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Alberini CM. IGF2 in memory, neurodevelopmental disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:488-502. [PMID: 37031050 PMCID: PMC10192130 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) emerged as a critical mechanism of synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. Deficits in IGF2 in the brain, serum, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are associated with brain diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Increasing IGF2 levels enhances memory in healthy animals and reverses numerous symptoms in laboratory models of aging, neurodevelopmental disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. These effects occur via the IGF2 receptor (IGF2R) - a receptor that is highly expressed in neurons and regulates protein trafficking, synthesis, and degradation. Here, I summarize the current knowledge regarding IGF2 expression and functions in the brain, particularly in memory, and propose a novel conceptual model for IGF2/IGF2R mechanisms of action in brain health and diseases.
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Guo Y, Zhang K, Geng W, Chen B, Wang D, Wang Z, Tian W, Li H, Zhang Y, Jiang R, Li Z, Tian Y, Kang X, Liu X. Evolutionary analysis and functional characterization reveal the role of the insulin-like growth factor system in a diversified selection of chickens (Gallus gallus). Poult Sci 2022; 102:102411. [PMID: 36587453 PMCID: PMC9816805 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system plays an indispensable role in embryonic and postnatal development in mammals. However, the effects of the system on growth, carcass, and egg-laying traits, and diversified selection have not been systematically studied in chickens. In the present study, firstly the composition and gene structures of the chicken IGF system were investigated using phylogenetic tree and conserved synteny analysis. Then the effects of the genetic variations in the IGF system genes on breeding of specialized varieties were explored by principal component analysis. In addition, the spatiotemporal expression properties of the genes in this system were analyzed by RT-qPCR and the functions of the genes in egg production performance and growth were explored by association study. Moreover, the effects of IGF-binding proteins 3 (IGFBP3) on skeletal muscle development in chicken were investigated by cell cycle analysis, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays. The results showed that the chicken IGF system included 13 members which could be classified into 3 groups based on their amino acid sequences: IGF binding proteins 1 to 5 and 7 (IGFBP1-5 and 7) belonged to the first group; IGF 1 and 2 (IGF1 and IGF2), and IGF 1 and 2 receptor (IGF1R and IGF2R) belonged to the second group; and IGF2 binding proteins 1-3 (IGF2BP1-3) belonged to the third group. The IGF2BP1 and 3, and IGFBP2, 3, and 7 genes likely contributed more to the formation of both the specialized meat-type and egg-type lines, whereas IGFBP1 and 5 likely contributed more to the formation of the egg-type lines. The SNPs in the IGF2BP3 and IGFBP2 and 5 genes were significantly associated with egg number, and SNPs in the IGFBP3 promoter region were significantly associated with body weight, breast muscle weight and leg muscle weight. The IGFBP3 inhibited proliferation but promoted differentiation of chicken primary myoblasts (CPMs). These results provide insights into the roles of the IGF system in the diversified selection of chickens. The SNPs associated with egg-laying performance, growth, and carcass traits could be used as genetic markers for breeding selection of chickens in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Wanzhuo Geng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Botong Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Weihua Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Hong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China,Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China,International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yanhua Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China,Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China,International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ruirui Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China,Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China,International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhuanjian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China,Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China,International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yadong Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China,Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China,International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiangtao Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China,Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China,International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
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Finnell JE, Ferrario CR. Intra-NAc insulin reduces the motivation for food and food intake without altering cue-triggered food-seeking. Physiol Behav 2022; 254:113892. [PMID: 35753434 PMCID: PMC10583176 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Insulin receptors are expressed throughout the adult brain, and insulin from the periphery reaches the central nervous system. In humans and rodents, actions of insulin in the brain decrease food intake. Furthermore, insulin receptor activation alters dopamine and glutamate transmission within mesolimbic regions that influence food-seeking and feeding including the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Here we determined how intra-NAc insulin affects conditioned approach (a measure of cue-triggered food-seeking), free food intake, and the motivation to obtain food in hungry rats using Pavlovian and instrumental approaches. Intra-NAc insulin did not affect conditioned approach but did reduce home cage chow intake immediately following conditioned approach testing. Consistent with reduced chow intake, intra-NAc insulin also reduced the motivation to work for flavored food pellets (assessed by a progressive ratio procedure). This effect was partially reversed by insulin receptor blockade and was not driven by insulin-induced sickness or malaise. Taken together, these data show that insulin within the NAc does not alter behavioral responses to a food cue, but instead reduces the motivation to work for and consume food in hungry animals. These data are discussed in light of insulin's role in the regulation of feeding, and its dysregulation by obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Finnell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, United States
| | - Carrie R Ferrario
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, United States; Psychology Department (Biopsychology), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109, United States.
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