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Doskas T, Vadikolias K, Ntoskas K, Vavougios GD, Tsiptsios D, Stamati P, Liampas I, Siokas V, Messinis L, Nasios G, Dardiotis E. Neurocognitive Impairment and Social Cognition in Parkinson's Disease Patients. Neurol Int 2024; 16:432-449. [PMID: 38668129 PMCID: PMC11054167 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint16020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
In addition to motor symptoms, neurocognitive impairment (NCI) affects patients with prodromal Parkinson's disease (PD). NCI in PD ranges from subjective cognitive complaints to dementia. The purpose of this review is to present the available evidence of NCI in PD and highlight the heterogeneity of NCI phenotypes as well as the range of factors that contribute to NCI onset and progression. A review of publications related to NCI in PD up to March 2023 was performed using PubMed/Medline. There is an interconnection between the neurocognitive and motor symptoms of the disease, suggesting a common underlying pathophysiology as well as an interconnection between NCI and non-motor symptoms, such as mood disorders, which may contribute to confounding NCI. Motor and non-motor symptom evaluation could be used prognostically for NCI onset and progression in combination with imaging, laboratory, and genetic data. Additionally, the implications of NCI on the social cognition of afflicted patients warrant its prompt management. The etiology of NCI onset and its progression in PD is multifactorial and its effects are equally grave as the motor effects. This review highlights the importance of the prompt identification of subjective cognitive complaints in PD patients and NCI management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triantafyllos Doskas
- Department of Neurology, Athens Naval Hospital, 11521 Athens, Greece;
- Department of Neurology, General University Hospital of Alexandroupoli, 68100 Alexandroupoli, Greece; (K.V.); (D.T.)
| | - Konstantinos Vadikolias
- Department of Neurology, General University Hospital of Alexandroupoli, 68100 Alexandroupoli, Greece; (K.V.); (D.T.)
| | | | - George D. Vavougios
- Department of Neurology, Athens Naval Hospital, 11521 Athens, Greece;
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cyprus, 1678 Lefkosia, Cyprus
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tsiptsios
- Department of Neurology, General University Hospital of Alexandroupoli, 68100 Alexandroupoli, Greece; (K.V.); (D.T.)
| | - Polyxeni Stamati
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (P.S.); (I.L.); (V.S.); (E.D.)
| | - Ioannis Liampas
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (P.S.); (I.L.); (V.S.); (E.D.)
| | - Vasileios Siokas
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (P.S.); (I.L.); (V.S.); (E.D.)
| | - Lambros Messinis
- School of Psychology, Laboratory of Neuropsychology and Behavioural Neuroscience, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Grigorios Nasios
- Department of Speech and Language Therapy, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece;
| | - Efthimios Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (P.S.); (I.L.); (V.S.); (E.D.)
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He H, Zhang B, Wang X, Chen L. Knocking down GRAMD1C expression reduces 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2024; 13:tfae051. [PMID: 38638451 PMCID: PMC11023001 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfae051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim To explore the differential genes in Parkinson's disease (PD) through a preliminary GEO database, and to investigate the possible mechanisms. Materials and Methods The PD differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed by the microarray method. Then, these DEGs were applied to KEGG and GO analyses to predict the related signaling pathways and molecular functions. Comparison of GRAMD1C expression levels in the putamen of normal and Parkinson's patients by bioinformatic analysis. PC12 cells were cultured to construct a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced Parkinson's cell model. RT-qPCR was performed to detect the efficiency of GRAMD1C siRNA. MTT assay was conducted to examine the proliferation of cells. Then, the apoptosis of each group of cells was measured by flow cytometry. Western blot was carried out to determine the expression of apoptosis-related proteins. Results Through bioinformatics, GRAMD1C was confirmed to be one of the most significantly upregulated genes in PD. Furthermore, GRAMD1C was notably enhanced in the PD patients and 6-OHDA-induced PC12 cells. Besides, 6-OHDA stimulation significantly reduced PC12 cell proliferation, and it reverted with the GRAMD1C siRNA. Moreover, the flow cytometry results showed that knockdown of GRAMD1C could effectively reduce the high apoptosis rate of PC12 cells induced by 6-OHDA treatment. Similarly, western blot results found that 6-OHDA stimulation markedly increased the expression levels of Bax and Caspase 3Caspase 3 and decreased the Bcl-2 expression in PC12 cells, and GRAMD1C knockdown reversed these changes. Conclusion GRAMD1C is upregulated in PD, and may affect the PD process through the apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui He
- Department of Nursing, Health Higher Vocational and Technical School of Nantong, No. 288 revitalizing East Road, Nantong Economic Development Zone, Nantong, 226010, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Nursing, Health Higher Vocational and Technical School of Nantong, No. 288 revitalizing East Road, Nantong Economic Development Zone, Nantong, 226010, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Nantong Hospital of traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 41 Jianshe Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, 226010, China
| | - Lulu Chen
- Department of Nursing, Health Higher Vocational and Technical School of Nantong, No. 288 revitalizing East Road, Nantong Economic Development Zone, Nantong, 226010, China
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The Impact of SNCA Variations and Its Product Alpha-Synuclein on Non-Motor Features of Parkinson's Disease. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080804. [PMID: 34440548 PMCID: PMC8401994 DOI: 10.3390/life11080804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common and progressive neurodegenerative disease, caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta in the midbrain, which is clinically characterized by a constellation of motor and non-motor manifestations. The latter include hyposmia, constipation, depression, pain and, in later stages, cognitive decline and dysautonomia. The main pathological features of PD are neuronal loss and consequent accumulation of Lewy bodies (LB) in the surviving neurons. Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is the main component of LB, and α-syn aggregation and accumulation perpetuate neuronal degeneration. Mutations in the α-syn gene (SNCA) were the first genetic cause of PD to be identified. Generally, patients carrying SNCA mutations present early-onset parkinsonism with severe and early non-motor symptoms, including cognitive decline. Several SNCA polymorphisms were also identified, and some of them showed association with non-motor manifestations. The functional role of these polymorphisms is only partially understood. In this review we explore the contribution of SNCA and its product, α-syn, in predisposing to the non-motor manifestations of PD.
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Cahill CM, Aleyadeh R, Gao J, Wang C, Rogers JT. Alpha-Synuclein in Alcohol Use Disorder, Connections with Parkinson's Disease and Potential Therapeutic Role of 5' Untranslated Region-Directed Small Molecules. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1465. [PMID: 33096655 PMCID: PMC7589448 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) is a 140-amino acid (aa) protein encoded by the Synuclein alpha SNCA gene. It is the synaptic protein associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) and is the most highly expressed protein in the Lewy bodies associated with PD and other alpha synucleopathies, including Lewy body dementia (LBD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Iron deposits are present in the core of Lewy bodies, and there are reports suggesting that divalent metal ions including Cu2+ and Fe2+ enhance the aggregation of α-Syn. Differential expression of α-Syn is associated with alcohol use disorder (AUD), and specific genetic variants contribute to the risk for alcoholism, including alcohol craving. Spliced variants of α-Syn, leading to the expression of several shorter forms which are more prone to aggregation, are associated with both PD and AUD, and common transcript variants may be able to predict at-risk populations for some movement disorders or subtypes of PD, including secondary Parkinsonism. Both PD and AUD are associated with liver and brain iron dyshomeostasis. Research over the past decade has shown that α-Syn has iron import functions with an ability to oxidize the Fe3+ form of iron to Fe2+ to facilitate its entry into cells. Our prior research has identified an iron-responsive element (IRE) in the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) of α-Syn mRNA, and we have used the α-Syn 5'UTR to screen for small molecules that modulate its expression in the H4 neuronal cell line. These screens have led us to identify several interesting small molecules capable of both decreasing and increasing α-Syn expression and that may have the potential, together with the recently described mesenchymal stem cell therapies, to normalize α-Syn expression in different regions of the alcoholic and PD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. Cahill
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA;
| | | | - Jin Gao
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Qingdao 266011, China;
| | - Changning Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA;
| | - Jack T. Rogers
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA;
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Zhu XY, Wang HM, Wu TT, Liu T, Chen YJ, Li X, Chen TJ, Liu Y, Zhang XJ, Wang XX, Zhang Y, Ondo WG, Wu YC. SNCA-Rep1 polymorphism correlates with susceptibility and iron deficiency in restless legs syndrome. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 81:12-17. [PMID: 33035800 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain iron disequilibrium and dopaminergic dysfunction are key pathophysiological features of Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS). Rep1 polymorphism in the promotor region of SNCA is associated with risk of Parkinson's disease, however its association with RLS and iron status is unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate SNCA-Rep1 polymorphism in RLS and its phenotypes. METHODS We recruited RLS patients as well as age and gender matched healthy controls. Demographic information and clinical features of RLS were recorded. Laboratory examinations were performed to exclude possible secondary causes. RESULTS 215 RLS patients and 369 healthy controls were included. We found that the Rep1 allele 0 homozygosity significantly decreased RLS risk (OR: 0.345; P < 0.0001, and remained significant after the Bonferroni correction). Phenotypic analysis demonstrated that longer Rep1 alleles were associated with increased susceptibility to iron deficiency (53.0% vs 36.1%, P = 0.017), however had no phenotypic significant effects on age, gender, onset age, duration, RLS family history, severity, laterality, extra body involvement and seasonal fluctuation. Multivariate logistic regression analyses confirmed long Rep1 allele was associated with higher risk of iron deficiency in RLS after adjusting for potential confounding factors. In detail, Rep1 allele 2 homozygosity was prone to a higher risk of peripheral iron deficiency in RLS (OR: 4.550, P = 0.006, remained significant after the Bonferroni correction). CONCLUSION The SNCA-Rep1 variability modified RLS risk and influenced peripheral iron deficiency in this group of Chinese RLS patients. Rep1 allele 0 homozygosity decreased the risk of RLS, while homozygous allele 2 increased the risk of nonanemic iron deficiency in RLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ying Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, PR China
| | - Hong-Ming Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, PR China
| | - Ting-Ting Wu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, PR China
| | - Te Liu
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200031, PR China
| | - Ya-Jing Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, PR China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, PR China
| | - Tian-Jiao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, PR China
| | - Ye Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, PR China
| | - Xi-Xi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, PR China
| | - William G Ondo
- Department of Neurology, Methodist Neurological Institute, Weill Cornell Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yun-Cheng Wu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, PR China.
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Iakovenko EV, Abramycheva NY, Fedotova EY, Illarioshkin SN. The SNCA-Rep1 Polymorphic Locus: Association with the Risk of Parkinson's Disease and SNCA Gene Methylation. Acta Naturae 2020; 12:105-110. [PMID: 32742734 PMCID: PMC7385090 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.10956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease is characterized by the
accumulation of alpha-synuclein, a protein encoded by the SNCA
gene, in neurons. In addition to mutations, many polymorphisms have
been identified in this gene, and one of these is a dinucleotide
microsatellite: SNCA-Rep1. The mechanisms by
which specific configurations of SNCA-Rep1 may contribute to
the development of this disease have yet to be clarified. In our study, a
relationship between long SNCA-Rep1 alleles and
Parkinson’s was confirmed in the Russian population. Long allelic
variants of SNCA-Rep1 were shown to be associated with the
hypomethylation of the CpG-sites in intron 1 of the SNCA gene.
Long variants of SNCA-Rep1 are supposed to exert their effect
through the hypomethylation of a transcriptionally significant region of this
gene. Hypomethylation is usually associated with increased expression, which,
in turn, contributes to alpha-synuclein accumulation in neuronal cytoplasm,
with the latter being the main molecular marker of Parkinson’s disease.
Further studies are needed to establish a relationship between our finding and
SNCA gene expression.
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MicroRNAs: Game Changers in the Regulation of α-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2019; 2019:1743183. [PMID: 31191899 PMCID: PMC6525811 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1743183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. Its neuropathological hallmarks include neuronal loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the presence of Lewy bodies containing aggregates of α-synuclein (α-syn). An imbalance between the rates of α-syn synthesis, aggregation, and clearance can result in abnormal α-syn levels and contribute to the pathogenesis of PD. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous single-stranded noncoding RNAs (∼22 nucleotides) that have recently emerged as key posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. In this review, we summarize the functions of miRNAs that directly target α-syn. We also review miRNAs that indirectly impact α-syn levels or toxicity through different pathways, including those involved in the clearance of α-syn and neuroinflammation.
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