ response to SSd. Further studies demonstrate that SSd increases calcein efflux and induces an inward current in neocortical neurons. Together, these data demonstrate that SSd elevates [Ca2+]i due to its ability to increase membrane permeability, likely by forming pores in the surface of membrane, which leads to massive Ca2+ influx and apoptotic neuronal death in neocortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 211198
| | - Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 211198
| | - Xiaohan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 211198
| | - Fang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 211198
| | - Mengqi Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, China, 2640050
| | - Hongbo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, China, 2640050
| | - Tian Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China, 100875
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 211198
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA, 95616
| | - Isaac N Pessah
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA, 95616
| | - Zhengyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 211198
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6
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Catalán J, Fascineli ML, Politakos N, Hartikainen M, Garcia MP, Cáceres-Vélez PR, Moreno C, Silva SWD, Morais PC, Norppa H, Moya SE, Azevedo RB. In vivo toxicological evaluation of polymer brush engineered nanoceria: impact of brush charge. Nanotoxicology 2018; 13:305-325. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1543469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Catalán
- aWork Environment, Occupational Safety, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
- bDepartment of Anatomy Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maria Luiza Fascineli
- cLaboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília DF, Brazil
| | - Nikolaos Politakos
- dSoft Matter Nanotechnology Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Mira Hartikainen
- aWork Environment, Occupational Safety, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mônica Pereira Garcia
- cLaboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília DF, Brazil
| | - Paolin Rocio Cáceres-Vélez
- cLaboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília DF, Brazil
- dSoft Matter Nanotechnology Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Carlos Moreno
- bDepartment of Anatomy Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Paulo César Morais
- eInstitute of Physics, University of Brasília, Brasília DF, Brazil
- fSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Hannu Norppa
- aWork Environment, Occupational Safety, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sergio E. Moya
- dSoft Matter Nanotechnology Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ricardo Bentes Azevedo
- cLaboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília DF, Brazil
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7
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Li XQ, Song YN, Wang SJ, Rahman K, Zhu JY, Zhang H. Saikosaponins: a review of pharmacological effects. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2018; 20:399-411. [PMID: 29726699 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2018.1465937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, a number of phytochemicals have been reported to possess potent pharmacological effects. Saikosaponins represent a group of oleanane derivatives, usually as glucosides, which are commonly found in medicinal plants Bupleurum spp., which have been used as traditional Chinese medicine for more than 1,000 years in China. Emerging evidence suggests that saikosaponins have many pharmacological effects, including sedation, anticonvulsant, antipyretic, antiviral, immunity, anti-inflammation, antitumor properties, protecting liver and kidney and so on. The present review provides a comprehensive summary and analysis of the pharmacological properties of saikosaponins, supporting the potential uses of saikosaponins as a medicinal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qin Li
- a School of Pharmacy , Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Chengdu 611137 , China
- b Central Laboratory , Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM , Shanghai 200137 , China
| | - Ya-Nan Song
- b Central Laboratory , Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM , Shanghai 200137 , China
| | - Su-Juan Wang
- b Central Laboratory , Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM , Shanghai 200137 , China
| | - Khalid Rahman
- c Faculty of Science, School of Biomolecular Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool L3 3AF , UK
| | - Jian-Yong Zhu
- b Central Laboratory , Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM , Shanghai 200137 , China
| | - Hong Zhang
- a School of Pharmacy , Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Chengdu 611137 , China
- b Central Laboratory , Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM , Shanghai 200137 , China
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8
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Maccioni P, Fara F, Gessa GL, Carai MAM, Chin YW, Lee JH, Kwon HC, Colombo G. Reducing Effect of Saikosaponin A, an Active Ingredient of Bupleurum falcatum, on Intake of Highly Palatable Food in a Rat Model of Overeating. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:369. [PMID: 30150945 PMCID: PMC6099156 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent lines of experimental evidence have indicated that saikosaponin A (SSA)-a bioactive ingredient of the medicinal plant, Bupleurum falcatum L.-potently and effectively reduced operant self-administration of chocolate and reinstatement of chocolate-seeking behavior in rats. The present study was designed to assess whether the protective properties of SSA on addictive-like, food-related behaviors generalize to a rat model of overeating of palatable food. To this end, rats were habituated to feed on a standard rat chow for 3 h/day; every 4 days, the 3-h chow-feeding session was followed by a 1-h availability of highly palatable, calorie-rich Danish butter cookies or Oreo chocolate cookies. Even though fed, rats consumed large amounts of cookies; intake of calories from cookies (consumed in 1 h) was even larger than that of calories from chow (consumed in 3 h). SSA (0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 10 min before cookie presentation. Treatment with SSA resulted in a dose-related decrease in intake of both butter and chocolate cookies. Administration of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist, rimonabant (0, 0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg, i.p.; tested as reference compound), produced a similar reduction in intake of butter cookies. These results (a) contribute to the set-up and validation of a rat model of overeating, characterized by the intake of large amounts of unnecessary calories and (b) provide an additional piece of evidence to the anorectic profile of SSA in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Maccioni
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Federica Fara
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Gessa
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, Monserrato, Italy
| | | | - Young-Won Chin
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Lee
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung-si, South Korea
| | - Hak Cheol Kwon
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung-si, South Korea
| | - Giancarlo Colombo
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, Monserrato, Italy
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9
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Yuan B, Yang R, Ma Y, Zhou S, Zhang X, Liu Y. A systematic review of the active saikosaponins and extracts isolated from Radix Bupleuri and their applications. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:620-635. [PMID: 27951737 PMCID: PMC6130612 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1262433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Radix Bupleuri has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for over 2000 years with functions of relieving exterior syndrome, clearing heat, regulating liver-qi, and lifting yang-qi. More natural active compounds, especially saikosaponins, have been isolated from Radix Bupleuri, which possess various valuable pharmacological activities. OBJECTIVE To summarize the current knowledge on pharmacological activities, mechanisms and applications of extracts and saikosaponins isolated from Radix Bupleuri, and obtain new insights for further research and development of Radix Bupleuri. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Research Gate, Academic Journals and Google Scholar were used as information sources through the inclusion of the search terms 'Radix Bupleuri', 'Bupleurum', 'saikosaponins', 'Radix Bupleuri preparation', and their combinations, mainly from the year 2008 to 2016 without language restriction. Clinical preparations containing Radix Bupleuri were collected from official website of China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION 296 papers were searched and 128 papers were reviewed. A broad spectrum of in vitro and in vivo research has proved that Radix Bupleuri extracts, saikosaponin a, saikosaponin d, saikosaponin c, and saikosaponin b2, exhibit evident anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiviral, anti-allergic, immunoregulation, and neuroregulation activities mainly through NF-κB, MAPK or other pathways. 15 clinical preparations approved by CFDA remarkably broaden the application of Radix Bupleuri. The main side effect of Radix Bupleuri is liver damage when the dosage is excess, which indicates that the maximum tolerated dose is critical for clinical use of Radix Bupleuri extract and purified compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bochuan Yuan
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Yang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yongsheng Ma
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Zhou
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- CONTACT Ying LiuSchool of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Wangjing Zhonghuan South Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing100102, China
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10
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Lorrai I, Maccioni P, Carai MAM, Capra A, Castelli MP, Riva A, Morazzoni P, Gessa GL, Colombo G. Suppressing effect of saikosaponin A, an active ingredient of Bupleurum falcatum, on chocolate self-administration and reinstatement of chocolate seeking in rats. Neurosci Lett 2017; 638:211-217. [PMID: 28007642 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent lines of experimental evidence have indicated that saikosaponin A (SSA) - a bioactive ingredient of the medicinal plant, Bupleurum falcatum L. - suppressed alcohol, morphine, and cocaine self-administration in rats. The present paper was designed to assess whether the protective properties of SSA on addiction-related behaviors generalize to a hyperpalatable food such as a chocolate-flavored beverage (CFB). To this end, rats were initially trained to lever-respond for CFB [5% (w/v) Nesquik® powder in water] under fixed ratio (FR) 10 (FR10) schedule of reinforcement. Once lever-responding reached stable levels, rats were treated acutely with two different dose ranges of SSA (0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1mg/kg; 0, 1, 2.5, and 5mg/kg; i.p.) and exposed to the FR10 and progressive ratio (PR) schedules of reinforcement in four independent experiments. The effect of acutely administered SSA (0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1mg/kg; i.p.) on cue-induced reinstatement of seeking behavior for CFB was also assessed. Under the FR and PR schedules of reinforcement, treatment with SSA diminished lever-responding for CFB, amount of self-administered CFB, and breakpoint for CFB. All variables were virtually completely suppressed after treatment with 5mg/kg SSA. Treatment with SSA also suppressed reinstatement of CFB-seeking behavior. No dose of SSA altered rat motor-performance, evaluated exposing all rats to an inverted screen test immediately after the self-administration session. These results demonstrate that acute treatment with SSA potently suppressed several addictive-like behaviors motivated by highly hedonic nourishment. These data extend to a highly rewarding natural stimulus the anti-addictive properties of SSA recently disclosed in rats self-administering alcohol, morphine, and cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Lorrai
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Section of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Paola Maccioni
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Section of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Mauro A M Carai
- Cagliari Pharmacological Research s.r.l., I-09127 Cagliari, CA, Italy
| | - Alessandro Capra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - M Paola Castelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | | | | | - Gian Luigi Gessa
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Section of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Colombo
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Section of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy.
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Maccioni P, Lorrai I, Carai MAM, Riva A, Morazzoni P, Mugnaini C, Corelli F, Gessa GL, Colombo G. Reducing effect of saikosaponin A, an active ingredient of Bupleurum falcatum, on alcohol self-administration in rats: Possible involvement of the GABAB receptor. Neurosci Lett 2016; 621:62-67. [PMID: 27080427 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated that treatment with saikosaponin A (SSA) - an active ingredient of the medicinal herb, Bupleurum falcatum L. - selectively suppressed, likely via a GABAB receptor-mediated mechanism, intravenous self-administration of morphine and cocaine in rats [Yoon et al., 2012; 2013]. The present study was designed to investigate whether the capacity of SSA to suppress morphine and cocaine self-administration extends to oral alcohol self-administration. To this end, selectively bred Sardinian alcohol-preferring (sP) rats were trained to lever-respond on a Fixed Ratio (FR) 4 (FR4) schedule of reinforcement for alcohol (15%, v/v) in daily 30-min sessions. Once responding had stabilized, rats were tested under the FR4 (measure of alcohol reinforcing properties) and Progressive Ratio (PR; measure of alcohol motivational properties) schedules of reinforcement. The possible involvement of the GABAB receptor system was investigated testing the effect of (a) pretreatment with the GABAB receptor antagonist, SCH50911, and (b) combined treatment with the positive allosteric modulator of the GABAB receptor, GS39783. Treatment with SSA (0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1mg/kg, i.p.) markedly reduced lever-responding for alcohol, amount of self-administered alcohol, and breakpoint for alcohol (defined as the lowest response requirement not achieved in the PR experiment). Pretreatment with 2mg/kg SCH50911 (i.p.) resulted in a partial blockade of the reducing effect of 0.5mg/kg SSA on lever-responding for alcohol and amount of self-administered alcohol. Combination of per se ineffective doses of GS39783 (5mg/kg, i.g.) and SSA (0.1mg/kg, i.p.) reduced lever-responding for alcohol and amount of self-administered alcohol. These results (a) extend to alcohol self-administration the capacity of SSA to suppress morphine and cocaine self-administration in rats and (b) suggest that the GABAB receptor system is likely part of the neural substrate underlying the reducing effect of SSA on alcohol self-administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Maccioni
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Section of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Irene Lorrai
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Section of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Mauro A M Carai
- Cagliari Pharmacological Research s.r.l., I-09127 Cagliari, CA, Italy
| | | | | | - Claudia Mugnaini
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100, Siena, SI, Italy
| | - Federico Corelli
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100, Siena, SI, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Gessa
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Section of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Colombo
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Section of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy.
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