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Lucas-Ruiz F, Galindo-Romero C, Albaladejo-García V, Vidal-Sanz M, Agudo-Barriuso M. Mechanisms implicated in the contralateral effect in the central nervous system after unilateral injury: focus on the visual system. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2125-2131. [PMID: 33818483 PMCID: PMC8354113 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.310670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina, as part of the central nervous system is an ideal model to study the response of neurons to injury and disease and to test new treatments. During the last decade is becoming clear that unilateral lesions in bilateral areas of the central nervous system trigger an inflammatory response in the contralateral uninjured site. This effect has been better studied in the visual system where, as a rule, one retina is used as experimental and the other as control. Contralateral retinas in unilateral models of retinal injury show neuronal degeneration and glial activation. The mechanisms by which this adverse response in the central nervous system occurs are discussed in this review, focusing primarily on the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Lucas-Ruiz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIBArrixaca) Murcia, Spain
| | - Caridad Galindo-Romero
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIBArrixaca) Murcia, Spain
| | - Virginia Albaladejo-García
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIBArrixaca) Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIBArrixaca) Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIBArrixaca) Murcia, Spain
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Neuronal Death in the Contralateral Un-Injured Retina after Unilateral Axotomy: Role of Microglial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225733. [PMID: 31731684 PMCID: PMC6888632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For years it has been known that unilateral optic nerve lesions induce a bilateral response that causes an inflammatory and microglial response in the contralateral un-injured retinas. Whether this contralateral response involves retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss is still unknown. We have analyzed the population of RGCs and the expression of several genes in both retinas of pigmented mice after a unilateral axotomy performed close to the optic nerve head (0.5 mm), or the furthest away that the optic nerve can be accessed intraorbitally in mice (2 mm). In both retinas, RGC-specific genes were down-regulated, whereas caspase 3 was up-regulated. In the contralateral retinas, there was a significant loss of 15% of RGCs that did not progress further and that occurred earlier when the axotomy was performed at 2 mm, that is, closer to the contralateral retina. Finally, the systemic treatment with minocycline, a tetracycline antibiotic that selectively inhibits microglial cells, or with meloxicam, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, rescued RGCs in the contralateral but not in the injured retina. In conclusion, a unilateral optic nerve axotomy triggers a bilateral response that kills RGCs in the un-injured retina, a death that is controlled by anti-inflammatory and anti-microglial treatments. Thus, contralateral retinas should not be used as controls.
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The “Use It or Lose It” Dogma in the Retina: Visual Stimulation Promotes Protection Against Retinal Ischemia. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:435-449. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01715-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Murcia-Belmonte V, Erskine L. Wiring the Binocular Visual Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133282. [PMID: 31277365 PMCID: PMC6651880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) extend axons out of the retina to transmit visual information to the brain. These connections are established during development through the navigation of RGC axons along a relatively long, stereotypical pathway. RGC axons exit the eye at the optic disc and extend along the optic nerves to the ventral midline of the brain, where the two nerves meet to form the optic chiasm. In animals with binocular vision, the axons face a choice at the optic chiasm—to cross the midline and project to targets on the contralateral side of the brain, or avoid crossing the midline and project to ipsilateral brain targets. Ipsilaterally and contralaterally projecting RGCs originate in disparate regions of the retina that relate to the extent of binocular overlap in the visual field. In humans virtually all RGC axons originating in temporal retina project ipsilaterally, whereas in mice, ipsilaterally projecting RGCs are confined to the peripheral ventrotemporal retina. This review will discuss recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms regulating specification of ipsilateral versus contralateral RGCs, and the differential guidance of their axons at the optic chiasm. Recent insights into the establishment of congruent topographic maps in both brain hemispheres also will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lynda Erskine
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland AB25 2ZD, UK
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Blixt FW, Haanes KA, Ohlsson L, Dreisig K, Fedulov V, Warfvinge K, Edvinsson L. MEK/ERK/1/2 sensitive vascular changes coincide with retinal functional deficit, following transient ophthalmic artery occlusion. Exp Eye Res 2018; 179:142-149. [PMID: 30439349 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Retinal ischemia remains a major cause of blindness in the world with few acute treatments available. Recent emphasis on retinal vasculature and the ophthalmic artery's vascular properties after ischemia has shown an increase in vasoconstrictive functionality, as previously observed in cerebral arteries following stroke. Specifically, endothelin-1 (ET-1) receptor-mediated vasoconstriction regulated by the MEK/ERK1/2 pathway. In this study, the ophthalmic artery of rats was occluded for 2 h with the middle cerebral artery occlusion model. MEK/ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 was administered at 0, 6, and 24 h following reperfusion and the functional properties of the ophthalmic artery were evaluated at 48 h post reperfusion. Additionally, retinal function was evaluated at day 1, 4, and 7 after reperfusion. Occlusion of the ophthalmic artery led to a significant increase of endothelin-1 mediated vasoconstriction which can be attenuated by U0126 treatment, most evident at higher ET-1 concentrations of 10-7 M (Emax151.0 ± 22.0% of 60 mM K+), vs non-treated ischemic arteries Emax 212.1 ± 14.7% of 60 mM K+). Retinal function also deteriorated following ischemia and was improved with treatment with a-wave amplitudes of 725 ± 36 μV in control, 560 ± 21 μV in non-treated, and 668 ± 73 μV in U0126 treated at 2 log cd*s/m2 luminance in the acute stages (1 days post-ischemia). Full spontaneous retinal recovery was observed at day 7 regardless of treatment. In conclusion, this is the first study to show a beneficial in vivo effect of U0126 on vascular contractility following ischemia in the ophthalmic artery. Coupled with the knowledge obtained from cerebral vasculature, these results point towards a novel therapeutic approach following ischemia-related injuries to the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W Blixt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Kristian Agmund Haanes
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Lena Ohlsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Dreisig
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Vadim Fedulov
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Karin Warfvinge
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
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Huang XR, Kong W, Qiao J. Response of the Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Reflectance and Thickness to Optic Nerve Crush. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:2094-2103. [PMID: 29677373 PMCID: PMC5912800 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To study the effects of acute optic nerve damage on the reflectance of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and to compare the time courses of changes of RNFL reflectance and thickness. Methods A rat model of optic nerve crush (ONC) was compared with previously studied normal retinas. The reflectance and thickness of the RNFL were studied at 1 to 5 weeks after ONC. Reflectance spectra from 400 to 830 nm were measured for eyes with ONC, their contralateral untreated eyes, and eyes with sham surgery. Directional reflectance was studied by varying the angle of light incidence. RNFL thickness was measured by confocal microscopy. Results After ONC, the RNFL reflectance remained directional. At 1 week, RNFL reflectance decreased significantly at all wavelengths (P < 0.001), whereas there was no significant change in RNFL thickness (P = 0.739). At 2 weeks, both RNFL reflectance and thickness decreased significantly, and by 5 weeks they declined to approximately 40% and 30%, respectively, of the normal values. Although RNFL reflectance decreased at all wavelengths, there was a greater reduction at short wavelengths. Spectral shape at long wavelengths was similar to the normal. Some of these changes were also found in the contralateral untreated eyes, but none of these changes were found in eyes with sham surgery. Conclusions Decrease of RNFL reflectance after ONC occurs prior to thinning of the RNFL and the decrease is more prominent at short wavelengths. Direct measurement of RNFL reflectance, especially at short wavelengths, may provide early detection of axonal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Run Huang
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Wei Kong
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Jianzhong Qiao
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
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Nadal-Nicolás FM, Jiménez-López M, Salinas-Navarro M, Sobrado-Calvo P, Vidal-Sanz M, Agudo-Barriuso M. Microglial dynamics after axotomy-induced retinal ganglion cell death. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:218. [PMID: 29121969 PMCID: PMC5679427 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0982-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglial cells (MCs) are the sentries of the central nervous system. In health, they are known as surveying MCs because they examine the tissue to maintain the homeostasis. In disease, they activate and, among other functions, become phagocytic to clean the cellular debris. In this work, we have studied the behavior of rat retinal MCs in two models of unilateral complete intraorbital optic nerve axotomy which elicit a different time course of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss. METHODS Albino Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into these groups: (a) intact (no surgery), (b) fluorogold (FG) tracing from the superior colliculi, and (c) FG tracing + crush or transection of the left optic nerve. The retinas were dissected from 2 days to 2 months after the lesions (n = 4-12 group/lesion and time point) and then were subjected to Brn3a and Iba1 double immunodetection. In each intact retina, the total number of Brn3a+RGCs and Iba+MCs was quantified. In each traced retina (b and c groups), FG-traced RGCs and phagocytic microglial cells (PMCs, FG+Iba+) were also quantified. Topographical distribution was assessed by neighbor maps. RESULTS In intact retinas, surveying MCs are homogenously distributed in the ganglion cell layer and the inner plexiform layer. Independently of the axotomy model, RGC death occurs in two phases, one quick and one protracted, and there is a lineal and topographical correlation between the appearance of PMCs and the loss of traced RGCs. Furthermore, the clearance of FG+RGCs by PMCs occurs 3 days after the actual loss of Brn3a expression that marks RGC death. In addition, almost 50% of MCs from the inner plexiform layer migrate to the ganglion cell layer during the quick phase of RGC loss, returning to the inner plexiform layer during the slow degeneration phase. Finally, in contrast to what happens in mice, in rats, there is no microglial phagocytosis in the contralateral uninjured retina. CONCLUSIONS Axotomy-induced RGC death occurs earlier than RGC clearance and there is an inverse correlation between RGC loss and PMC appearance, both numerically and topographically, suggesting that phagocytosis occurs as a direct response to RGC death rather than to axonal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco M Nadal-Nicolás
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca, Edificio LAIB Planta 5ª, Carretera Buenavista s/n, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
- Present address: Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Manuel Jiménez-López
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca, Edificio LAIB Planta 5ª, Carretera Buenavista s/n, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Salinas-Navarro
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca, Edificio LAIB Planta 5ª, Carretera Buenavista s/n, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Paloma Sobrado-Calvo
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca, Edificio LAIB Planta 5ª, Carretera Buenavista s/n, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca, Edificio LAIB Planta 5ª, Carretera Buenavista s/n, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca, Edificio LAIB Planta 5ª, Carretera Buenavista s/n, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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Zhang C, Kolodkin AL, Wong RO, James RE. Establishing Wiring Specificity in Visual System Circuits: From the Retina to the Brain. Annu Rev Neurosci 2017; 40:395-424. [PMID: 28460185 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The retina is a tremendously complex image processor, containing numerous cell types that form microcircuits encoding different aspects of the visual scene. Each microcircuit exhibits a distinct pattern of synaptic connectivity. The developmental mechanisms responsible for this patterning are just beginning to be revealed. Furthermore, signals processed by different retinal circuits are relayed to specific, often distinct, brain regions. Thus, much work has focused on understanding the mechanisms that wire retinal axonal projections to their appropriate central targets. Here, we highlight recently discovered cellular and molecular mechanisms that together shape stereotypic wiring patterns along the visual pathway, from within the retina to the brain. Although some mechanisms are common across circuits, others play unconventional and circuit-specific roles. Indeed, the highly organized connectivity of the visual system has greatly facilitated the discovery of novel mechanisms that establish precise synaptic connections within the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195; ,
| | - Alex L Kolodkin
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205; ,
| | - Rachel O Wong
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195; ,
| | - Rebecca E James
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205; ,
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Ortiz G, Odom JV, Passaglia CL, Tzekov RT. Efferent influences on the bioelectrical activity of the retina in primates. Doc Ophthalmol 2016; 134:57-73. [PMID: 28032236 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-016-9567-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The existence of retinopetal (sometimes referred to as "efferent" or "centrifugal") axons in the mammalian optic nerve is a topic of long-standing debate. Opposition is fading as efferent innervation of the retina has now been widely documented in rodents and other animals. The existence and function of an efferent system in humans and non-human primates has not, though, been definitively established. Such a feedback pathway could have important functional, clinical, and experimental significance to the field of vision science and ophthalmology. METHODS Following a comprehensive literature review (PubMed and Google Scholar, until July 2016), we present evidence regarding a system that can influence the bioelectrical activity of the retina in primates. RESULTS Anatomical and physiological evidences are presented separately. Improvements in histological staining and the advent of retrograde nerve fiber tracers have allowed for more confidence in the identification of efferent optic nerve fibers, including back to their point of origin. CONCLUSION Even with the accumulation of more modern anatomical and physiological evidence, some limitations and uncertainties about crucial details regarding the origins and role of a top-down, efferent system still exist. However, the summary of the evidence from earlier and more modern studies makes a compelling case in support of such a system in humans and non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Ortiz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 21, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - J Vernon Odom
- Department of Ophthalmology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Christopher L Passaglia
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 21, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Radouil T Tzekov
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 21, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA. .,The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA.
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Involvement of P2X7 receptor in neuronal degeneration triggered by traumatic injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38499. [PMID: 27929040 PMCID: PMC5144087 DOI: 10.1038/srep38499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal injury is a common feature of central nervous system insults that culminates with the death of the affected neurons, and an irreversible loss of function. Inflammation is an important component of the neurodegenerative process, where the microglia plays an important role by releasing proinflammatory factors as well as clearing the death neurons by phagocytosis. Here we have identified the purinergic signaling through the P2X7 receptor as an important component for the neuronal death in a model of optic nerve axotomy. We have found that in P2X7 receptor deficient mice there is a delayed loss of retinal ganglion cells and a decrease of phagocytic microglia at early times points after axotomy. In contralateral to the axotomy retinas, P2X7 receptor controlled the numbers of phagocytic microglia, suggesting that extracellular ATP could act as a danger signal activating the P2X7 receptor in mediating the loss of neurons in contralateral retinas. Finally, we show that intravitreal administration of the selective P2X7 receptor antagonist A438079 also delays axotomy-induced retinal ganglion cell death in retinas from wild type mice. Thus, our work demonstrates that P2X7 receptor signaling is involved in neuronal cell death after axonal injury, being P2X7 receptor antagonism a potential therapeutic strategy.
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11
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Dillingham CM, Guggenheim JA, Erichsen JT. The effect of unilateral disruption of the centrifugal visual system on normal eye development in chicks raised under constant light conditions. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:1315-1330. [PMID: 27535408 PMCID: PMC5368197 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1279-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The centrifugal visual system (CVS) comprises a visually driven isthmic feedback projection to the retina. While its function has remained elusive, we have previously shown that, under otherwise normal conditions, unilateral disconnection of centrifugal neurons in the chick affected eye development, inducing a reduced rate of axial elongation that resulted in a unilateral hyperopia in the eye contralateral to the lesion. Here, we further investigate the role of centrifugal neurons in ocular development in chicks reared in an abnormal visual environment, namely constant light. The baseline ocular phenotype of constant light-reared chicks (n = 8) with intact centrifugal neurons was assessed over a 3-week post-hatch time period and, subsequently, compared to chicks raised in normal diurnal lighting (n = 8). Lesions of the isthmo-optic tract or sham surgeries were performed in another seventeen chicks, all raised under constant light. Ocular phenotyping was performed over a 21-day postoperative period to assess changes in refractive state (streak retinoscopy) and ocular component dimensions (A-scan ultrasonography). A pathway-tracing paradigm was employed to quantify lesion success. Chicks raised in constant light conditions with an intact CVS developed shallower anterior chambers combined with elongated vitreous chambers relative to chicks raised in normal diurnal lighting. Seven days following surgery to disrupt centrifugal neurons, a significant positive correlation between refractive error asymmetry between the eyes and lesion success was evident, characterized by hyperopia in the eye contralateral to the lesion. By 21 days post-surgery, these contralateral eyes had become emmetropic, while ipsilateral eyes had developed relative axial hyperopia. Our results provide further support for the hypothesis that the centrifugal visual system can modulate eye development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremy Andrew Guggenheim
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK
| | - Jonathan Thor Erichsen
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK.
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12
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Tang X, Tzekov R, Passaglia CL. Retinal cross talk in the mammalian visual system. J Neurophysiol 2016; 115:3018-29. [PMID: 26984426 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01137.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence and functional relevance of efferent optic nerve fibers in mammals have long been debated. While anatomical evidence for cortico-retinal and retino-retinal projections is substantial, physiological evidence is lacking, as efferent fibers are few in number and are severed in studies of excised retinal tissue. Here we show that interocular connections contribute to retinal bioelectrical activity in adult mammals. Full-field flash electroretinograms (ERGs) were recorded from one or both eyes of Brown-Norway rats under dark-adapted (n = 16) and light-adapted (n = 11) conditions. Flashes were confined to each eye by an opaque tube that blocked stray light. Monocular flashes evoked a small (5-15 μV) signal in the nonilluminated eye, which was named "crossed ERG" (xERG). The xERG began under dark-adapted conditions with a positive (xP1) wave that peaked at 70-90 ms and ended with slower negative (xN1) and positive (xP2) waves from 200 to 400 ms. xN1 was absent under light-adapted conditions. Injection of tetrodotoxin in either eye (n = 15) eliminated the xERG. Intraocular pressure elevation of the illuminated eye (n = 6) had the same effect. The treatments also altered the ERG b-wave in both eyes, and the alterations correlated with xERG disappearance. Optic nerve stimulation (n = 3) elicited a biphasic compound action potential in the nonstimulated nerve with 10- to 13-ms latency, implying that the xERG comes from slow-conducting (W type) fibers. Monocular dye application (n = 7) confirmed the presence of retino-retinal ganglion cells in adult rats. We conclude that mammalian eyes communicate directly with each other via a handful of optic nerve fibers. The cross talk alters retinal activity in rats, and perhaps other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Radouil Tzekov
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; and The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida
| | - Christopher L Passaglia
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; and
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Sapienza A, Raveu AL, Reboussin E, Roubeix C, Boucher C, Dégardin J, Godefroy D, Rostène W, Reaux-Le Goazigo A, Baudouin C, Melik Parsadaniantz S. Bilateral neuroinflammatory processes in visual pathways induced by unilateral ocular hypertension in the rat. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:44. [PMID: 26897546 PMCID: PMC4761202 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0509-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in the world. The major risk factor is elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) leading to progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death from the optic nerve (ON) to visual pathways in the brain. Glaucoma has been reported to share mechanisms with neurodegenerative disorders. We therefore hypothesize that neuroinflammatory mechanisms in central visual pathways may contribute to the spread of glaucoma disease. The aim of the present study was to analyze the neuroinflammation processes that occur from the pathological retina to the superior colliculi (SCs) in a rat model of unilateral ocular hypertension induced by episcleral vein cauterization (EVC). RESULTS Six weeks after unilateral (right eye) EVC in male Long-Evans rats, we evaluated both the neurodegenerative process and the neuroinflammatory state in visual pathway tissues. RGCs immunolabeled (Brn3a(+)) in ipsilateral whole flat-mounted retina demonstrated peripheral RGC loss associated with tissue macrophage/microglia activation (CD68(+)). Gene expression analysis of hypertensive and normotensive retinas revealed a significant increase of pro-inflammatory genes such as CCL2, IL-1β, and Nox2 mRNA expression compared to naïve eyes. Importantly, we found an upregulation of pro-inflammatory markers such as IL-1β and TNFα and astrocyte and tissue macrophage/microglia activation in hypertensive and normotensive RGC projection sites in the SCs compared to a naïve SC. To understand how neuroinflammation in the hypertensive retina is sufficient to damage both right and left SCs and the normotensive retina, we used an inflammatory model consisting in an unilateral stereotaxic injection of TNFα (25 ng/μl) in the right SC of naïve rats. Two weeks after TNFα injection, using an optomotor test, we observed that rats had visual deficiency in both eyes. Furthermore, both SCs showed an upregulation of genes and proteins for astrocytes, microglia, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, notably IL-1β. In addition, both retinas exhibited a significant increase of inflammatory markers compared to a naïve retina. CONCLUSIONS All these data evidence the complex role played by the SCs in the propagation of neuroinflammatory events induced by unilateral ocular hypertension and provide a new insight into the spread of neurodegenerative diseases such as glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Sapienza
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Laure Raveu
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Reboussin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Roubeix
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Céline Boucher
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Julie Dégardin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - David Godefroy
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - William Rostène
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Annabelle Reaux-Le Goazigo
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Baudouin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DHOS CIC, 28 rue de Charenton, 75012, Paris, France.,Department Ophthalmology, Hopital Ambroise Pare, AP HP, F-92100, Boulogne, France.,University Versailles St Quentin En Yvelines, F-78180, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Stéphane Melik Parsadaniantz
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France. .,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France. .,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.
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Nadal-Nicolás FM, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Salinas-Navarro M, Jiménez-López M, Vidal-Sanz M, Agudo-Barriuso M. Retino-retinal projection in juvenile and young adult rats and mice. Exp Eye Res 2015; 134:47-52. [PMID: 25797477 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Identification of retino-retinal projecting RGCs (ret-ret RGCs) has been accomplished by tracing RGCs in one retina after intravitreal injection of different tracers in the other eye. In mammals, rabbit and rat, ret-ret RGCs are scarce and more abundant in newborn than in adult animals. To our knowledge, ret-ret RGCs have not been studied in mice. Here we purpose to revisit the presence of ret-ret RGCs in juvenile and young adult rats and mice by using retrograde tracers applied to the contralateral optic nerve instead of intravitreally. In P20 (juvenile) and P60 (young adult) animals, the left optic nerve was intraorbitally transected and Fluorogold (rats) or its analogue OHSt (mice) were applied onto its distal stump. P20 animals were sacrificed 3 (mice) or 5 (rats) days later and adult animals at 5 (mice) or 7 (rats) days. Right retinas were dissected as flat-mounts and double immunodetected for Brn3a and melanopsin. Ret-ret RGCs were those with tracer accumulation in their somas. Out of them some expressed Brn3a and/or melanopsin, while other were negative for both markers. In young adult rats, we found 2 ret-ret RGCs displaced to the inner nuclear layer. In both species, ret-ret RGCs are quite scarce and found predominantly in the nasal retina. In juvenile animals there are significantly more ret-ret RGCs (9 ± 3, rats, 13 ± 3 mice) than in young adult ones (5 ± 6 rats, 7 ± 3 mice). Finally, juvenile and young adult mice have more ret-ret RGCs than rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Nadal-Nicolás
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain; Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - F J Valiente-Soriano
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain; Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Salinas-Navarro
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain; Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Jiménez-López
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain; Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Vidal-Sanz
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain; Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - M Agudo-Barriuso
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain; Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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