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Hasegawa M, Yamamoto Y, Fujisawa A, Kashiba M. Prosaposin is a novel coenzyme Q10-binding protein. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2024; 74:108-112. [PMID: 38510690 PMCID: PMC10948348 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.23-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is essential for mitochondrial ATP production and functions as an important antioxidant in every biomembrane and lipoprotein. Due to its hydrophobicity, a binding and transfer protein for CoQ10 is plausible, and we previously described saposin B as a CoQ10-binding and transfer protein. Here, we report that prosaposin, the precursor of saposin B, also binds CoQ10. As prosaposin is both a secretory protein and integral membrane protein, it is ubiquitous in the body. Prosaposin was isolated from human seminal plasma, and CoQ10 was extracted from hexane solution into the water phase. It was additionally found that immunoprecipitates of mouse brain cytosol generated using two different anti-prosaposin antibodies contained coenzyme Q9. Furthermore, mouse liver cytosol and mouse kidney cytosol also contained prosaposin-coenzyme Q9 complex. These results suggest that prosaposin binds CoQ10 in human cells and body fluids. The significance and role of the Psap-CoQ10 complex in vivo is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hasegawa
- School of Bionics, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
| | - Yorihiro Yamamoto
- School of Bionics, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
| | - Akio Fujisawa
- School of Bionics, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
| | - Misato Kashiba
- School of Bionics, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
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Sohel MSH, Atoji Y, Onouchi S, Saito S. Expression patterns of prosaposin and neurotransmitter-related molecules in the chick paratympanic organ. Tissue Cell 2023; 83:102130. [PMID: 37320868 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The paratympanic organ (PTO) is a small sense organ in the middle ear of birds that contains hair cells similar to those found in vestibuloauditory organs and receives afferent fibers from the geniculate ganglion. To consider the histochemical similarities between the PTO and vestibular hair cells, we examined the expression patterns of representative molecules in vestibular hair cells, including prosaposin, G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 37 and GPR37L1 as prosaposin receptors, vesicular glutamate transporter (vGluT) 2 and vGluT3, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit α9 (nAChRα9), and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65 and GAD67, in the postnatal day 0 chick PTO and geniculate ganglion by in situ hybridization. Prosaposin mRNA was observed in PTO hair cells, supporting cells, and geniculate ganglion cells. vGluT3 mRNA was observed in PTO hair cells, whereas vGluT2 was observed in a small number of ganglion cells. nAChRα9 mRNA was observed in a small number of PTO hair cells. The results suggest that the histochemical character of PTO hair cells is more similar to that of vestibular hair cells than that of auditory hair cells in chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shahriar Hasan Sohel
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yasuro Atoji
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Sawa Onouchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Shouichiro Saito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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Kitamura K, Homma T, Sohel MSH, Fuyuki A, Miyawaki S, Onouchi S, Saito S. Expression patterns of prosaposin and its receptors, G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 37 and GPR37L1, in the mouse olfactory organ. Tissue Cell 2023; 82:102093. [PMID: 37075680 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Prosaposin is a glycoprotein conserved widely in vertebrates, because it is a precursor for saposins that are required for normal lysosomal function and thus for autophagy, and acts as a neurotrophic factor. Most tetrapods possess two kinds of olfactory neuroepithelia, namely, the olfactory epithelium (OE) and the vomeronasal epithelium (VNE). This study examined the expression patterns of prosaposin and its candidate receptors, G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 37 and GPR37L1, in mouse OE and VNE by immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization. Prosaposin immunoreactivity was observed in the olfactory receptor neurons, vomeronasal receptor neurons, Bowman's gland (BG), and Jacobson's gland (JG). Prosaposin expression was mainly observed in mature neurons. Prosaposin mRNA expression was observed not only in these cells but also in the apical region of the VNE. GPR37 and GPR37L1 immunoreactivities were found only in the BG and/or the JG. Prosaposin was suggested to secrete and facilitate the autophagic activities of the neurons and modulate the mucus secretion in mouse olfactory organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kitamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takeshi Homma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
| | - Md Shahriar Hasan Sohel
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
| | - Aimi Fuyuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shingo Miyawaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Sawa Onouchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shouichiro Saito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Japan.
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Fuyuki A, Yamamoto S, Sohel MSH, Homma T, Kitamura K, Onouchi S, Saito S. Expression of prosaposin and its G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 37 in mouse cochlear and vestibular nuclei. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:266-270. [PMID: 36696997 PMCID: PMC10076190 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Prosaposin is a precursor of lysosomal hydrolases activator proteins, saposins, and also acts as a secretory protein that is not processed into saposins. Prosaposin elicits neurotrophic function via G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 37, and prosaposin deficiency causes abnormal vestibuloauditory end-organ development. In this study, immunohistochemistry was used to examine prosaposin and GPR37 expression patterns in the mouse cochlear and vestibular nuclei. Prosaposin immunoreactivity was observed in neurons and glial cells in both nuclei. GPR37 immunoreactivity was observed in only some neurons, and its immunoreactivity in the vestibular nucleus was weaker than that in the cochlear nucleus. This study suggests a possibility that prosaposin deficiency affects not only the end-organs but also the first center of the vestibuloauditory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimi Fuyuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Saki Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Md Shahriar Hasan Sohel
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, The Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takeshi Homma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, The Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kai Kitamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Sawa Onouchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, The Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shouichiro Saito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, The Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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Phenotype Expansion for Atypical Gaucher Disease Due to Homozygous Missense PSAP Variant in a Large Consanguineous Pakistani Family. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13040662. [PMID: 35456468 PMCID: PMC9028228 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical Gaucher disease is caused by variants in the PSAP gene. Saposin C is one of four homologous proteins derived from sequential cleavage of the saposin precursor protein, prosaposin. It is an essential activator for glucocerebrosidase, which is deficient in Gaucher disease. Although atypical Gaucher disease due to deficiency of saposin C is rare, it exhibits vast phenotypic heterogeneity. Here, we report on a Pakistani family that exhibits features of Gaucher disease, i.e., prelingual profound sensorineural hearing impairment, vestibular dysfunction, hepatosplenomegaly, kyphosis, and thrombocytopenia. The family was investigated using exome and Sanger sequencing. A homozygous missense variant c.1076A>C: p.(Glu359Ala) in exon 10 of the PSAP gene was observed in all affected family members. In conclusion, we identified a new likely pathogenic missense variant in PSAP in a large consanguineous Pakistani family with atypical Gaucher disease. Gaucher disease due to a deficiency of saposin C has not been previously reported within the Pakistani population. Genetic screening of patients with the aforementioned phenotypes could ensure adequate follow-up and the prevention of further complications. Our finding expands the genetic and phenotypic spectrum of atypical Gaucher disease due to a saposin C deficiency.
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Abstract
Vestibular hair cells are mechanosensory receptors that are capable of detecting changes in head position and thereby allow animals to maintain their posture and coordinate their movement. Vestibular hair cells are susceptible to ototoxic drugs, aging, and genetic factors that can lead to permanent vestibular dysfunction. Vestibular dysfunction mainly results from the injury of hair cells, which are located in the vestibular sensory epithelium. This review summarizes the mechanisms of different factors causing vestibular hair cell damage and therapeutic strategies to protect vestibular hair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luoying Jiang
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Zhiwei Zheng
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yingzi He
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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Alwelaie MA, Al-Mutary MG, Siddiqi NJ, Arafah MM, Alhomida AS, Khan HA. Time-Course Evaluation of Iminodipropionitrile-Induced Liver and Kidney Toxicities in Rats: A Biochemical, Molecular and Histopathological Study. Dose Response 2019; 17:1559325819852233. [PMID: 31191186 PMCID: PMC6537673 DOI: 10.1177/1559325819852233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) is known to produce axonopathy and vestibular hair cell degeneration. Recent histopathological studies have shown IDPN-induced liver and kidney toxicities in rodents; however, the associated mechanisms are not clearly understood. We investigated the role of proinflammatory cytokines in IDPN-induced liver and kidney toxicities in rats. Rats were treated with saline (control) and IDPN (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) daily for 1, 5, and 10 days, respectively. Animals were killed 24 hours after the last dose and liver and kidneys were collected for histopathology and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α messenger RNA expression analysis. Serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities were significantly increased after 10 doses of IDPN. The level of serum creatinine was initially increased after the first dose of IDPN but subsided on days 5 and 10. Blood urea nitrogen levels were significantly increased on days 5 and 10 following IDPN exposure. Histopathology showed dose-dependent hepatotoxicity in IDPN-treated rats. Iminodipropionitrile-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines peaked after day 1 in liver and after day 5 in kidneys. In conclusion, repeated exposure of IDPN for 10 days produced significant structural and functional damages in rat liver whereas kidneys showed gradual recovery with time. These findings point toward the role of inflammatory mediators in IDPN-induced toxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar A. Alwelaie
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohsen G. Al-Mutary
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Education, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nikhat J. Siddiqi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha M. Arafah
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S. Alhomida
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haseeb A. Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Haseeb A. Khan, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, Bldg. 5. King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. Emails: ;
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Lustig LR, Alemi S, Sun Y, Grabowski G, Akil O. Role of saposin C and D in auditory and vestibular function. Laryngoscope 2015. [PMID: 26198053 DOI: 10.1002/lary.25479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Saposins are small proteins derived from a precursor protein, prosaposin. Each of the four saposins (A-D) is necessary for the activity of lysosomal glycosphingolipid hydrolases. Individual saposin mutations lead to lysosomal storage diseases, some of which are associated with hearing loss. Here we evaluate the effects of the loss of saposins C and D on auditory and vestibular function in transgenic mice. METHODS Transgenic mice with either loss of saposin C function or a combined loss of saposin C + D function were studied. Light microscopy and immunofluorescence were used to evaluate histologic and morphologic changes in the auditory and vestibular organs. Acoustic brainstem response thresholds and distortion product otoacoustic emissions were used to study the auditory phenotype. RESULTS A null mutation of saposin C did not result in any identifiable histologic changes or loss of hearing through postnatal day 55. Combined losses of saposins C and D similarly did not result in any changes in organ of Corti histology or loss of hearing. However, inclusions within the vestibular end organs was noted, consistent with afferent and efferent neuronal sprouting, although to a much milder degree than seen in the previously studied prosaposin knockout mouse. CONCLUSIONS Loss of saposin C and D function, although causing mild phenotypic changes in the vestibular end organs, otherwise results in minimal functional impairment and no changes in the auditory system. It is more likely that the auditory and vestibular effects of the loss of prosaposin are mediated through the actions of saposin A and/or B. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence R Lustig
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Sean Alemi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Gregory Grabowski
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Omar Akil
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Disrupted bone remodeling leads to cochlear overgrowth and hearing loss in a mouse model of fibrous dysplasia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94989. [PMID: 24788917 PMCID: PMC4006800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal hearing requires exquisite cooperation between bony and sensorineural structures within the cochlea. For example, the inner ear secretes proteins such as osteoprotegrin (OPG) that can prevent cochlear bone remodeling. Accordingly, diseases that affect bone regulation can also result in hearing loss. Patients with fibrous dysplasia develop trabecular bone overgrowth resulting in hearing loss if the lesions affect the temporal bones. Unfortunately, the mechanisms responsible for this hearing loss, which could be sensorineural and/or conductive, remain unclear. In this study, we used a unique transgenic mouse model of increased Gs G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling induced by expression of an engineered receptor, Rs1, in osteoblastic cells. These ColI(2.3)+/Rs1+ mice showed dramatic bone lesions that histologically and radiologically resembled fibrous dysplasia. We found that ColI(2.3)+/Rs1+ mice showed progressive and severe conductive hearing loss. Ossicular chain impingement increased with the size and number of dysplastic lesions. While sensorineural structures were unaffected, ColI(2.3)+/Rs1+ cochleae had abnormally high osteoclast activity, together with elevated tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (Rankl) mRNA expression. ColI(2.3)+/Rs1+ cochleae also showed decreased expression of Sclerostin (Sost), an antagonist of the Wnt signaling pathway that normally increases bone formation. The osteocyte canalicular networks of ColI(2.3)+/Rs1+ cochleae were disrupted and showed abnormal osteocyte morphology. The osteocytes in the ColI(2.3)+/Rs1+ cochleae showed increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) and TRAP, both of which can support osteocyte-mediated peri-lacunar remodeling. Thus, while the ossicular chain impingement is sufficient to account for the progressive hearing loss in fibrous dysplasia, the deregulation of bone remodeling extends to the cochlea as well. Our findings suggest that factors regulating bone remodeling, including peri-lacunar remodeling by osteocytes, may be useful targets for treating the bony overgrowths and hearing changes of fibrous dysplasia and other bony pathologies.
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Terashita T, Saito S, Nabeka H, Hato N, Wakisaka H, Shimokawa T, Kobayashi N, Gyo K, Matsuda S. Prosaposin-derived peptide alleviates ischaemia-induced hearing loss. Acta Otolaryngol 2013; 133:462-8. [PMID: 23216090 DOI: 10.3109/00016489.2012.750430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSION An 18-mer peptide derived from the neurotrophic region of prosaposin (PS-pep) prevents hearing loss and cochlear damage due to transient cochlear ischaemia by activating an anti-apoptotic pathway. PS-pep is a potent candidate molecule for alleviating ischaemia-induced hearing loss. OBJECTIVE PS-pep was investigated for its protective effects against ischaemia-induced hearing loss and cochlear damage. METHODS Ischaemia was induced in both cochleae in Mongolian gerbils by pulling the ligatures around both vertebral arteries in an anterior direction using 5 g weights for 15 min. PS-pep was synthesized artificially and administered subcutaneously four times after the induction of transient cochlear ischaemia. RESULTS An increase in the auditory brainstem response threshold was alleviated in animals treated with 2.0 mg/kg PS-pep. Histological examinations conducted on day 7 showed that the loss of inner hair cells (IHCs) was more prominent than that of outer hair cells. Higher doses of PS-pep significantly alleviated IHC loss. An increase in the anti-apoptotic factor bcl-2 was also noted in the IHCs treated with PS-pep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Terashita
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
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