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Jellinger KA. Pathomechanisms of behavioral abnormalities in Huntington disease: an update. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2024:10.1007/s00702-024-02794-y. [PMID: 38874766 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-024-02794-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD), a devastating autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by an expanded CAG trinucleotide repeat, is clinically characterized by a triad of symptoms including involuntary motions, behavior problems and cognitive deficits. Behavioral symptoms with anxiety, irritability, obsessive-compulsive behaviors, apathy and other neuropsychiatric symptoms, occurring in over 50% of HD patients are important features of this disease and contribute to impairment of quality of life, but their pathophysiology is poorly understood. Behavior problems, more frequent than depression, can be manifest before obvious motor symptoms and occur across all HD stages, usually correlated with duration of illness. While specific neuropathological data are missing, the relations between gene expression and behavior have been elucidated in transgenic models of HD. Disruption of interneuronal communications, with involvement of prefronto-striato-thalamic networks and hippocampal dysfunctions produce deficits in multiple behavioral domains. These changes that have been confirmed by multistructural neuroimaging studies are due to a causal cascade linking molecular pathologies (glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunctions inducing multiple biochemical and structural alterations) and deficits in multiple behavioral domains. The disruption of large-scale connectivities may explain the variability of behavior profiles and is useful in understanding the biological backgrounds of functional decline in HD. Such findings offer new avenues for targeted treatments in terms of minimizing neurobehavioral impairment in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Alberichgasse 5/13, Vienna, A-1150, Austria.
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Cheng H, Villahoz BF, Ponzio RD, Aschner M, Chen P. Signaling Pathways Involved in Manganese-Induced Neurotoxicity. Cells 2023; 12:2842. [PMID: 38132161 PMCID: PMC10742340 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element, but insufficient or excessive bodily amounts can induce neurotoxicity. Mn can directly increase neuronal insulin and activate insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptors. As an important cofactor, Mn regulates signaling pathways involved in various enzymes. The IGF signaling pathway plays a protective role in the neurotoxicity of Mn, reducing apoptosis in neurons and motor deficits by regulating its downstream protein kinase B (Akt), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). In recent years, some new mechanisms related to neuroinflammation have been shown to also play an important role in Mn-induced neurotoxicity. For example, DNA-sensing receptor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cCAS) and its downstream signal efficient interferon gene stimulator (STING), NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3(NLRP3)-pro-caspase1, cleaves to the active form capase1 (CASP1), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), sirtuin (SIRT), and Janus kinase (JAK) and signal transducers and activators of the transcription (STAT) signaling pathway. Moreover, autophagy, as an important downstream protein degradation pathway, determines the fate of neurons and is regulated by these upstream signals. Interestingly, the role of autophagy in Mn-induced neurotoxicity is bidirectional. This review summarizes the molecular signaling pathways of Mn-induced neurotoxicity, providing insight for further understanding of the mechanisms of Mn.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pan Chen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (H.C.); (B.F.V.); (R.D.P.); (M.A.)
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Scholefield M, Patassini S, Xu J, Cooper GJS. Widespread selenium deficiency in the brain of cases with Huntington's disease presents a new potential therapeutic target. EBioMedicine 2023; 97:104824. [PMID: 37806287 PMCID: PMC10667115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huntington or Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease characterised by both progressive motor and cognitive dysfunction; its pathogenic mechanisms remain poorly understood and no treatment can currently slow, stop, or reverse its progression. There is some evidence of metallomic dysfunction in limited regions of the HD brain; we hypothesised that these alterations are more widespread than the current literature suggests and may contribute to pathogenesis in HD. METHODS We measured the concentrations of eight essential metals (sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc, copper, and manganese) and the metalloid selenium across 11 brain regions in nine genetically confirmed, clinically manifest cases of HD and nine controls using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Case-control differences were assessed by non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test (p < 0.05), risk ratios, E-values, and effect sizes. FINDINGS We observed striking decreases in selenium levels in 11 out of 11 investigated brain regions in HD, with risk ratios and effect sizes ranging 2.3-9.0 and 0.7-1.9, respectively. Increased sodium/potassium ratios were observed in every region (risk ratio = 2.5-8.0; effect size = 1.2-5.8) except the substantia nigra (risk ratio = 0.25; effect size = 0.1). Multiple regions showed increased calcium and/or zinc levels, and localised decreases in iron, copper, and manganese were present in the globus pallidus, cerebellum, and substantia nigra, respectively. INTERPRETATION The observed metallomic alterations in the HD brain may contribute to several pathogenic mechanisms, including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Selenium supplementation may represent a potential, much-needed therapeutic pathway for the treatment of HD that would not require localised delivery in the brain due to the widespread presence of selenium deficiency in regions that show both high and low levels of neurodegeneration. FUNDING In Acknowledgments, includes the Lee Trust, the Endocore Research Trust, Cure Huntington's Disease Initiative, the Oakley Mental Health Research Foundation, the Medical Research Council (MRC), the New Zealand Neurological Foundation, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Scholefield
- Centre for Advanced Discovery & Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M19 9NT, United Kingdom.
| | - Stefano Patassini
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92 019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jingshu Xu
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92 019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Garth J S Cooper
- Centre for Advanced Discovery & Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M19 9NT, United Kingdom; School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92 019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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Chhetri G, Ke Y, Wang P, Usman M, Li Y, Sapp E, Wang J, Ghosh A, Islam MA, Wang X, Boudi A, DiFiglia M, Li X. Impaired XK recycling for importing manganese underlies striatal vulnerability in Huntington's disease. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213461. [PMID: 36099524 PMCID: PMC9475296 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202112073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutant huntingtin, which causes Huntington's disease (HD), is ubiquitously expressed but induces preferential loss of striatal neurons by unclear mechanisms. Rab11 dysfunction mediates homeostatic disturbance of HD neurons. Here, we report that Rab11 dysfunction also underscores the striatal vulnerability in HD. We profiled the proteome of Rab11-positive endosomes of HD-vulnerable striatal cells to look for protein(s) linking Rab11 dysfunction to striatal vulnerability in HD and found XK, which triggers the selective death of striatal neurons in McLeod syndrome. XK was trafficked together with Rab11 and was diminished on the surface of immortalized HD striatal cells and striatal neurons in HD mouse brains. We found that XK participated in transporting manganese, an essential trace metal depleted in HD brains. Introducing dominantly active Rab11 into HD striatal cells improved XK dynamics and increased manganese accumulation in an XK-dependent manner. Our study suggests that impaired Rab11-based recycling of XK onto cell surfaces for importing manganese is a driver of striatal dysfunction in Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Chhetri
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuting Ke
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA.,Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Muhammad Usman
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ellen Sapp
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Jing Wang
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Arabinda Ghosh
- Department of Botany, Microbiology Division, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Md Ariful Islam
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Adel Boudi
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Marian DiFiglia
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Xueyi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
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Pfalzer AC, Yan Y, Kang H, Totten M, Silverman J, Bowman AB, Erikson K, Claassen DO. Alterations in metal homeostasis occur prior to canonical markers in Huntington disease. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10373. [PMID: 35725749 PMCID: PMC9209499 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14169-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of metal biology in neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntingtin Disease is well documented with evidence of direct interactions between metals such as copper, zinc, iron and manganese and mutant Huntingtin pathobiology. To date, it is unclear whether these interactions are observed in humans, how this impacts other metals, and how mutant Huntington alters homeostatic mechanisms governing levels of copper, zinc, iron and manganese in cerebrospinal fluid and blood in HD patients. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid from control, pre-manifest, manifest and late manifest HD participants were collected as part of HD-Clarity. Levels of cerebrospinal fluid and plasma copper, zinc, iron and manganese were measured as well as levels of mutant Huntingtin and neurofilament in a sub-set of cerebrospinal fluid samples. We find that elevations in cerebrospinal fluid copper, manganese and zinc levels are altered early in disease prior to alterations in canonical biomarkers of HD although these changes are not present in plasma. We also evidence that CSF iron is elevated in manifest patients. The relationships between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid metal are altered based on disease stage. These findings demonstrate that there are alterations in metal biology selectively in the CSF which occur prior to changes in known canonical biomarkers of disease. Our work indicates that there are pathological changes related to alterations in metal biology in individuals without elevations in neurofilament and mutant Huntingtin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Pfalzer
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1611 21st Avenue South, Suite 1532, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Yan Yan
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Hakmook Kang
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Melissa Totten
- grid.266860.c0000 0001 0671 255XDepartment of Nutrition, University of North Carolina-Greensboro, Greensboro, NC USA
| | - James Silverman
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1611 21st Avenue South, Suite 1532, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Aaron B. Bowman
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Keith Erikson
- grid.266860.c0000 0001 0671 255XDepartment of Nutrition, University of North Carolina-Greensboro, Greensboro, NC USA
| | - Daniel O. Claassen
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1611 21st Avenue South, Suite 1532, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
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Wilcox JM, Consoli DC, Paffenroth KC, Spitznagel BD, Calipari ES, Bowman AB, Harrison FE. Manganese-induced hyperactivity and dopaminergic dysfunction depend on age, sex and YAC128 genotype. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 213:173337. [PMID: 35063467 PMCID: PMC8833139 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential micronutrient but is neurotoxic in excess. Environmental and genetic factors influence vulnerability to Mn toxicity, including sex, age, and the autosomal dominant mutation that causes Huntington disease (HD). To better understand the differential effects of Mn in wild-type (WT) versus YAC128 mice, we examined impacts of Mn exposure across different ages and sexes on disease-relevant behavioral tasks and dopamine dynamics. Young (3-week) and aged (12-month) WT and YAC128 mice received control (70 ppm) or high (2400 ppm) Mn diet for 8 weeks followed by a battery of behavioral tasks. In young female WT mice, high Mn diet induced hyperactivity across two independent behavioral tasks. Changes in the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were consistent with the behavioral data in young females such that elevated TH in YAC128 on control diet was decreased by high Mn diet. Aged YAC128 mice showed the expected disease-relevant behavioral impairments in females and decreased TH expression, but we observed no significant effects of Mn diet in either genotype of the aged group. Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry recorded dopamine release and clearance in the nucleus accumbens of eight-month-old WT and YAC128 mice following acute Mn exposure (3×/1 week subcutaneous injections of 50 mg/kg MnCl[2]-tetrahydrate or saline). In WT mice, Mn exposure led to faster dopamine clearance that resembled saline treated YAC128 mice. Mn treatment increased dopamine release only in YAC128 mice, possibly indirectly correcting the faster dopamine clearance observed in saline treated YAC128 mice. The same exposure paradigm led to decreased dopamine and serotonin and metabolites (3-MT, HVA and 5-HIAA) in striatum and increased glutamate in YAC128 mice but not WT mice. These studies confirm an adverse effect of Mn in young, female WT animals and support a role for Mn exposure in stabilizing dopaminergic dysfunction and motivated behavior in early HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordyn M. Wilcox
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN,Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN,corresponding author: Jordyn M. Wilcox, PhD, , 2215 Garland Ave, Medical Research Building IV, 7445, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - David C. Consoli
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN,Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Brittany D. Spitznagel
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN,Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Erin S. Calipari
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN,Departments of Pharmacology, Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Aaron B. Bowman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Fiona E. Harrison
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN,Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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