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Xiao T, Yu X, Tao J, Yang L, Duan X. Metabolomics-Based Study of the Protective Effect of 4-Hydroxybenzyl Alcohol on Ischemic Astrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9907. [PMID: 39337395 PMCID: PMC11432256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25189907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2024] [Revised: 09/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a common and dangerous disease in clinical practice. Astrocytes (ASs) are essential for maintaining the metabolic balance of the affected regions during the disease process. 4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol (4HBA) from Gastrodia elata Bl. has potential neuroprotective properties due to its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. In an in vitro experiment, we replicated the oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation model, and used methyl thiazoly tertrazolium, flow cytometry, kits, and other technical means to clarify the protective effect of 4HBA on primary ASs. In in vivo experiments, the 2VO model was replicated, and immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry techniques were used to clarify the protective effect of 4HBA on ASs and the maintenance of the blood-brain barrier. Differential metabolites and related pathways were screened and verified using metabolomics analysis and western blot. 4HBA noticeably amplified AS cell survival, reduced mitochondrial dysfunction, and mitigated oxidative stress. It demonstrated a protective effect on ASs in both environments and was instrumental in stabilizing the blood-brain barrier. Metabolomic data indicated that 4HBA regulated nucleic acid and glutathione metabolism, influencing purines, pyrimidines, and amino acids, and it activated the N-methyl-D-aspartate/p-cAMP-response element binding protein/brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling pathway via N-methyl-D-aspartate R1/N-methyl-D-aspartate 2C receptors. Our findings suggest that 4HBA is a potent neuroprotective agent against ischemic stroke, enhancing AS cell survival and function while stabilizing the blood-brain barrier. The N-methyl-D-aspartate/p-cAMP-response element binding protein/brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling pathway is activated by 4HBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xiao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Dai and Yi Medicines, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xingzhi Yu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Dai and Yi Medicines, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jie Tao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Dai and Yi Medicines, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Liping Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Dai and Yi Medicines, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiaohua Duan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Dai and Yi Medicines, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
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Functions and mechanisms of protein disulfide isomerase family in cancer emergence. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:129. [PMID: 35965326 PMCID: PMC9375924 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00868-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multi-layered organelle that is essential for the synthesis, folding, and structural maturation of almost one-third of the cellular proteome. It houses several resident proteins for these functions including the 21 members of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family. The signature of proteins belonging to this family is the presence of the thioredoxin domain which mediates the formation, and rearrangement of disulfide bonds of substrate proteins in the ER. This process is crucial not only for the proper folding of ER substrates but also for maintaining a balanced ER proteostasis. The inclusion of new PDI members with a wide variety of structural determinants, size and enzymatic activity has brought additional epitomes of how PDI functions. Notably, some of them do not carry the thioredoxin domain and others have roles outside the ER. This also reflects that PDIs may have specialized functions and their functions are not limited within the ER. Large-scale expression datasets of human clinical samples have identified that the expression of PDI members is elevated in pathophysiological states like cancer. Subsequent functional interrogations using structural, molecular, cellular, and animal models suggest that some PDI members support the survival, progression, and metastasis of several cancer types. Herein, we review recent research advances on PDIs, vis-à-vis their expression, functions, and molecular mechanisms in supporting cancer growth with special emphasis on the anterior gradient (AGR) subfamily. Last, we posit the relevance and therapeutic strategies in targeting the PDIs in cancer.
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Wang Y, Zhang M, Zhou X, Xu C, Zhu C, Yuan Y, Chen N, Yang Y, Guo Q, Shi J. Insight into Medicinal Chemistry Behind Traditional Chinese Medicines: p-Hydroxybenzyl Alcohol-Derived Dimers and Trimers from Gastrodia elata. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2021; 11:31-50. [PMID: 32761444 PMCID: PMC7933327 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-020-00258-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
From an aqueous extract of "tian ma" (the steamed and dried rhizomes of Gastrodia elata), ten new compounds gastrodibenzins A-D (1-4) and gastrotribenzins A-F (5-10), along with known analogues (11-20), having structure features coupling between two and three p-hydroxybenzyl-derived units via carbon- and/or ether-bonds, were isolated and characterized by spectroscopic data analysis. Meanwhile, the new compounds 5a, 6a, 8a, 22, and 23, as well as the known derivatives 13a, 14a, 15, 17-21, 24, 25, and p-hydroxybenzyl aldehyde were isolated and identified from a refluxed aqueous solution of p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol. Methylation of 5a and 6a in methanol and ethylation of 6a, 8a, 13a, and 14a in ethanol produced 5 and 6 and 7, 8, 13, and 14, respectively. using ultra-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRESIMS) analysis of the refluxed solutions of p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol and the refluxed extracts of the fresh G. elata rhizome and "tian ma" extracts indicated consistent production and variation of the dimeric and trimeric derivatives of p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol upon extracting solvents and refluxing time. In various assays, the dimeric and trimeric derivatives showed more potent activities than p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol itself and gastrodin, which are the main known active constituents of "tian ma". These results revealed for the first time that the more effective dimers and trimers can be produced through condensation of the co-occurring p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol during processing and decocting of the G. elata rhizomes, demonstrating insights into medicinal chemistry behind application protocols of traditional Chinese medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Xue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Chengbo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Chenggen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Yuhe Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Naihong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Yongchun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Qinglan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Jiangong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
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Peñaloza Atuesta GC, Murillo Arango W, Eras J, Oliveros DF, Méndez Arteaga JJ. Rice-Associated Rhizobacteria as a Source of Secondary Metabolites against Burkholderia glumae. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112567. [PMID: 32486494 PMCID: PMC7321088 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Various diseases, including bacterial panicle blight (BPB) and sheath rot, threaten rice production. It has been established that Burkholderia glumae (B. glumae) is the causative agent of the above mentioned pathologies. In the present study, antagonistic activity, growth promotion, and the metabolite profiles of two rhizobacteria, isolated in different paddy fields, were assessed against B. glumae. Strains were identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, and the phylogenetic analyses showed that both strains belong to the genus Enterobacter, with high similarity to the strain Enterobacter tabaci NR146667.2 (99%). The antagonistic activity was assessed with the disc diffusion method. Active fractions were isolated through a liquid/liquid extraction with ethyl acetate (EtOAc) from the fermentation media, and their antibacterial activities were evaluated following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. The Pikovskaya modified medium was used to test the ability of in vitro inorganic phosphorus solubilization, and BSB1 proved to be the best inorganic phosphorus solubilizer, with a solubilization index (SI) of 4.5 ± 0.2. The glass-column fractionation of the EtOAc extracted from BCB11 produced an active fraction (25.9 mg) that inhibited the growth of five B. glumae strains by 85-95%. Further, metabolomic analysis, based on GC-MS, showed 3-phenylpropanoic acid (3-PPA) to be the main compound both in this fraction (46.7%), and in the BSB1 extract (28.6%). This compound showed antibacterial activity against all five strains of B. glumae with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1000 mg/L towards all of them. The results showed that rice rhizosphere microorganisms are a source of compounds that inhibit B. glumae growth and are promising plant growth promoters (PGP).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walter Murillo Arango
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tolima, Ibagué 730006299, Colombia
| | - Jordi Eras
- Chemistry Department, Scientific Technical Services-TCEM, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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Luo L, Kim SW, Lee HK, Kim ID, Lee H, Lee JK. Anti-Zn 2+-Toxicity of 4-Hydroxybenzyl Alcohol in Astrocytes and Neurons Contribute to a Robust Neuroprotective Effects in the Postischemic Brain. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 38:615-626. [PMID: 28608001 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0508-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol (4-HBA) is an important phenolic constituent of Gastrodia elata (GE) Blume, which is used as a traditional herbal medicine in East Asia. Many activities have been reported to underlie the beneficial effects of 4-HBA in brain, such as, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-excitotoxic, and anti-apoptotic effects in neurons and microglia. Here, the authors demonstrate the robust neuroprotective effects of 4-HBA in rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of stroke, and showed anti-Zn2+ toxicity in neurons and astrocytes as a molecular mechanism contributing to these effects. Intraperitoneal administration of 4-HBA (20 mg/kg) in Sprague-Dawley rats 1 h after MCAO reduced infarct volumes to 27.1 ± 9.2% of that of MCAO controls and significantly ameliorated motor impairments and neurological deficits. Significant suppressions of Zn2+-induced cell death, ROS generation, and PARP-1 induction by 4-HBA were observed in primary cortical cultures. 4-HBA also protected astrocytes from Zn2+-induced toxicity and suppressing ROS generation by employing slightly different molecular mechanisms, i.e., suppressing PARP-1 induction and NAD depletion under acute Zn2+-treatment and suppressing p67 NADPH oxidase subunit induction under chronic Zn2+-treatment. Results indicate that the protective effects of 4-HBA against Zn2+-toxicity in neurons and astrocytes contribute to its robust neuroprotective effects in the postischemic brain. Considering the pleiotropic effects of 4-HBA, which have been reported in previous reports and added in the present study, it has therapeutic potential for the amelioration of ischemic brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Luo
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Nam-Gu Inharo 100, Inchon, 22212, Republic of Korea
- Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea
- Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Nam-Gu Inharo 100, Inchon, 22212, Republic of Korea
- Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Doo Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Nam-Gu Inharo 100, Inchon, 22212, Republic of Korea
- Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hahnbie Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Nam-Gu Inharo 100, Inchon, 22212, Republic of Korea
- Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Nam-Gu Inharo 100, Inchon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
- Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea.
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Lee K, Joo H, Sun M, Kim M, Kim B, Lee BJ, Cho JH, Jung JY, Park JW, Bu Y. Review on the characteristics of liver-pacifying medicinal in relation to the treatment of stroke: from scientific evidence to traditional medical theory. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zhu HY, Zhang D, Zhang Q, Zhao Y, He ZM, Gao YG, Zhang LX. 4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol derivatives and their sedative–hypnotic activities. RSC Adv 2018; 8:19539-19550. [PMID: 35540981 PMCID: PMC9080670 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01972j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA), one of the characteristic active components of Gastrodia elata, exhibits obvious effects on the human central nervous system. In order to acquire compounds with superior bioactivity, 10 derivatives of HBA were synthesized from HBA and carboxylic acids. The sedative effects of the 10 HBA derivatives were evaluated using a spontaneous locomotor activity test (SLT) in mice, and their hypnotic effects were determined to be synergistic with pentobarbital-induced sleep. The results showed that 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol 3-furancarboxylic acid diester (2FHBA, 10 mg kg−1) exhibited the strongest sedative–hypnotic activity among HBA and its derivatives, and 2FHBA could reverse the insomnia caused by p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA), flumazenil (FLU) and thiosemicarbazide (TSC). Meanwhile, 2FHBA and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) showed a synergistic effect. The results suggested that 2FHBA might be a potential agent against insomnia, which might be mediated by the serotonergic and GABAergic systems. 2FHBA, a derivative of HBA, exerts sedative and hypnotic effects through the serotonergic and GABAergic systems.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-yan Zhu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- China
| | - Di Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- China
| | - Qi Zhang
- The Fiftieth Middle School of Daqing
- Daqing 163000
- China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- China
| | - Zhong-mei He
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- China
| | - Yu-gang Gao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- China
| | - Lian-xue Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- China
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Protective Effect of 4-Methoxy Benzyl Alcohol on the Blood–Brain Barrier after Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2017; 26:1258-1265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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Anti-oxidative effects of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol in astrocytes confer protective effects in autocrine and paracrine manners. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177322. [PMID: 28489907 PMCID: PMC5425201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol (4-HBA) is an important phenolic constituent of Gastrodia elata Blume (GEB), a traditional herbal medicine used in East Asia. Many activities have been reported to underlie the beneficial effects of 4-HBA in the brain, and in particular, its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-zinc-toxic effects have been implicated in the postischemic brain. Here, the authors investigated the anti-oxidative effect of 4-HBA on astrocytes and sought to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms involved. 4-HBA dose-dependently suppressed H2O2-induced astrocyte cell death. More specifically, pre-incubation of C6 cells (an astrocyte cell line) with 100 μM 4-HBA for 6 hrs increased survival when cells were treated with H2O2 (100 μM, 1 hr) from 54.2±0.7% to 85.9±1.5%. In addition, 4-HBA was found to up-regulate and activate Nrf2, and subsequently, to induce the expressions of several anti-oxidative genes, such as, HO-1, NQO1, and GCLM. Notably, HO-1 was induced by 3.4-fold in 4-HBA-treated C6 cells, and siRNA-mediated HO-1 knockdown demonstrated that Nrf2 activation and HO-1 induction were responsible for the observed cytoprotective effect of 4-HBA. ERK and Akt signaling pathways were activated by 4-HBA in C6 cells, suggesting their involvements in protective effect of 4-HBA. In addition, 4-HBA-conditioned astrocyte culture medium was found to have neuroprotective effects on primary neuronal cultures or fresh C6 cells exposed to oxidative stress, and these effects seemed to be mediated by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which both accumulated in 4-HBA-treated astrocyte culture media. Thus, the 4-HBA-mediated activation of Nrf2 and induction of HO-1 in astrocytes were found to act via autocrine and paracrine mechanisms to confer protective effects. Furthermore, given the pleiotropic effects of 4-HBA with respect to its targeting of various brain cell types and functions, it would appear that 4-HBA has therapeutic potential for the prevention and amelioration of various brain diseases.
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Wang X, Asghar M. Protein disulfide isomerase regulates renal AT 1 receptor function and blood pressure in rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F461-F466. [PMID: 28468966 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00580.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role and mechanism of renal protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) in blood pressure regulation has not been tested before. Here, we test this possibility in Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were treated with PDI inhibitor bacitracin (100 mg·kg-1 ip·day-1 for 14 days), and then blood pressure and renal angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor function were determined in anesthetized rats. Renal AT1 receptor function was determined as the ability of candesartan (an AT1 receptor blocker) to increase diuresis and natriuresis. A second set of vehicle- and bacitracin-treated rats was used to determine biochemical parameters. Systolic blood pressure as well as diastolic blood pressure increased in bacitracin-treated compared with vehicle-treated rats. Compared with vehicle, bacitracin-treated rats showed increased diuresis and natriuresis in response to candesartan (10-µg iv bolus dose) suggesting higher AT1 receptor function in these rats. These were associated with higher renin activities in the plasma and renal tissues. Furthermore, urinary 8-isoprostane and kidney injury molecule-1 levels were higher and urinary antioxidant capacity was lower in bacitracin-treated rats. Renal protein carbonyl and nitrotyrosine levels also were higher in bacitracin- compared with vehicle-treated rats, suggesting oxidative stress burden in bacitracin-treated rats. Moreover, PDI activity decreased and its protein levels increased in renal tissues of bacitracin-treated rats. Also, nuclear levels of Nrf2 transcription factor, which regulates redox homeostasis, were decreased in bacitracin-treated rats. Furthermore, tissue levels of Keap1, an Nrf2 inhibitory molecule, and tyrosine 216-phosphorylated GSK3β protein, an Nrf2 nuclear export protein, were increased in bacitracin-treated rats. These results suggest that renal PDI by regulating Keap1-Nrf2 pathway acts as an antioxidant, maintaining redox balance, renal AT1 receptor function, and blood pressure in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitao Wang
- Heart and Kidney Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Mohammad Asghar
- Heart and Kidney Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
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Matias M, Silvestre S, Falcão A, Alves G. Gastrodia elata and epilepsy: Rationale and therapeutic potential. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:1511-1526. [PMID: 27765372 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrodia elata Blume (G. elata) is a traditional Chinese herb used for centuries in folk medicine. Due to the claimed anticonvulsant properties of G. elata, it is expected that this herb continues to be a target of research, aiming to deepen the available knowledge on its biological activity and safety. PURPOSE The current review aims to discuss the most recent advances on the elucidation of the phytochemical composition and anticonvulsant potential of G. elata. METHODS Available literature was reviewed from PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge and Science Direct, using combinations of the following keywords: Gastrodia elata, tianma, epilepsy, anticonvulsant and pharmacokinetics. Abstracts and full texts were evaluated for their clarity and scientific merit. RESULTS G. elata rhizome, as well as specific phenolic compounds isolated from this herb, have demonstrated anticonvulsant potential in a variety of in vitro and in vivo models. The pharmacological mechanisms potentially involved in the anticonvulsant activity have been extensively studied, being similar to the known mechanisms claimed for the available antiepileptic drugs. In addition, the pharmacokinetics of the main bioactive component of G. elata (gastrodin) has also been studied. CONCLUSION Due to its recognised therapeutic properties, G. elata has gained an increasing interest within the scientific community and, therefore, new medicinal preparations containing G. elata rhizome itself or its bioactive components are expected to be developed in the coming years. Moreover, specific phytochemical constituents isolated from G. elata may also be considered to integrate programs of discovery and development of new anticonvulsant drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Matias
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d'Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Samuel Silvestre
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d'Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Alves
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d'Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Zhan HD, Zhou HY, Sui YP, Du XL, Wang WH, Dai L, Sui F, Huo HR, Jiang TL. The rhizome of Gastrodia elata Blume - An ethnopharmacological review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 189:361-85. [PMID: 27377337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae) is commonly called Tian ma in Chinese and mainly distributed in the mountainous areas of eastern Asia, such as China, Korea, Japan and India. It is an extensively used traditional Chinese herbal medicine in the clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine, to treat headache, migraine, dizziness, epilepsy, infantile convulsion, tetany and so on. The present paper reviews the advancements in investigation of botany and ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and quality control of Gastrodia elata Blume. Finally, the possible tendency and perspective for future investigation of this plant are also put forward. MATERIALS AND METHODS The information on Gastrodia elata Blume was collected via piles of resources including classic books about Chinese herbal medicine, and scientific databases including Pubmed, Google Scholar, ACS, Web of science, ScienceDirect databases, CNKI and others. Plant taxonomy was validated by the databases "The Plant List", and "Mansfeld's Encyclopedia". RESULTS Over 81 compounds from this plant have been isolated and identified, phenolics and polysaccharides are generally considered as the characteristic and active constituents of Gastrodia elata Blume. Its active compounds possess wide-reaching biological activities, including sedative, hypnotic, antiepileptic, anticonvulsive, antianxietic, antidepressant, neuroprotective, antipsychotic, anti-vertigo, circulatory system modulating, anti-inflammationary, analgesic, antioxidative, memory-improving and antiaging, antivirus and antitumor effects. CONCLUSION Despite the publication of various papers on Gastrodia elata Blume, there is still, however, the need for definitive research and clarification of other bioactive compounds using bioactivity-guided isolation strategies, and the possible mechanism of action as well as potential synergistic or antagonistic effects of multi-component mixtures derived from Gastrodia elata Blume need to be evaluated. It is also necessary and important to do more quality control and toxicological study on human subjects in order to maintain its efficacy stable in the body and validate its safety in clinical uses. In addition, more investigations on other parts of this plant beyond the tubers are needed. Further studies on Gastrodia elata Blume will lead to the development of new drugs and therapeutics for various diseases, and how to utilize it better should be paid more attention to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Dan Zhan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Hai-Yu Zhou
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yun-Peng Sui
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xin-Liang Du
- Graduate School of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Wei-Hao Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Li Dai
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Feng Sui
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Hai-Ru Huo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Ting-Liang Jiang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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13
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He F, Duan X, Dai R, Wang W, Yang C, Lin Q. PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACTION FROM GASTRODIA ELATA BLUME ON BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER IN FOCAL CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA REPERFUSION. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES 2016; 13:199-209. [PMID: 28852737 PMCID: PMC5566145 DOI: 10.21010/ajtcam.v13i4.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background: Damage of the blood brain barrier (BBB) during the process of cerebral ischemic injury is a key factor which influences the therapeutic efficacy to the cerebral ischemic injury. The present study was designed to verify the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extraction from Gastrodia elata Blume (GEB) on the BBB by developing a model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Material and methods: MCAO/R model in rats was developed through a thread embolism method. The neurological scales, the moisture and the evans blue (EB) contents of brains were detected. Meanwhile, the release of nitric oxide (NO) and activities of NO synthase (NOS) in brain tissues were measured. Western blotting analyses were also performed to assess the protein expressions of AQP-4, Occludin and Claudin-5 in brain tissue. Results: After rats were pretreated with different concentrations of EtOAc extractions from GEB, the neurologic scores, the EB contents in the brain tissues and the moisture of the brains were significantly decreased. Meanwhile, the release of NO, the activities of nNOS and iNOS were notably inhibited. Furthemore, the protein expression of AQP-4 was markedly decreased, but the protein expressions of -5 and Occludin were significantly increased. Conclusion: the EtOAc extracts of GEB may decrease the permeability of BBB when focal cerebral ischemia occurs. The inhibition of the NOS pathways, the attenuation of the protein expression of AQP-4 and the enhancement of the expressions of the tight junction proteins may contribute to the protective effects of the EtOAc extracts from GEB on BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyan He
- The Department of Pharmacology, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiaohua Duan
- The Key Modern Research Laboratory for Ethno-pharmacognosy of Yunnan Higher School, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Rong Dai
- The Department of Pharmacology, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wei Wang
- The Department of Pharmacology, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Cui Yang
- Ethnic Drug Screening & Pharmacology Center, Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Qing Lin
- The Department of Pharmacology, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
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14
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Ingberg E, Dock H, Theodorsson E, Theodorsson A, Ström JO. Method parameters' impact on mortality and variability in mouse stroke experiments: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21086. [PMID: 26876353 PMCID: PMC4753409 DOI: 10.1038/srep21086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hundreds of promising substances have been tested in clinical trials,
thrombolysis currently remains the only specific pharmacological treatment for
ischemic stroke. Poor quality, e.g. low statistical power, in the preclinical
studies has been suggested to play an important role in these failures. Therefore,
it would be attractive to use animal models optimized to minimize unnecessary
mortality and outcome variability, or at least to be able to power studies more
exactly by predicting variability and mortality given a certain experimental setup.
The possible combinations of methodological parameters are innumerous, and an
experimental comparison of them all is therefore not feasible. As an alternative
approach, we extracted data from 334 experimental mouse stroke articles and, using a
hypothesis-driven meta-analysis, investigated the method parameters’
impact on infarct size variability and mortality. The use of Swiss and C57BL6 mice
as well as permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery rendered the lowest
variability of the infarct size while the emboli methods increased variability. The
use of Swiss mice increased mortality. Our study offers guidance for researchers
striving to optimize mouse stroke models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvin Ingberg
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Hua Dock
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Elvar Theodorsson
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Annette Theodorsson
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden.,Division of Neuro and Inflammation Science, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Neurosurgery, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Jakob O Ström
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden.,Vårdvetenskapligt Forskningscentrum/Centre for Health Sciences, Örebro University Hospital, County Council of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden.,School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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15
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Xiaohua D, Weili W, Xiaoqing L, Hanwen Y, Rong D, Qing L. Neuroprotective effect of ethyl acetate extract from gastrodia elata against transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2015; 35:671-8. [DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(15)30158-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Chemical fingerprint and metabolic profile analysis of ethyl acetate fraction of Gastrodia elata by ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1011:233-9. [PMID: 26621783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The chemical fingerprint and metabolic profile of traditional Chinese medicine is very complicated and has been a great challenge. In the present study, chemical fingerprint of ethyl acetate fraction of Gastrodia elata (EtAcGE) and metabolic profile of rat plasma sample after intragastric administration of EtAcGE (2.5g/kg) were investigated using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF MS). A total of 38 chemical constituents of EtAcGE were identified by comparing their retention time, accurate molecular mass and characteristic fragment ions with those of references, or tentatively characterized by comparing molecular formula, fragment ions with that of known compound or information available in literature. And 40 compounds were detected in dosed rat plasma sample, including 16 prototypes and 24 metabolites underwent metabolic process of glucuronidation, glucosylation, sulfation, methylation, hydroxylation, dehydrogenation or mixed modes. The metabolic "soft spots" was hydroxyl or carboxy group. This is the first research for chemical fingerprint and metabolic profile of EtAcGE, which lay a foundation for the further investigation of EtAcGE.
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17
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Lee D, Park S, Bae S, Jeong D, Park M, Kang C, Yoo W, Samad MA, Ke Q, Khang G, Kang PM. Hydrogen peroxide-activatable antioxidant prodrug as a targeted therapeutic agent for ischemia-reperfusion injury. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16592. [PMID: 26563741 PMCID: PMC4643254 DOI: 10.1038/srep16592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Overproduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) causes oxidative stress and is the main culprit in the pathogenesis of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Suppression of oxidative stress is therefore critical in the treatment of I/R injury. Here, we report H2O2-activatable antioxidant prodrug (BRAP) that is capable of specifically targeting the site of oxidative stress and exerting anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities. BRAP with a self-immolative boronic ester protecting group was designed to scavenge H2O2 and release HBA (p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol) with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. BRAP exerted potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and H2O2-stimulated cells by suppressing the generation of ROS and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In mouse models of hepatic I/R and cardiac I/R, BRAP exerted potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities due to the synergistic effects of H2O2-scavenging boronic esters and therapeutic HBA. In addition, administration of high doses of BRAP daily for 7 days showed no renal or hepatic function abnormalities. Therefore BRAP has tremendous therapeutic potential as H2O2-activatable antioxidant prodrug for the treatment of I/R injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwon Lee
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea.,Polymer Fusion Research Center, Department of Polymer·Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunggyu Park
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Soochan Bae
- Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Dahee Jeong
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhyung Park
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsun Kang
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooyoung Yoo
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammed A Samad
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea.,Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Qingen Ke
- Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Gilson Khang
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea.,Polymer Fusion Research Center, Department of Polymer·Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter M Kang
- Cardiovascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States
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18
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Hippophae salicifolia D.Don berries attenuate cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion. JOURNAL OF ACUTE DISEASE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-6189(15)30021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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19
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Liu H, Chen J, Li W, Rose ME, Shinde SN, Balasubramani M, Uechi GT, Mutus B, Graham SH, Hickey RW. Protein disulfide isomerase as a novel target for cyclopentenone prostaglandins: implications for hypoxic ischemic injury. FEBS J 2015; 282:2045-59. [PMID: 25754985 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an important contributor to ischemic brain injury. Identification of the downstream mediators of COX-2 toxicity may allow the development of targeted therapies. Of particular interest is the cyclopentenone family of prostaglandin metabolites. Cyclopentenone prostaglandins (CyPGs) are highly reactive molecules that form covalent bonds with cellular thiols. Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is an important molecule for the restoration of denatured proteins following ischemia. Because PDI has several thiols, including thiols within the active thioredoxin-like domain, we hypothesized that PDI is a target of CyPGs and that CyPG binding of PDI is detrimental. CyPG-PDI binding was detected in vitro via immunoprecipitation and MS. CyPG-PDI binding decreased PDI enzymatic activity in recombinant PDI treated with CyPG, and PDI immunoprecipitated from neuronal culture treated with CyPG or anoxia. Toxic effects of binding were demonstrated in experiments showing that: (a) pharmacologic inhibition of PDI increased cell death in anoxic neurons, (b) PDI overexpression protected neurons exposed to anoxia and SH-SY5Y cells exposed to CyPG, and (c) PDI overexpression in SH-SY5Y cells attenuated ubiquitination of proteins and decreased activation of pro-apoptotic caspases. In conclusion, CyPG production and subsequent binding of PDI is a novel and potentially important mechanism of ischemic brain injury. We show that CyPGs bind to PDI, cyclopentenones inhibit PDI activity, and CyPG-PDI binding is associated with increased neuronal susceptibility to anoxia. Additional studies are necessary to determine the relative role of CyPG-dependent inhibition of PDI activity in ischemia and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Wenjin Li
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Marie E Rose
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Sunita N Shinde
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Guy T Uechi
- Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bülent Mutus
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Steven H Graham
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Robert W Hickey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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20
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Chen PJ, Sheen LY. Gastrodiae Rhizoma (tiān má): a review of biological activity and antidepressant mechanisms. J Tradit Complement Med 2014; 1:31-40. [PMID: 24716103 PMCID: PMC3942998 DOI: 10.1016/s2225-4110(16)30054-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrodiae Rhizoma, also called chì jiàn (赤箭), guǐ dū yóu (鬼督郵), or tiān má (天麻) in Chinese, is considered a top grade (上品 shàng pǐn) medicine described to enter liver channel (肝經 gān jīng) in classic literatures of traditional Chinese medicine and has been used for centuries. Many studies investigating its various bioactivities and active compounds have been conducted worldwide. This article reviews these biological activities and details the antidepressant pharmacology of Gastrodiae Rhizoma. Gastrodiae Rhizoma treatment exerts an effective inhibition of diverse diseases and disorders, including convulsion, oxidative stress, mental disorders, amnesia, cardio-cerebral-vascular diseases, and inflammation, among others. The antidepressant effect of Gastrodiae Rhizoma was evaluated in animal models and several mechanisms of activity were found, including the modulation and regulation of monoamine oxidase activity, monoamine concentration and turnover, antioxidatant activity, GABAergic system induction, BDNF induction, neuroprotection and anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ju Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Yan Sheen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Gelé P, Vingtdeux V, Potey C, Drobecq H, Ghestem A, Melnyk P, Buée L, Sergeant N, Bordet R. Recovery of brain biomarkers following peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist neuroprotective treatment before ischemic stroke. Proteome Sci 2014; 12:24. [PMID: 24944524 PMCID: PMC4061923 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-12-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lipid lowering agent such as agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) are suggested as neuroprotective agents and may protect from the sequelae of brain ischemic stroke. Although the demonstration is not clearly established in human, the underlying molecular mechanism may be of interest for future therapeutic purposes. To this end, we have used our well established rodent model of ischemia-reperfusion pre-treated or not with fenofibrate or atorvastatin and performed a differential proteomics analyses of the brain and analysed the protein markers which levels returned to “normal” following pre-treatments with PPARα agonists. Results In order to identify potential therapeutic targets positively modulated by pre-treatment with the PPARα agonists, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis proteome profiles between control, ischemia-reperfusion and pre-treated or not, were compared. The polypeptide which expression was altered following ischemia – reperfusion but whose levels remain unchanged after pre-treatment were characterized by mass spectrometry and further investigated by Western-blotting and immunohistochemistry. A series of 28 polypeptides were characterized among which the protein disulfide isomerase reduction – a protein instrumental to the unfolded protein response system - was shown to be reduced following PPARα agonists treatment while it was strongly increased in ischemia-reperfusion. Conclusions Pre-treatment with PPARα agonist or atorvastatin show potential neuroprotective effects by inhibiting the PDI overexpression in conjunction with the preservation of other neuronal markers, several of which are associated with the regulation of protein homeostasis, signal transduction and maintenance of synaptic plasticity. This proteomic study therefore suggests that neuroprotective effect of PPARα agonists supposes the preservation of the expression of several proteins essential for the maintenance of protein homeostasis not necessarily directly linked to PPARα known-regulated targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Gelé
- Clinical Investigation center, IMPRT, University of Lille II, Cardiologic Hospital, Lille, France ; Inserm UMR 837, JPARC, Place de Verdun, Lille 59045, France ; PRES University Lille Nord de France, University of Lille II, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Institute of Predictive Medicine and Therapeutic Research, Lille IFR114, France ; EA1046 - Department de Pharmacology - University of Lille 2, University Hospital Centre Place de Verdun, Lille, France
| | - Valérie Vingtdeux
- Inserm UMR 837, JPARC, Place de Verdun, Lille 59045, France ; PRES University Lille Nord de France, University of Lille II, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Institute of Predictive Medicine and Therapeutic Research, Lille IFR114, France
| | - Camille Potey
- EA1046 - Department de Pharmacology - University of Lille 2, University Hospital Centre Place de Verdun, Lille, France
| | - Hervé Drobecq
- PRES University Lille Nord de France, University of Lille II, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Institute of Predictive Medicine and Therapeutic Research, Lille IFR114, France ; UMR 8161 CNRS, Biomolecules and Micro-nanotechnologies laboratory - University of Lille 2 - University of Lille 1 - Pasteur Institute of Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Patricia Melnyk
- PRES University Lille Nord de France, University of Lille II, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Institute of Predictive Medicine and Therapeutic Research, Lille IFR114, France ; UMR 8161 CNRS, Biomolecules and Micro-nanotechnologies laboratory - University of Lille 2 - University of Lille 1 - Pasteur Institute of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Luc Buée
- Inserm UMR 837, JPARC, Place de Verdun, Lille 59045, France ; PRES University Lille Nord de France, University of Lille II, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Institute of Predictive Medicine and Therapeutic Research, Lille IFR114, France
| | - Nicolas Sergeant
- Inserm UMR 837, JPARC, Place de Verdun, Lille 59045, France ; PRES University Lille Nord de France, University of Lille II, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Institute of Predictive Medicine and Therapeutic Research, Lille IFR114, France
| | - Régis Bordet
- EA1046 - Department de Pharmacology - University of Lille 2, University Hospital Centre Place de Verdun, Lille, France
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22
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Kim JA, Park MS, Kang SA, Ji GE. Production of γ-aminobutyric acid during fermentation of Gastrodia elata Bl. by co-culture of Lactobacillus brevis GABA 100 with Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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23
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Baek SE, Kim JY, Song WT, Lee SH, Hong JH, Lee CK, Kang SG. Neuroprotective effect of rice bran extract supplemented with ferulic acid in the rat model of ischemic brain injury. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2014.904249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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24
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Protein disulfide isomerase: a promising target for cancer therapy. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:222-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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25
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Song CC, Du FS, Li ZC. Oxidation-responsive polymers for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:3413-3426. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21725f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes recent progress in the design and synthesis of various oxidation-responsive polymers and their application in biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Cheng Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
| | - Fu-Sheng Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
| | - Zi-Chen Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
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26
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4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol: A novel inhibitor of tumor angiogenesis and growth. Life Sci 2013; 93:44-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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4-Hydroxybenzyl Alcohol Confers Neuroprotection Through Up-Regulation of Antioxidant Protein Expression. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:1501-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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28
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Yoo D, Guk K, Kim H, Khang G, Wu D, Lee D. Antioxidant polymeric nanoparticles as novel therapeutics for airway inflammatory diseases. Int J Pharm 2013; 450:87-94. [PMID: 23618968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Successful pulmonary drug delivery requires polymeric drug delivery systems which have excellent biocompatibility and fast degradation rates, when frequent administration is necessary. Here, we report a new family of fully biodegradable hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA)-incorporated polyoxalate (HPOX) as a novel therapeutics of airway inflammatory diseases. HPOX was designed to incorporate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory HBA and peroxalate ester linkages capable of reacting with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in its backbone. HPOX nanoparticles exhibited highly potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by scavenging H2O2, reducing the generation of intracellular oxidative stress and suppressing the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and interleukin (IL)-1β in stimulated macrophages. The potential of HPOX nanoparticles as an anti-asthmatic agent was evaluated using a murine model of asthma. Intratracheal administration of HPOX nanoparticles remarkably reduced the recruitment of inflammatory cells and expression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-4 and iNOS. Based on their excellent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-asthmatic activities, we believe that HPOX nanoparticles have great potential as therapeutics and drug carriers for the treatment of airway inflammatory diseases such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyuck Yoo
- Department of BIN Fusion Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
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29
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Laschke M, Menger M. Anti-angiogenic treatment strategies for the therapy of endometriosis. Hum Reprod Update 2012; 18:682-702. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dms026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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Laschke MW, Vorsterman van Oijen AE, Scheuer C, Menger MD. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the anti-angiogenic actions of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:835-44. [PMID: 21366552 PMCID: PMC3111685 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA) is a phenolic plant compound, which has been shown to influence many cellular mechanisms. In the present study, we analysed in vitro and in vivo the anti-angiogenic actions of this pleiotropic agent. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Migration and protein expression of HBA- and vehicle-treated endothelial-like eEND2 cells was assessed by cell migration assay and Western blot analyses. HBA action on vascular sprouting was analysed in an aortic ring assay. In vivo anti-angiogenic actions of HBA were studied in the dorsal skinfold chamber model of endometriosis in mice. KEY RESULTS Western blot analyses demonstrated that HBA inhibited proliferation of eEND2 cells, as indicated by down-regulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression, and reduced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase 9. HBA suppressed the migration of eEND2 cells, accompanied by inhibition of actin filament reorganization, revealed by fluorescence staining of the cytoskeleton. In addition, HBA reduced vascular sprouting in the aortic ring assay. Finally, we found, in the dorsal skinfold chamber model in vivo using intravital fluorescence microscopy, that HBA inhibited the vascularization of developing endometriotic lesions, as indicated by a decreased functional capillary density of lesions in HBA-treated mice and a reduced lesion size, compared with control animals. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS HBA targets several angiogenic mechanisms and therefore represents a promising anti-angiogenic agent for the treatment of angiogenic diseases, such as endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Laschke
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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Kam KY, Yu SJ, Jeong N, Hong JH, Anthony Jalin AMA, Lee S, Choi YW, Lee CK, Kang SG. p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol prevents brain injury and behavioral impairment by activating Nrf2, PDI, and neurotrophic factor genes in a rat model of brain ischemia. Mol Cells 2011; 31:209-15. [PMID: 21347705 PMCID: PMC3932695 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-0028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic goal in treating cerebral ischemia is to reduce the extent of brain injury and thus minimize neurological impairment. We examined the effects of p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA), an active component of Gastrodia elata Blume, on transient focal cerebral ischemia-induced brain injury with respect to the involvement of protein disulphide isomerase (PDI), nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and neurotrophic factors. All animals were ovariectomized 14 days before ischemic injury. Ischemic injury was induced for 1 h by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by 24-h reperfusion. Three days before MCAO, the vehicle-treated and the HBA-treated groups received intramuscular sesame oil and HBA (25 mg/kg BW), respectively. 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining showed decreased infarct volume in the ischemic lesion of HBA-treated animals. HBA pretreatment also promoted functional recovery, as measured by the modified neurological severity score (mNSS; p < 0.05). Moreover, expression of PDI, Nrf2, BDNF, GDNF, and MBP genes increased by HBA treatment. In vitro, H(2)O(2)-induced PC12 cell death was prevented by 24 h HBA treatment, but bacitracin, a PDI inhibitor, attenuated this cytoprotective effect in a dose-dependent manner. HBA treatment for 2 h also induced nuclear translocation of Nrf2, possibly activating the intracellular antioxidative system. These results suggest that HBA protects against brain damage by modulating cytoprotective genes, such as Nrf2 and PDI, and neurotrophic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Yoon Kam
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea
- FIRST Research Group, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea
- Institute of Aged Life Redesign, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea
| | - Seong Jin Yu
- School of Biological Sciences, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Koreate of Aged Life Redesign, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea
| | - Nahee Jeong
- School of Biological Sciences, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Koreate of Aged Life Redesign, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea
| | - Jeong Hwa Hong
- School of Food and Life Science , Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Koreaof Aged Life Redesign, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea
| | - Angela M. A. Anthony Jalin
- School of Biological Sciences, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Koreate of Aged Life Redesign, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea
| | - Sungja Lee
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea
| | - Yong Won Choi
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea
| | - Chae Kwan Lee
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Department of Occu-pational and Environmental Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Korea
| | - Sung Goo Kang
- FIRST Research Group, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Koreate of Aged Life Redesign, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea
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Yifeng M, Bin W, Weiqiao Z, Yongming Q, Bing L, Xiaojie L. Neuroprotective effect of sophocarpine against transient focal cerebral ischemia via down-regulation of the acid-sensing ion channel 1 in rats. Brain Res 2011; 1382:245-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Revised: 01/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Kim S, Park H, Song Y, Hong D, Kim O, Jo E, Khang G, Lee D. Reduction of oxidative stress by p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol-containing biodegradable polyoxalate nanoparticulate antioxidant. Biomaterials 2011; 32:3021-9. [PMID: 21292318 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The large production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to the oxidative stress and the subsequent functional decline of organ systems. p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA) is known to play a pivotal protective role against oxidative stress-related diseases. We have developed biodegradable antioxidant copolyoxalate, in which HBA is chemically incorporated into its backbone for the treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases. HBA-incorporated copolyoxalate (HPOX) was designed to possess aromatic peroxalate ester linkages in its backbone and release HBA during its hydrolytic degradation. Peroxalate ester linkages in the backbone reacted with and scavenged hydrogen peroxide, leading the release of HBA in vitro. HBA released from HPOX exerted excellent antioxidant activity, such as inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production by suppressing iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthases) expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells. HPOX nanoparticles delivered intranasally significantly reduced pulmonary inflammation and suppressed the iNOS expression. Given their excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, we anticipate that HPOX nanoparticles are highly potent for the treatment of oxidative damage-related diseases, such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojin Kim
- Polymer Fusion Research Center, Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
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Hassan MH, Alvarez E, Cahoreau C, Klett D, Lecompte F, Combarnous Y. Potentiation of the reductase activity of protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) by 19-nortestosterone, bacitracin, fluoxetine, and ammonium sulphate. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2011; 26:681-7. [PMID: 21250820 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2010.546794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) in the endoplasmic reticulum catalyzes the rearrangement of disulphide bridges during folding of secreted proteins. It binds various molecules that inhibit its activity. But here, we looked for molecules that would potentiate its activity. PDI reductase activity was measured in vitro using di-eosin-oxidized glutathione as substrate. Its classical inhibitor bacitracin was found to exert a biphasic effect: stimulatory at low concentrations (∼10(-6) M) and inhibitory only at higher concentrations (∼10(-4)-10(-3) M). The weak oestrogenic molecule bisphenol A was found to exert a weak inhibitory effect on PDI reductase activity relative to the strong oestrogens, ethynylestradiol, and diethylstilbestrol. Like 19-nortestosterone, fluoxetine was found to exert a potentiating effect on PDI reductase activity and their potentiating effects could be reversed by increasing concentrations of oestrogens. In conclusion, this paper provides the first identification of potentiators of PDI activity that are potential pharmaceuticals against pathologies affecting protein folding such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Park H, Kim S, Kim S, Song Y, Seung K, Hong D, Khang G, Lee D. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of hydroxybenzyl alcohol releasing biodegradable polyoxalate nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:2103-8. [PMID: 20690717 DOI: 10.1021/bm100474w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA) is one of phenolic compounds in herbal agents and plays a pivotal role in protection against oxidative damage-related diseases due to anti-inflammatory effects. We have developed a new biodegradable and anti-inflammatory peroxalate copolymer in which HBA is chemically incorporated into its backbone. The HBA-incorporated copolyoxalate (HPOX) was synthesized from a condensation reaction of oxalyl chloride, 1,4-cyclohexamethanol and HBA and was capable of releasing pharmaceutically active HBA during hydrolytic degradation. HPOX could be dispersed into a single emulsion for the formulation of nanoparticles which had a mean size approximately 500 nm in diameter. The nanoparticles released HBA which was able to inhibit the production of nitric oxide (NO) by suppressing the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. HPOX nanoparticles also reduced the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). The remarkable features of HPOX are that the polymer degrades completely into small molecules and one of degradation products is a pharmaceutically active compound. We anticipate that HPOX is highly potent and versatile for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Park
- Department of Polymer.Nano Science and Technology, Polymer Fusion Research Center, and Department of BIN Fusion Technology, Chonbuk National University, Dukjin, Jeonju, 561-756, Korea
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An H, Kim IS, Koppula S, Kim BW, Park PJ, Lim BO, Choi WS, Lee KH, Choi DK. Protective effects of Gastrodia elata Blume on MPP+-induced cytotoxicity in human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 130:290-298. [PMID: 20470875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Gastrodia elata (GE) Blume (Orchidaceae) has been traditionally used as a folk medicine in Oriental countries since centuries for their variety of therapeutic benefits. This study is an attempt to investigate the protective effects of GE extract against MPP(+)-induced cytotoxicity in human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells and explore the neuroprotective mechanisms involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells were used to demonstrate the protective effects of GE against multiple parameters such as MPP(+)-induced cell viability, oxidative damage, expression of Bcl-2 and Bax, caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase proteolysis. RESULTS GE effectively attenuated the cytotoxicity and improved cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. GE was effective in inhibiting both, the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, cleaved caspase-3 and PARP proteolysis. CONCLUSION Data from this study suggests the protective effects of GE on MPP(+)-induced cytotoxicity in dopaminergic cells, which may be ascribed to its significant anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic properties, thus, GE might prove to be a valuable therapeutic agent for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases including progressive Parkinson's disease (PD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua An
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
To successfully dissect molecular pathways in vivo, there is often a need to use specific inhibitors. Bacitracin is very widely used as an inhibitor of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) in vivo. However, the specificity of action of an inhibitor for a protein-folding catalyst cannot be determined in vivo. Furthermore, in vitro evidence for the specificity of bacitracin for PDI is scarce, and the mechanism of inhibition is unknown. Here, we present in vitro data showing that 1 mM bacitracin has no significant effect on the ability of PDI to introduce or isomerize disulfide bonds in a folding protein or on its ability to act as a chaperone. Where bacitracin has an effect on PDI activity, the effect is relatively minor and appears to be via competition of substrate binding. Whereas 1 mM bacitracin has minimal effects on PDI, it has significant effects on both noncatalyzed protein folding and on other molecular chaperones. These results suggest that the use of bacitracin as a specific inhibitor of PDI in cellular systems requires urgent re-evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Riikka Karala
- Biocenter Oulu and Department of Biochemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Yu SS, Zhao J, Zheng WP, Zhao Y. Neuroprotective effect of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol against transient focal cerebral ischemia via anti-apoptosis in rats. Brain Res 2010; 1308:167-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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