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Walker KA, Rhodes ST, Liberman DA, Gore AC, Bell MR. Microglial responses to inflammatory challenge in adult rats altered by developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls in a sex-specific manner. Neurotoxicology 2024; 104:95-115. [PMID: 39038526 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2024.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls are ubiquitous environmental contaminants linkedc with peripheral immune and neural dysfunction. Neuroimmune signaling is critical to brain development and later health; however, effects of PCBs on neuroimmune processes are largely undescribed. This study extends our previous work in neonatal or adolescent rats by investigating longer-term effects of perinatal PCB exposure on later neuroimmune responses to an inflammatory challenge in adulthood. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to a low-dose, environmentally relevant, mixture of PCBs (Aroclors 1242, 1248, and 1254, 1:1:1, 20 μg / kg dam BW per gestational day) or oil control during gestation and via lactation. Upon reaching adulthood, rats were given a mild inflammatory challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 50 μg / kg BW, ip) or saline control and then euthanized 3 hours later for gene expression analysis or 24 hours later for immunohistochemical labeling of Iba1+ microglia. PCB exposure did not alter gene expression or microglial morphology independently, but instead interacted with the LPS challenge in brain region- and sex-specific ways. In the female hypothalamus, PCB exposure blunted LPS responses of neuroimmune and neuromodulatory genes without changing microglial morphology. In the female prefrontal cortex, PCBs shifted Iba1+ cells from reactive to hyperramified morphology in response to LPS. Conversely, in the male hypothalamus, PCBs shifted cell phenotypes from hyperramified to reactive morphologies in response to LPS. The results highlight the potential for long-lasting effects of environmental contaminants that are differentially revealed over a lifetime, sometimes only after a secondary challenge. These neuroimmune endpoints are possible mechanisms for PCB effects on a range of neural dysfunction in adulthood, including mental health and neurodegenerative disorders. The findings suggest possible interactions with other environmental challenges that also influence neuroimmune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Walker
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
| | - Simone T Rhodes
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
| | - Deborah A Liberman
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
| | - Andrea C Gore
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Margaret R Bell
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA; Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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2
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Zhang L, Xu F, Yang Y, Yang L, Wu Q, Sun H, An Z, Li J, Wu H, Song J, Wu W. PM 2.5 exposure upregulates pro-inflammatory protein expression in human microglial cells via oxidant stress and TLR4/NF-κB pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 277:116386. [PMID: 38657455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient PM2.5 is associated with neurodegenerative disorders, in which microglia activation plays a critical role. Thus far, the underlying mechanisms for PM2.5-induced microglia activation have not been well elucidated. In this study, a human microglial cell line (HMC3) was used as the in vitro model to examine the inflammatory effect (hall marker of microglia activation) of PM2.5 and regulatory pathways. The expression of inflammatory mediators including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) as well as the brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were determined by ELISA and/or real-time PCR, respectively. Flow cytometry was used to measure the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Western blot was used to measure protein levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), NF-κB inhibitor α (IκBα) and COX-2. It was shown that PM2.5 stimulation increased IL-6 and COX-2 expression but decreased BDNF expression in a dose-dependent manner. Further studies showed that PM2.5 triggered the formation of ROS and pre-treatment with the ROS scavenger acetylcysteine (NAC) significantly suppressed PM2.5-induced IL-6 and COX-2 expression. Moreover, the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) inhibitor BAY11-7085 or the TLR4 neutralizing antibody markedly blocked PM2.5-induced IL-6 and COX-2 expression. However, NAC or BAY11-7085 exhibited minimal effect on PM2.5-induced BDNF down-regulation. In addition, pre-treatment with BAY11-7085 or TLR4 neutralizing antibody reduced ROS production induced by PM2.5, and NAC pre-treatment inhibited TLR4 expression and NF-κB activation induced by PM2.5. Collectively, PM2.5 treatment induced IL-6 and COX-2 but suppressed BDNF expression. PM2.5-induced IL-6 and COX-2 expression was mediated by interactive oxidative stress and TLR4/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Yishu Yang
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Han Sun
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Zhen An
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Juan Li
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Hui Wu
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Jie Song
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China.
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3
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Jami MS, Murata H, Barnhill LM, Li S, Bronstein JM. Diesel exhaust exposure alters the expression of networks implicated in neurodegeneration in zebrafish brains. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:641-655. [PMID: 34057650 PMCID: PMC10406705 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09618-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a major cause of disability in the world, but their etiologies largely remain elusive. Genetic factors can only account for a minority of risk for most of these disorders, suggesting environmental factors play a significant role in the development of these diseases. Prolonged exposure to air pollution has recently been identified to increase the risk of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, but the molecular mechanisms by which it acts are not well understood. Zebrafish embryos exposed to diesel exhaust particle extract (DEPe) lead to dysfunctional autophagy and neuronal loss. Here, we exposed zebrafish embryos to DEPe and performed high throughput proteomic and transcriptomic expression analyses from their brains to identify pathogenic pathways induced by air pollution. DEPe treatment altered several biological processes and signaling pathways relevant to neurodegenerative processes, including xenobiotic metabolism, phagosome maturation, and amyloid processing. The biggest induction of gene expression in brains was in Cyp1A (over 30-fold). The relevance of this expression change was confirmed by blocking induction using CRISPR/Cas9, which resulted in a dramatic increase in sensitivity to DEPe toxicity, confirming that Cyp1A induction was a compensatory protective mechanism. These studies identified disrupted molecular pathways that may contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Ultimately, determining the molecular basis of how air pollution increases the risk of neurodegeneration will help in the development of disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saeid Jami
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine At UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hiromi Murata
- Molecular Toxicology IDP, David Geffen School of Medicine At UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lisa M Barnhill
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine At UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Molecular Toxicology IDP, David Geffen School of Medicine At UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sharon Li
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine At UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jeff M Bronstein
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine At UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Molecular Toxicology IDP, David Geffen School of Medicine At UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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4
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Kodavanti UP, Jackson TW, Henriquez AR, Snow SJ, Alewel DI, Costa DL. Air Pollutant impacts on the brain and neuroendocrine system with implications for peripheral organs: a perspective. Inhal Toxicol 2023; 35:109-126. [PMID: 36749208 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2023.2172486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Air pollutants are being increasingly linked to extrapulmonary multi-organ effects. Specifically, recent studies associate air pollutants with brain disorders including psychiatric conditions, neuroinflammation and chronic diseases. Current evidence of the linkages between neuropsychiatric conditions and chronic peripheral immune and metabolic diseases provides insights on the potential role of the neuroendocrine system in mediating neural and systemic effects of inhaled pollutants (reactive particulates and gases). Autonomically-driven stress responses, involving sympathetic-adrenal-medullary and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axes regulate cellular physiological processes through adrenal-derived hormones and diverse receptor systems. Recent experimental evidence demonstrates the contribution of the very stress system responding to non-chemical stressors, in mediating systemic and neural effects of reactive air pollutants. The assessment of how respiratory encounter of air pollutants induce lung and peripheral responses through brain and neuroendocrine system, and how the impairment of these stress pathways could be linked to chronic diseases will improve understanding of the causes of individual variations in susceptibility and the contribution of habituation/learning and resiliency. This review highlights effects of air pollution in the respiratory tract that impact the brain and neuroendocrine system, including the role of autonomic sensory nervous system in triggering neural stress response, the likely contribution of translocated nano particles or metal components, and biological mediators released systemically in causing effects remote to the respiratory tract. The perspective on the use of systems approaches that incorporate multiple chemical and non-chemical stressors, including environmental, physiological and psychosocial, with the assessment of interactive neural mechanisms and peripheral networks are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmila P Kodavanti
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Thomas W Jackson
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Research Participation Program, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Andres R Henriquez
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Research Participation Program, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Devin I Alewel
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Research Participation Program, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Daniel L Costa
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gilling's School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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5
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Lecordier S, Manrique-Castano D, El Moghrabi Y, ElAli A. Neurovascular Alterations in Vascular Dementia: Emphasis on Risk Factors. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:727590. [PMID: 34566627 PMCID: PMC8461067 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.727590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) constitutes the second most prevalent cause of dementia in the world after Alzheimer’s disease (AD). VaD regroups heterogeneous neurological conditions in which the decline of cognitive functions, including executive functions, is associated with structural and functional alterations in the cerebral vasculature. Among these cerebrovascular disorders, major stroke, and cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) constitute the major risk factors for VaD. These conditions alter neurovascular functions leading to blood-brain barrier (BBB) deregulation, neurovascular coupling dysfunction, and inflammation. Accumulation of neurovascular impairments over time underlies the cognitive function decline associated with VaD. Furthermore, several vascular risk factors, such as hypertension, obesity, and diabetes have been shown to exacerbate neurovascular impairments and thus increase VaD prevalence. Importantly, air pollution constitutes an underestimated risk factor that triggers vascular dysfunction via inflammation and oxidative stress. The review summarizes the current knowledge related to the pathological mechanisms linking neurovascular impairments associated with stroke, cSVD, and vascular risk factors with a particular emphasis on air pollution, to VaD etiology and progression. Furthermore, the review discusses the major challenges to fully elucidate the pathobiology of VaD, as well as research directions to outline new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lecordier
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Manrique-Castano
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Yara El Moghrabi
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Ayman ElAli
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
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6
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Greve HJ, Mumaw CL, Messenger EJ, Kodavanti PRS, Royland JL, Kodavanti UP, Block ML. Diesel exhaust impairs TREM2 to dysregulate neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:351. [PMID: 33222683 PMCID: PMC7682066 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Air pollution has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and the underlying neuroimmune mechanisms remain poorly understood. TREM2 is a myeloid cell membrane receptor that is a key regulator of disease-associated microglia (DAM) cells, where loss-of-function TREM2 mutations are associated with an increased risk of AD. At present, the basic function of TREM2 in neuroinflammation is a point of controversy. Further, the impact of air pollution on TREM2 and the DAM phenotype is largely unknown. Using diesel exhaust (DE) as a model of urban air pollution exposure, we sought to address its impact on TREM2 expression, the DAM phenotype, the association of microglia with the neurovasculature, and the role of TREM2 in DE-induced neuroinflammation. Methods WYK rats were exposed for 4 weeks to DE (0, 50, 150, 500 μg/m3) by inhalation. DE particles (DEP) were administered intratracheally once (600 μg/mouse) or 8 times (100 μg/mouse) across 28 days to male mice (Trem2+/+, Trem2−/−, PHOX+/+, and PHOX−/−). Results Rats exposed to DE exhibited inverted-U patterns of Trem2 mRNA expression in the hippocampus and frontal cortex, while TREM2 protein was globally diminished, indicating impaired TREM2 expression. Analysis of DAM markers Cx3Cr1, Lyz2, and Lpl in the frontal cortex and hippocampus showed inverted-U patterns of expression as well, supporting dysregulation of the DAM phenotype. Further, microglial-vessel association decreased with DE inhalation in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, intratracheal administration of DEP increased Tnf (TNFα), Ncf1 (p47PHOX), and Ncf2 (p67PHOX) mRNA expression in only Trem2+/+ mice, where Il1b (IL-1β) expression was elevated in only Trem2−/− mice, emphasizing an important role for TREM2 in DEP-induced neuroinflammation. Conclusions Collectively, these findings reveal a novel role for TREM2 in how air pollution regulates neuroinflammation and provides much needed insight into the potential mechanisms linking urban air pollution to AD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-020-02017-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik J Greve
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 West 15th Street, NB 214D, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Christen L Mumaw
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 West 15th Street, NB 214D, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Evan J Messenger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 West 15th Street, NB 214D, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Prasada R S Kodavanti
- Neurological and Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Joyce L Royland
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Urmila P Kodavanti
- Cardiopulmonary and Immunotoxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Michelle L Block
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 West 15th Street, NB 214D, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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7
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Gómez-Budia M, Konttinen H, Saveleva L, Korhonen P, Jalava PI, Kanninen KM, Malm T. Glial smog: Interplay between air pollution and astrocyte-microglia interactions. Neurochem Int 2020; 136:104715. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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8
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Kodavanti UP. Susceptibility Variations in Air Pollution Health Effects: Incorporating Neuroendocrine Activation. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 47:962-975. [PMID: 31594484 PMCID: PMC9353182 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319878402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Diverse host factors/phenotypes may exacerbate or diminish biological responses induced by air pollutant exposure. We lack an understanding of biological indicators of environmental exposures that culminate in a physiological response versus those that lead to adversity. Variations in response phenotype might arise centrally and/or at the local tissue level. In addition to genetic differences, the current evidence supports the roles of preexisting cardiopulmonary diseases, diabetes, diet, adverse prenatal environments, neurobehavioral disorders, childhood infections, microbiome, sex, and psychosocial stressors in modifying the susceptibility to air pollutant exposures. Animal models of human diseases, obesity, nutritional inadequacies, and neurobehavioral conditions have been compared with healthy controls to understand the causes of variations in susceptibility. Although psychosocial stressors have been associated with increased susceptibility to air pollutant effects, the contribution of neuroendocrine stress pathways in mediating these effects is just emerging. The new findings of neuroendocrine activation leading to systemic metabolic and immunological effects of air pollutants, and the potential contribution to allostatic load, emphasize the consideration of these mechanisms into susceptibility. Variations in susceptibility to air pollution health effects are likely to underlie host genetic and physiological conditions in concert with disrupted neuroendocrine circuitry that alters physiological stability under the influence of stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmila P Kodavanti
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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9
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Yu F, Ye K, Hu Y, Li J, An Y, Qu D. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons derived from vehicle exhaust gas induces premature senescence in mouse lung fibroblast cells. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:4326-4334. [PMID: 30942392 PMCID: PMC6471379 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Long‑term exposure to vehicle exhaust gas may lead to various age‑associated disorders, including cardiovascular disease and cancer. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) belong to an important class of carcinogens, which are released into the environment by vehicles and are detectable at high levels in Chinese urban areas. However, whether vehicle exhaust gas (EG), and in particular the PAHs derived from EG, are able to induce cell senescence remains unclear. In the present study, vehicle EG and pure PAHs were used as pollution sources to investigate the effects of long‑term exposure to PAH on the cellular processes occurring in mouse lung fibroblast cells (mLFCs). Using cell proliferation and apoptosis assays, it was demonstrated that benzopyrene (BaP) suppressed the proliferation of mLFCs, and benzanthracene (BaA) and BaP induced cell apoptosis. Molecular analysis suggested that long‑term exposure to BaA and BaP was able to increase the protein expression levels of p53, p21 and the apoptotic factors involved in the caspase cascade, including caspase‑3 and ‑9. Notably, the present study suggested that PAH exposure was able to promote cell senescence in mLFCs by activating the ATM serine/threonine kinase/H2A histone family member X pathway. The present study may provide novel insights into the underlying mechanism of vehicle EG and PAHs in promoting the development of age‑associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130011, P.R. China
| | - Ke Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130011, P.R. China
| | - Yunfeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130011, P.R. China
| | - Jincheng Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal Surgery, China‑Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Yonglei An
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Dawei Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130011, P.R. China
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10
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Zhao S, Wang J, Xie Q, Luo L, Zhu Z, Liu Y, Deng Y, Kang R, Luo J, Zhao Z. Elucidating Mechanisms of Long-Term Gasoline Vehicle Exhaust Exposure–Induced Erectile Dysfunction in a Rat Model. J Sex Med 2019; 16:155-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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11
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Valand R, Magnusson P, Dziendzikowska K, Gajewska M, Wilczak J, Oczkowski M, Kamola D, Królikowski T, Kruszewski M, Lankoff A, Mruk R, Marcus Eide D, Sapierzyński R, Gromadzka-Ostrowska J, Duale N, Øvrevik J, Myhre O. Gene expression changes in rat brain regions after 7- and 28 days inhalation exposure to exhaust emissions from 1st and 2nd generation biodiesel fuels - The FuelHealth project. Inhal Toxicol 2018; 30:299-312. [DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2018.1520370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renate Valand
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Magnusson
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katarzyna Dziendzikowska
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Gajewska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Wilczak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Oczkowski
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Kamola
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Królikowski
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Kruszewski
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Lankoff
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
- Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Remigiusz Mruk
- Faculty of Production Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dag Marcus Eide
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rafał Sapierzyński
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Nur Duale
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oddvar Myhre
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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12
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Gargouri B, Yousif NM, Bouchard M, Fetoui H, Fiebich BL. Inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of bifenthrin in primary microglia and organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:159. [PMID: 29793499 PMCID: PMC5968622 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyrethroids, such as bifenthrin (BF), are among the most widely used class of insecticides that pose serious risks to human and wildlife health. Pyrethroids are proposed to affect astrocytic functions and to cause neuron injury in the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia are key cells involved in innate immune responses in the CNS, and microglia activation has been linked to inflammation and neurotoxicity. However, little information is known about the effects of BF-induced toxicity in primary microglial cells as well as in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs). METHODS Oxidative stress and inflammatory responses induced by BF were evaluated in primary microglial cells and OHSCs incubated with different concentrations of BF (1-20 μM) for 4 and 24 h. mRNA and protein synthesis of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear erythroid-2 like factor-2 (Nrf-2), and microsomal prostaglandin synthase-1 (mPGES-1) was also studied by qPCR and Western blot. Cell viability was analyzed by MTT-tetrazolio (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. Neurotoxicity in OHSCs was analyzed by propidium iodide (PI) staining and confocal microscopy. RESULTS Exposure of microglial cells to BF for 24 h resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in the number of viable cells. At sub-cytotoxic concentrations, BF increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), TNF-alpha synthesis, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, at both 4- and 24-h time points, respectively. Furthermore, BF incubation decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and increased lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and H2O2 formation. In addition, BF significantly induced protein synthesis and mRNA expression of oxidative and inflammatory mediators after 4 and 24 h, including Nrf-2, COX-2, mPGES-1, and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). A 24-h exposure of OHSCs to BF also increased neuronal death compared to untreated controls. Furthermore, depletion of microglia from OHSCs potently enhanced neuronal death induced by BF. CONCLUSIONS Overall, BF exhibited cytotoxic effects in primary microglial cells, accompanied by the induction of various inflammatory and oxidative stress markers including the Nrf-2/COX-2/mPGES-1/NF-kappaB pathways. Moreover, the study provided evidence that BF induced neuronal death in OHSCs and suggests that microglia exert a protective function against BF toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahim Gargouri
- Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Toxicology-Microbiology and Environmental Health (17ES06), Sciences Faculty of Sfax, University of Sfax, BP1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nizar M. Yousif
- Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michèle Bouchard
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Toxicological Risk Assessment and Management, University of Montreal, Roger-Gaudry Building, U424, Main Station, Montreal, P.O. Box 6128, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Hamadi Fetoui
- Laboratory of Toxicology-Microbiology and Environmental Health (17ES06), Sciences Faculty of Sfax, University of Sfax, BP1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Bernd L. Fiebich
- Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Jayaraj RL, Rodriguez EA, Wang Y, Block ML. Outdoor Ambient Air Pollution and Neurodegenerative Diseases: the Neuroinflammation Hypothesis. Curr Environ Health Rep 2017; 4:166-179. [PMID: 28444645 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-017-0142-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Accumulating research indicates that ambient outdoor air pollution impacts the brain and may affect neurodegenerative diseases, yet the potential underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. RECENT FINDINGS The neuroinflammation hypothesis holds that elevation of cytokines and reactive oxygen species in the brain mediates the deleterious effects of urban air pollution on the central nervous system (CNS). Studies in human and animal research document that neuroinflammation occurs in response to several inhaled pollutants. Microglia are a prominent source of cytokines and reactive oxygen species in the brain, implicated in the progressive neuron damage in diverse neurodegenerative diseases, and activated by inhaled components of urban air pollution through both direct and indirect pathways. The MAC1-NOX2 pathway has been identified as a mechanism through which microglia respond to different forms of air pollution, suggesting a potential common deleterious pathway. Multiple direct and indirect pathways in response to air pollution exposure likely interact in concert to exert CNS effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Jayaraj
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Eric A Rodriguez
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Michelle L Block
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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