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Mojiri Z, Rouhani E, Akhavan A, Jokar Z, Alaei H. Non-invasive temporal interference brain stimulation reduces preference on morphine-induced conditioned place preference in rats. Sci Rep 2024; 14:21040. [PMID: 39251806 PMCID: PMC11385117 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-71841-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Long-term use of opioid drugs such as morphine can induce addiction in the central nervous system through dysregulation of the reward system of the brain. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a non-pharmacological technique capable of attenuating behavioral responses associated with opioid drug consumption and possesses the capability to selectively activate and target localized brain regions with a high spatial resolution. However, long-term implantation of electrodes in brain tissue may limit the effectiveness of DBS due to changes in impedance, position, and shape of the tip of the stimulation electrode and the risk of infection of nerve tissue around the implanted electrode. The main objective of the current study is to evaluate the effect of temporal interference (TI) brain stimulation on addictive behaviors of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats. TI stimulation is a non-invasive technique used transcranially to modulate neural activity within targeted brain regions. It involves applying two high-frequency currents with slightly different frequencies, resulting in interference and targeted stimulation of different brain areas with the desired spatial resolution. The results indicated that TI stimulation with the amplitude ofI 1 = I 2 = 0.5 mA, carrier frequency of 2 kHz, frequency difference of 25 Hz, ON-OFF stimulation frequency of 0.25 Hz, and total duration of 10 min in three consecutive days resulted in a significant reduction of morphine preference in the morphine-stimulation group in comparison with the morphine group (p < 0.001). These findings highlight the potential of TI stimulation as a modulatory intervention in mitigating the addictive properties of morphine and provide valuable insights into the therapeutic implications of this stimulation paradigm for treatment of opioid drugs in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohre Mojiri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Ehsan Rouhani
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Amir Akhavan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Zahra Jokar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hojjatallah Alaei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Jokar Z, Khatamsaz S, Alaei H, Shariati M. The electrical stimulation of the central nucleus of the amygdala in combination with dopamine receptor antagonist reduces the acquisition phase of morphine-induced conditioned place preference in male rat. Res Pharm Sci 2023; 18:430-438. [PMID: 37614617 PMCID: PMC10443671 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.378089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) is one of the nuclei involved in the reward system. The aim of the current study was to investigate the electrical stimulation (e-stim) effect of the CeA in combination with dopamine D1 receptor antagonist on morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in male rats. Experimental approach A 5-day procedure of CPP was used in this study. Morphine was administered at an effective dose of 5 mg/kg, and SCH23390 as a selective D1 receptor antagonist was administrated into the CeA. In addition, the CeA was stimulated with an intensity of the current of 150 μA. Finally, the dependence on morphine was evaluated in all experimental groups. Findings/Results Morphine significantly increased CPP. While the blockade of the D1 receptor of the CeA reduced the acquisition phase of morphine-induced CPP. Moreover, the combination of D1 receptor antagonist and e-stim suppressed morphine-induced CPP, even it induced an aversion. Conclusion and implication The current study suggests that the administration of dopamine D1 receptor antagonist into the CeA in combination with e-stim could play a prominent role in morphine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Jokar
- Department of Biology, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran
| | - Saeed Khatamsaz
- Department of Biology, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran
| | - Hojjatallah Alaei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Shariati
- Department of Biology, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran
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Amohashemi E, Reisi P, Alaei HA. Low Current Intensity Plus an Ineffective Dose of Morphine Affect Conditioning Place Preference Through Different Pathways in the Lateral Habenula. Adv Biomed Res 2023; 12:161. [PMID: 37564447 PMCID: PMC10410425 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_126_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The involvement of lateral habenula and the ineffective dose of morphine on reward-related learning and memory is less well-known. This study looked into the effects of electrical stimulation, GABAB receptor blockade, and a combination of both with morphine on conditioned place preference. Materials and Methods In this experiment, male rats were anesthetized with ketamine/xylazine (six rats in each group). A 5-day biased conditioned place preference paradigm was used for the behavioral test. The effects of electrical stimulation and phaclofen plus a low dose of morphine on the acquisition and expression phases were examined during conditioning sessions and before the test phase, respectively. Results The conditioning scores were reduced by antagonist injection during the acquisition phase. Interestingly, different intensities exhibited opposite effects on the acquisition phase. Conditioned place preference scores during the acquisition phase were significantly induced by 25 μA electrical stimulation, while conditioning scores were suppressed by electrical stimulation at 150 μA. Phaclofen (2 μg/rat) combined with high intensity induced aversion during the acquisition phase, while inhibiting expression. In contrast, high intensity with phaclofen (1 μg/rat) inhibited only the acquisition session. However, low intensity during the acquisition phase had an additive effect that was prevented by pretreatment with phaclofen (2 μg/rat), but this response was modified by the antagonist's low dose. Conclusions A behavioral technique called conditioned place preference is frequently used to evaluate learning that is related to rewards. Therefore, lateral habenula electrical stimulation and phaclofen plus morphine could affect place preference through the involvement of the reward system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Amohashemi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Parham Reisi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hojjat Allah Alaei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Deep brain stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus to block morphine reward: Does the intensity of stimulation matter? Behav Brain Res 2023; 437:114159. [PMID: 36241071 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that high-frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) prevents morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats. However, our previous study demonstrated that the application of DBS at 150 µA did not block morphine CPP in all rats. Here, we investigated the possibility to completely block morphine CPP by increasing the intensity of LH DBS. Morphine reward was assessed by the CPP paradigm in male Wistar rats. DBS was applied in the LH during the conditioning trials with morphine (5 mg/kg, S.C.) at 130 Hz pulse frequency, 100 µs pulse duration, and either 150 µA or 200 µA pulse amplitude. Results showed that repeated morphine injections produced a robust CPP that was blocked partially by DBS at 150 µA and completely by DBS at 200 µA. Response rate was 47% with 150-µA and 100% with 200-µA stimulation. DBS treatment was not associated with changes in motor activity. In conclusion, the development of morphine reward was modulated by LH DBS in an intensity-dependent manner.
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Amohashemi E, Alaei H, Reisi P. Effects of GABA B receptor blockade on lateral habenula glutamatergic neuron activity following morphine injection in the rat: an electrophysiological study. Res Pharm Sci 2023; 18:16-23. [PMID: 36846735 PMCID: PMC9951782 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.363592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose The lateral habenula (LHb), a key area in the regulation of the reward system, exerts a major influence on midbrain neurons. It has been shown that the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)- ergic system plays the main role in morphine dependency. The role of GABA type B receptors (GABABRs) in the regulation of LHb neural activity in response to morphine, remains unknown. In this study, the effect of GABABRs blockade in response to morphine was assessed on the neuronal activity in the LHb. Experimental approach The baseline firing rate was recorded for 15 min, then morphine (5 mg/kg; s.c) and phaclofen (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 μg/rat), a GABABRs' antagonist, were microinjected into the LHb. Their effects on firing LHb neurons were investigated using an extracellular single-unit recording in male rats. Findings/Results The results revealed that morphine decreased neuronal activity, and GABABRs blockade alone did not have any effect on the neuronal activity of the LHb. A low dose of the antagonist had no significant effect on neuronal firing rate, while blockade with doses of 1 and 2 μg/rat of the antagonist could significantly prevent the inhibitory effects of morphine on the LHb neuronal activity. Conclusion and implications This result indicated that GABABRs have a potential modulator effect, in response to morphine in the LHb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Amohashemi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Hojjatallah Alaei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Parham Reisi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
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Shahidani S, Jokar Z, Alaei H, Reisi P. Effects of treadmill exercise and chronic stress on anxiety-like behavior, neuronal activity, and oxidative stress in basolateral amygdala in morphine-treated rats. Synapse 2023; 77:e22256. [PMID: 36200789 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The basolateral amygdala (BLA), which is sensitive to stress, is necessary for reward-seeking behavior and addiction. Regular exercise can produce various positive effects by affecting the BLA. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of chronic stress and treadmill running (TR) on anxiety-like behavior, neuronal activity, lipid peroxidation (measured by malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, a marker for oxidative stress), and total thiol in BLA, in morphine-treated rats. Male Wistar rats were restricted in restraint stress and/or ran on the treadmill and treated with morphine (5 mg/kg) for 21 days. Anxiety-like behavior was evaluated using an elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field tests (OFTs), on day 22. On day 23, neuronal activity in BLA was assessed via single-unit recording. Finally, MDA and total thiol were assessed in BLA. Our results showed that chronic administration of morphine (5 mg/kg) did not affect anxiety-like behavior. However, the morphine-treated rats, subjected to chronic stress and exercise, showed fewer anxiety-like behaviors. Morphine increased BLA's MDA levels but it was prevented by TR. Glutamatergic and GABAergic basal neuronal activities were low in morphine-treated rats but after acute morphine application, there was a significant decrease in GABAergic neuronal activities in the morphine-exercise-stress (Mor-Exe-St) group. The results of this study showed that in morphine-treated rats, stress and exercise or their combination could have either co-directional or opposite effects to the chronic effects of morphine. These results indicate the existence of common pathways similar to endogenous opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Shahidani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Jokar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hojjatallah Alaei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Parham Reisi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Gao Y, Liu X, Pan M, Zeng D, Zhou X, Tsunoda M, Zhang Y, Xie X, Wang R, Hu W, Li L, Yang H, Song Y. Integrated untargeted fecal metabolomics and gut microbiota strategy for screening potential biomarkers associated with schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 156:628-638. [PMID: 36375230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a serious neurodevelopmental disorder. As the etiology of SZ is complex and the pathogenesis is not thoroughly understood, the diagnosis of different subtypes still depends on the subjective judgment of doctors. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop early objective laboratory diagnostic biomarkers to screen different subtypes of patients as early as possible, and to implement targeted prevention and precision medicine to reduce the risk of SZ and improve patients' quality of life. In this study, untargeted metabolomics and 16S rDNA sequencing were used to analyze the differences in metabolites and gut microflora among 28 patients with two types of schizophrenia and 11 healthy subjects. The results showed that the metabolome and sequencing data could effectively discriminate among paranoid schizophrenia patients, undifferentiated schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. We obtained 65 metabolites and 76 microorganisms with significant changes, and fecal metabolite composition was significantly correlated with the differential genera (|r|>0.5), indicating that there was a regulatory relationship between the gut microbiota and the host metabolites. The gut microbiome, as an objective and measurable index, showed good diagnostic value for distinguishing schizophrenia patients from healthy people, especially with a combination of several differential microorganisms, which had the best diagnostic effect (AUC>0.9). Our results are conducive to understanding the complicated metabolic changes in SZ patients and providing valuable information for the clinical diagnosis of SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Xianglai Liu
- Hainan Provincial Anning Hospital, Haikou, 571100, China
| | - Mingyu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Debin Zeng
- Hainan Provincial Anning Hospital, Haikou, 571100, China
| | - Xiying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Makoto Tsunoda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yingxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Xi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Wenting Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Lushuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
| | - Haimei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
| | - Yanting Song
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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Involvement of AMPA receptors of lateral habenula in the expression and acquisition phases of morphine-induced place preference. Brain Res 2022; 1798:148150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Involvement of GABAA receptors of lateral habenula in the acquisition and expression phases of morphine-induced place preference in male rats. Behav Pharmacol 2022; 33:452-465. [PMID: 36148835 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The lateral habenula (LHb) is a critical brain structure involved in the aversive response to drug abuse. It has been determined that the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic system plays the main role in morphine dependency. The role of GABA type A receptors (GABAARs) in LHb on morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) remains unknown. In this study, the effect of bilateral intra-LHb microinjection of GABAAR agonist and antagonist on the acquisition and expression phases of CPP, utilizing a 5-day CPP paradigm in male rats, was evaluated. Subcutaneous administration of different doses of morphine caused a dose-dependent CPP. Intra-LHb microinjection of the GABAAR agonist, muscimol, in combination with morphine (5 mg/kg; subcutaneously) enhanced CPP scores in the acquisition phase of morphine CPP, whereas the GABAAR antagonist, bicuculline, significantly reduced the conditioning scores in the acquisition phase. Furthermore, pretreatment with a high dose of bicuculline reversed the additive effect of muscimol during the acquisition phase, yet the low dose of antagonist had no significant effect on agonist-induced CPP scores. On the other hand, muscimol (3 µg/rat) significantly increased CPP scores in the expression phase but bicuculline did not induce a significant effect on CPP scores. Bicuculline and muscimol microinjections did not affect locomotor activity in the testing sessions. Our results confirm that GABAARs in LHb play an active role in morphine reward. In addition, microinjections of bicuculline/muscimol may alter the morphine response through the GABAergic system.
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Rezaei Z, Alaei H, Reisi P. Effects of electrical stimulation and temporary inactivation of basolateral amygdala on morphine-induced conditioned place preference in rats. Neurosci Lett 2022; 774:136519. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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