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Cao B, Wang J, Feng J. Signaling pathway mechanisms of neurological diseases induced by G protein-coupled receptor 39. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:1470-1483. [PMID: 36942516 PMCID: PMC10173710 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND G protein-coupled receptor 39 (GPR39) is a transmembrane zinc receptor with two splice variants, which belongs to the G-protein-coupled receptor growth hormone-releasing peptide family. Its expression is induced by zinc, which activates GPR39, and its activation mediates cell proliferation, ion homeostasis, and anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and other pathophysiological effects via different signaling pathways. AIMS The article reviews the latest literature in this field. In particular, the role of GPR39 in nervous system is discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS GPR39 can be a promising target in neurological diseases for targeted therapy, which will help doctors overcome the associated problems. DISCUSSION GPR39 is expressed in vivo at several sites. Increasing evidence suggests that GPR39 plays an important role as a neuroprotective agent in vivo and regulates various neurological functions, including neurodegeneration, neuroelectrophysiology, and neurovascular homeostasis. CONCLUSION This review aims to provide an overview of the functions, signal transduction pathways, and pathophysiological role of GPR39 in neurological diseases and summarize the GPR39 agonists that have been identified in the recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Cao
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Xu Y, Barnes AP, Alkayed NJ. Role of GPR39 in Neurovascular Homeostasis and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8200. [PMID: 34360964 PMCID: PMC8346997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR39, a member of the ghrelin family of G protein-coupled receptors, is zinc-responsive and contributes to the regulation of diverse neurovascular and neurologic functions. Accumulating evidence suggests a role as a homeostatic regulator of neuronal excitability, vascular tone, and the immune response. We review GPR39 structure, function, and signaling, including constitutive activity and biased signaling, and summarize its expression pattern in the central nervous system. We further discuss its recognized role in neurovascular, neurological, and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
| | - Anthony P. Barnes
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
| | - Nabil J. Alkayed
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
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Alavi MS, Shamsizadeh A, Azhdari-Zarmehri H, Roohbakhsh A. Orphan G protein-coupled receptors: The role in CNS disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 98:222-232. [PMID: 29268243 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There are various types of receptors in the central nervous system (CNS). G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have the highest expression with a wide range of physiological functions. A newer sub group of these receptors namely orphan GPCRs have been discovered. GPR3, GPR6, GPR17, GPR26, GPR37, GPR39, GPR40, GPR50, GPR52, GPR54, GPR55, GPR85, GPR88, GPR103, and GPR139 are the selected orphan GPCRs for this article. Their roles in the central nervous system have not been understood well so far. However, recent studies show that they may have very important functions in the CNS. Hence, in the present study, we reviewed most recent findings regarding the physiological roles of the selected orphan GPCRs in the CNS. After a brief presentation of each receptor, considering the results from genetic and pharmacological manipulation of the receptors, their roles in the pathophysiology of different diseases and disorders including anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and substance abuse will be discussed. At present, our knowledge regarding the role of GPCRs in the brain is very limited. However, previous limited studies show that orphan GPCRs have an important place in psychopharmacology and these receptors are potential new targets for the treatment of major CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohaddeseh Sadat Alavi
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Shamsizadeh
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hassan Azhdari-Zarmehri
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Romero-Nava R, Zhou DS, García N, Ruiz-Hernández A, Si YC, Sánchez-Muñoz F, Huang F, Hong E, Villafaña S. Evidence of alterations in the expression of orphan receptors GPR26 and GPR39 due to the etiology of the metabolic syndrome. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2017; 37:422-429. [DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2017.1298133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Romero-Nava
- Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular, Sección de Posgrado, Mexico
| | - De-Shan Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Noemí García
- Escuela Nacional de Medicina, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación Básica y de Transferencia, Hospital Zambrano Hellio, Garza García, NL, Mexico
| | - Armando Ruiz-Hernández
- Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular, Sección de Posgrado, Mexico
| | - Yin-Chu Si
- Department of Anatomy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fausto Sánchez-Muñoz
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Fengyang Huang
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG), México, Mexico
| | - Enrique Hong
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Santiago Villafaña
- Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular, Sección de Posgrado, Mexico
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GPR39 Zn(2+)-sensing receptor: a new target in antidepressant development? J Affect Disord 2015; 174:89-100. [PMID: 25490458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is a trace element released from glutamatergic terminals, and modulates the pre- and postsynaptic areas, giving a diverse biological response. Zinc is a natural ligand that inhibits the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and regulates the excessive release of glutamate. Moreover, zinc exhibits an antidepressant-like profile, as demonstrated in both preclinical and clinical studies. Recent reports indicate that the GPR39 Zn(2+)-sensing receptor is an important target for zinc "transmission" (its activation modulates/induces diverse biochemical pathways involved in neuroprotection). Preclinical studies provide evidence that zinc deficiency leads to depressive-like behavior related to down-regulation of the GPR39 Zn(2+)-sensing receptor. Zinc binds to the GPR39 and triggers signals, leading to CRE-dependent gene transcription, resulting in increases in proteins such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), that plays a pivotal role in antidepressant action. Chronic administration of many antidepressants induces GPR39 up-regulation, which suggests that the Zn(2+)-sensing receptor may be considered as a new target for drug development in the field of depression.
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Młyniec K, Budziszewska B, Holst B, Ostachowicz B, Nowak G. GPR39 (zinc receptor) knockout mice exhibit depression-like behavior and CREB/BDNF down-regulation in the hippocampus. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyu002. [PMID: 25609596 PMCID: PMC4360246 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc may act as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system by activation of the GPR39 metabotropic receptors. METHODS In the present study, we investigated whether GPR39 knockout would cause depressive-like and/or anxiety-like behavior, as measured by the forced swim test, tail suspension test, and light/dark test. We also investigated whether lack of GPR39 would change levels of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB),brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tropomyosin related kinase B (TrkB) protein in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of GPR39 knockout mice subjected to the forced swim test, as measured by Western-blot analysis. RESULTS In this study, GPR39 knockout mice showed an increased immobility time in both the forced swim test and tail suspension test, indicating depressive-like behavior and displayed anxiety-like phenotype. GPR39 knockout mice had lower CREB and BDNF levels in the hippocampus, but not in the frontal cortex, which indicates region specificity for the impaired CREB/BDNF pathway (which is important in antidepressant response) in the absence of GPR39. There were no changes in TrkB protein in either structure. In the present study, we also investigated activity in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis under both zinc- and GPR39-deficient conditions. Zinc-deficient mice had higher serum corticosterone levels and lower glucocorticoid receptor levels in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS There were no changes in the GPR39 knockout mice in comparison with the wild-type control mice, which does not support a role of GPR39 in hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation. The results of this study indicate the involvement of the GPR39 Zn(2+)-sensing receptor in the pathophysiology of depression with component of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Młyniec
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland (Dr. K. Młyniec, Prof. B. Budziszewska); Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, PL 31-343 Kraków, Poland (Profs. B. Budziszewska, G. Nowak); Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark (Prof. B. Holst); Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland (Dr. B. Ostachowicz); Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland (Prof. G. Nowak).
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Yasuda SI, Ishida J. GPR39-1b, the 5-transmembrane isoform of GPR39 interacts with neurotensin receptor NTSR1 and modifies its function. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2014; 34:307-12. [PMID: 24512471 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2014.885050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor 39 (GPR39), a member of the ghrelin receptor family, has a full-length isoform GPR39-1a and a truncated isoform GPR39-1b. While GPR39-1a was clarified as a receptor of Zn(2+), the characteristic property of GPR39-1b remains unknown. Therefore, in this study, the molecular functions of GPR39-1b were explored in cell culture. In contrast to GPR39-1a, GPR39-1b showed no response to Zn(2+) stimulation in calcium mobilization assays, suggesting that GPR39-1b is not a functional receptor of Zn(2+). To understand the signaling interaction of GPR39-1b, we investigated the dimerization between the isoforms, and conducted bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET(2)) assays. The results indicated that GPR39-1b homodimerized, but did not heterodimerize with GPR39-1a. We subsequently attempted to search the heterodimeric counterparts of GPR39-1b. Neurotensin receptor 1 (NTSR1) was also targeted as a GPR39-1b interacting partner because of its highly conserved amino acid sequence and mRNA localization, which was similar to GPR39-1b. BRET(2) assays demonstrated that GPR39-1b heterodimerized with NTSR1. To examine the effect of GPR39-1b on NTRS1-mediated cAMP/PKA signaling, we used the cAMP responsive element-luciferase assays and observed that GPR39-1b attenuated neurotensin-induced NTSR1 signaling. Taken together, our results provided a novel regulatory mechanism for GPR39-1b in NTRS1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichiro Yasuda
- Pharmacology Research Laboratories II, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation , Kawagishi, Toda-shi, Saitama , Japan and
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Lipták N, Dochnal R, Csabafi K, Szakács J, Szabó G. Obestatin prevents analgesic tolerance to morphine and reverses the effects of mild morphine withdrawal in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 186:77-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Swardfager W, Herrmann N, McIntyre RS, Mazereeuw G, Goldberger K, Cha DS, Schwartz Y, Lanctôt KL. Potential roles of zinc in the pathophysiology and treatment of major depressive disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:911-29. [PMID: 23567517 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Incomplete response to monoaminergic antidepressants in major depressive disorder (MDD), and the phenomenon of neuroprogression, suggests a need for additional pathophysiological markers and pharmacological targets. Neuronal zinc is concentrated exclusively within glutamatergic neurons, acting as an allosteric modulator of the N-methyl D-aspartate and other receptors that regulate excitatory neurotransmission and neuroplasticity. Zinc-containing neurons form extensive associational circuitry throughout the cortex, amygdala and hippocampus, which subserve mood regulation and cognitive functions. In animal models of depression, zinc is reduced in these circuits, zinc treatment has antidepressant-like effects and dietary zinc insufficiency induces depressive behaviors. Clinically, serum zinc is lower in MDD, which may constitute a state-marker of illness and a risk factor for treatment-resistance. Marginal zinc deficiency in MDD may relate to multiple putative mechanisms underlying core symptomatology and neuroprogression (e.g. immune dysfunction, monoamine metabolism, stress response dysregulation, oxidative/nitrosative stress, neurotrophic deficits, transcriptional/epigenetic regulation of neural networks). Initial randomized trials suggest a benefit of zinc supplementation. In summary, molecular and animal behavioral data support the clinical significance of zinc in the setting of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Swardfager
- Neuropharmacology Research Group, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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A possible association between panic disorder and a polymorphism in the preproghrelingene. Psychiatry Res 2013; 206:22-5. [PMID: 23084284 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate whether polymorphisms in the preproghrelin gene are associated with anxiety disorders, such as panic disorder, in humans. Panic disorder is a severe anxiety disorder, characterized by sudden attacks of intense fear or anxiety in combination with somatic symptoms. The preproghrelin gene codes for two gut-derived circulating peptides that have been linked to anxiety-like behaviour in rodents: ghrelin (an orexigenic, pro-obesity hormone) and obestatin. In the present study, we genotyped three missense mutations in the preproghrelin gene in 215 patients suffering from panic disorder and in 451 controls. The A allele of the rs4684677 polymorphism was significantly associated with panic disorder, while there were no significant associations with the two other polymorphisms studied. We conclude that the rs4684677 (Gln90Leu) polymorphism in the preproghrelin gene may be associated with increased risk of panic disorder. It will be important to confirm these findings in additional panic disorder patient groups.
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