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Heuer SE, Bloss EB, Howell GR. Strategies to dissect microglia-synaptic interactions during aging and in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2024; 254:109987. [PMID: 38705570 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Age is the largest risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder that causes a progressive and severe dementia. The underlying cause of cognitive deficits seen in AD is thought to be the disconnection of neural circuits that control memory and executive functions. Insight into the mechanisms by which AD diverges from normal aging will require identifying precisely which cellular events are driven by aging and which are impacted by AD-related pathologies. Since microglia, the brain-resident macrophages, are known to have critical roles in the formation and maintenance of neural circuits through synaptic pruning, they are well-positioned to modulate synaptic connectivity in circuits sensitive to aging or AD. In this review, we provide an overview of the current state of the field and on emerging technologies being employed to elucidate microglia-synaptic interactions in aging and AD. We also discuss the importance of leveraging genetic diversity to study how these interactions are shaped across more realistic contexts. We propose that these approaches will be essential to define specific aging- and disease-relevant trajectories for more personalized therapeutics aimed at reducing the effects of age or AD pathologies on the brain. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Microglia".
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Heuer
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Erik B Bloss
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
| | - Gareth R Howell
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
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Soni N, Hohsfield LA, Tran KM, Kawauchi S, Walker A, Javonillo D, Phan J, Matheos D, Da Cunha C, Uyar A, Milinkeviciute G, Gomez‐Arboledas A, Tran K, Kaczorowski CC, Wood MA, Tenner AJ, LaFerla FM, Carter GW, Mortazavi A, Swarup V, MacGregor GR, Green KN. Genetic diversity promotes resilience in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:2794-2816. [PMID: 38426371 PMCID: PMC11032575 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with multifactorial etiology, including genetic factors that play a significant role in disease risk and resilience. However, the role of genetic diversity in preclinical AD studies has received limited attention. METHODS We crossed five Collaborative Cross strains with 5xFAD C57BL/6J female mice to generate F1 mice with and without the 5xFAD transgene. Amyloid plaque pathology, microglial and astrocytic responses, neurofilament light chain levels, and gene expression were assessed at various ages. RESULTS Genetic diversity significantly impacts AD-related pathology. Hybrid strains showed resistance to amyloid plaque formation and neuronal damage. Transcriptome diversity was maintained across ages and sexes, with observable strain-specific variations in AD-related phenotypes. Comparative gene expression analysis indicated correlations between mouse strains and human AD. DISCUSSION Increasing genetic diversity promotes resilience to AD-related pathogenesis, relative to an inbred C57BL/6J background, reinforcing the importance of genetic diversity in uncovering resilience in the development of AD. HIGHLIGHTS Genetic diversity's impact on AD in mice was explored. Diverse F1 mouse strains were used for AD study, via the Collaborative Cross. Strain-specific variations in AD pathology, glia, and transcription were found. Strains resilient to plaque formation and plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL) increases were identified. Correlations with human AD transcriptomics were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelakshi Soni
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lindsay A. Hohsfield
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kristine M. Tran
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Shimako Kawauchi
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Transgenic Mouse Facility, ULAROffice of ResearchUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Amber Walker
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Transgenic Mouse Facility, ULAROffice of ResearchUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dominic Javonillo
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jimmy Phan
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dina Matheos
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Celia Da Cunha
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Asli Uyar
- The Jackson LaboratoryBar HarborMaineUSA
| | - Giedre Milinkeviciute
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Angela Gomez‐Arboledas
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Katelynn Tran
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Marcelo A. Wood
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Andrea J. Tenner
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Frank M. LaFerla
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Ali Mortazavi
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Developmental and Cellular BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Complex Biological SystemsUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Vivek Swarup
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Grant R. MacGregor
- Transgenic Mouse Facility, ULAROffice of ResearchUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Developmental and Cellular BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kim N. Green
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
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Heuer SE, Keezer KJ, Hewes AA, Onos KD, Graham KC, Howell GR, Bloss EB. Control of hippocampal synaptic plasticity by microglia-dendrite interactions depends on genetic context in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:601-614. [PMID: 37753835 PMCID: PMC10840883 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human data suggest susceptibility and resilience to features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) such as microglia activation and synaptic dysfunction are under genetic control. However, causal relationships between these processes, and how genomic diversity modulates them remain systemically underexplored in mouse models. METHODS AD-vulnerable hippocampal neurons were virally labeled in inbred (C57BL/6J) and wild-derived (PWK/PhJ) APP/PS1 and wild-type mice, and brain microglia depleted from 4 to 8 months of age. Dendrites were assessed for synapse plasticity changes by evaluating spine densities and morphologies. RESULTS In C57BL/6J, microglia depletion blocked amyloid-induced synaptic density and morphology changes. At a finer scale, synaptic morphology on individual branches was dependent on microglia-dendrite physical interactions. Conversely, synapses from PWK/PhJ mice showed remarkable stability in response to amyloid, and no evidence of microglia contact-dependent changes on dendrites. DISCUSSION These results demonstrate that microglia-dependent synaptic alterations in specific AD-vulnerable projection pathways are differentially controlled by genetic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Heuer
- The Jackson LaboratoryBar HarborMaineUSA
- Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTufts UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Gareth R. Howell
- The Jackson LaboratoryBar HarborMaineUSA
- Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTufts UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of MaineOronoMaineUSA
| | - Erik B. Bloss
- The Jackson LaboratoryBar HarborMaineUSA
- Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesTufts UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of MaineOronoMaineUSA
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Marzi SJ, Schilder BM, Nott A, Frigerio CS, Willaime-Morawek S, Bucholc M, Hanger DP, James C, Lewis PA, Lourida I, Noble W, Rodriguez-Algarra F, Sharif JA, Tsalenchuk M, Winchester LM, Yaman Ü, Yao Z, Ranson JM, Llewellyn DJ. Artificial intelligence for neurodegenerative experimental models. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:5970-5987. [PMID: 37768001 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Experimental models are essential tools in neurodegenerative disease research. However, the translation of insights and drugs discovered in model systems has proven immensely challenging, marred by high failure rates in human clinical trials. METHODS Here we review the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in experimental medicine for dementia research. RESULTS Considering the specific challenges of reproducibility and translation between other species or model systems and human biology in preclinical dementia research, we highlight best practices and resources that can be leveraged to quantify and evaluate translatability. We then evaluate how AI and ML approaches could be applied to enhance both cross-model reproducibility and translation to human biology, while sustaining biological interpretability. DISCUSSION AI and ML approaches in experimental medicine remain in their infancy. However, they have great potential to strengthen preclinical research and translation if based upon adequate, robust, and reproducible experimental data. HIGHLIGHTS There are increasing applications of AI in experimental medicine. We identified issues in reproducibility, cross-species translation, and data curation in the field. Our review highlights data resources and AI approaches as solutions. Multi-omics analysis with AI offers exciting future possibilities in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Marzi
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Brian M Schilder
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alexi Nott
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Magda Bucholc
- School of Computing, Engineering & Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Derry, UK
| | - Diane P Hanger
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Patrick A Lewis
- Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | - Wendy Noble
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Jalil-Ahmad Sharif
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Tsalenchuk
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Ümran Yaman
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | | | | | - David J Llewellyn
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
- Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
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Hurst CD, Dunn AR, Dammer EB, Duong DM, Shapley SM, Seyfried NT, Kaczorowski CC, Johnson ECB. Genetic background influences the 5XFAD Alzheimer's disease mouse model brain proteome. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1239116. [PMID: 37901791 PMCID: PMC10602695 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1239116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to improve the translational validity of Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse models. Introducing genetic background diversity in AD mouse models has been proposed as a way to increase validity and enable the discovery of previously uncharacterized genetic contributions to AD susceptibility or resilience. However, the extent to which genetic background influences the mouse brain proteome and its perturbation in AD mouse models is unknown. In this study, we crossed the 5XFAD AD mouse model on a C57BL/6J (B6) inbred background with the DBA/2J (D2) inbred background and analyzed the effects of genetic background variation on the brain proteome in F1 progeny. Both genetic background and 5XFAD transgene insertion strongly affected protein variance in the hippocampus and cortex (n = 3,368 proteins). Protein co-expression network analysis identified 16 modules of highly co-expressed proteins common across the hippocampus and cortex in 5XFAD and non-transgenic mice. Among the modules strongly influenced by genetic background were those related to small molecule metabolism and ion transport. Modules strongly influenced by the 5XFAD transgene were related to lysosome/stress responses and neuronal synapse/signaling. The modules with the strongest relationship to human disease-neuronal synapse/signaling and lysosome/stress response-were not significantly influenced by genetic background. However, other modules in 5XFAD that were related to human disease, such as GABA synaptic signaling and mitochondrial membrane modules, were influenced by genetic background. Most disease-related modules were more strongly correlated with AD genotype in the hippocampus compared with the cortex. Our findings suggest that the genetic diversity introduced by crossing B6 and D2 inbred backgrounds influences proteomic changes related to disease in the 5XFAD model, and that proteomic analysis of other genetic backgrounds in transgenic and knock-in AD mouse models is warranted to capture the full range of molecular heterogeneity in genetically diverse models of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheyenne D. Hurst
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Amy R. Dunn
- Department of Mammalian Genetics, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | - Eric B. Dammer
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Duc M. Duong
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sarah M. Shapley
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Nicholas T. Seyfried
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Catherine C. Kaczorowski
- Department of Mammalian Genetics, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
- Department of Neurology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Erik C. B. Johnson
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Hurst CD, Dunn AR, Dammer EB, Duong DM, Seyfried NT, Kaczorowski CC, Johnson ECB. Genetic background influences the 5XFAD Alzheimer's disease mouse model brain proteome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.12.544646. [PMID: 37398142 PMCID: PMC10312637 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.12.544646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
There is a pressing need to improve the translational validity of Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse models. Introducing genetic background diversity in AD mouse models has been proposed as a way to increase validity and enable discovery of previously uncharacterized genetic contributions to AD susceptibility or resilience. However, the extent to which genetic background influences the mouse brain proteome and its perturbation in AD mouse models is unknown. Here we crossed the 5XFAD AD mouse model on a C57BL/6J (B6) inbred background with the DBA/2J (D2) inbred background and analyzed the effects of genetic background variation on the brain proteome in F1 progeny. Both genetic background and 5XFAD transgene insertion strongly affected protein variance in hippocampus and cortex (n=3,368 proteins). Protein co-expression network analysis identified 16 modules of highly co-expressed proteins common across hippocampus and cortex in 5XFAD and non-transgenic mice. Among the modules strongly influenced by genetic background were those related to small molecule metabolism and ion transport. Modules strongly influenced by the 5XFAD transgene were related to lysosome/stress response and neuronal synapse/signaling. The modules with the strongest relationship to human disease-neuronal synapse/signaling and lysosome/stress response-were not significantly influenced by genetic background. However, other modules in 5XFAD that were related to human disease, such as GABA synaptic signaling and mitochondrial membrane modules, were influenced by genetic background. Most disease-related modules were more strongly correlated to AD genotype in hippocampus compared to cortex. Our findings suggest that genetic diversity introduced by crossing B6 and D2 inbred backgrounds influences proteomic changes related to disease in the 5XFAD model, and that proteomic analysis of other genetic backgrounds in transgenic and knock-in AD mouse models is warranted to capture the full range of molecular heterogeneity in genetically diverse models of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheyenne D. Hurst
- Goizueta Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Amy R. Dunn
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA
| | - Eric B. Dammer
- Goizueta Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Duc M. Duong
- Goizueta Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Nicholas T. Seyfried
- Goizueta Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Catherine C. Kaczorowski
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA
- The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA
| | - Erik C. B. Johnson
- Goizueta Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
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Heuer SE, Keezer KJ, Hewes AA, Onos KD, Graham KC, Howell GR, Bloss EB. Genetic context controls early microglia-synaptic interactions in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.28.538728. [PMID: 37162819 PMCID: PMC10168315 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.28.538728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Common features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) include amyloid pathology, microglia activation and synaptic dysfunction, however, the causal relationships amongst them remains unclear. Further, human data suggest susceptibility and resilience to AD neuropathology is controlled by genetic context, a factor underexplored in mouse models. To this end, we leveraged viral strategies to label an AD-vulnerable neuronal circuit in CA1 dendrites projecting to the frontal cortex in genetically diverse C57BL/6J (B6) and PWK/PhJ (PWK) APP/PS1 mouse strains and used PLX5622 to non-invasively deplete brain microglia. Reconstructions of labeled neurons revealed microglia-dependent changes in dendritic spine density and morphology in B6 wild-type (WT) and APP/PS1 yet a marked stability of spines across PWK mice. We further showed that synaptic changes depend on direct microglia-dendrite interactions in B6. APP/PS1 but not PWK. APP/PS1 mice. Collectively, these results demonstrate that microglia-dependent synaptic alterations in a specific AD-vulnerable projection pathway are differentially controlled by genetic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Heuer
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
- Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Gareth R. Howell
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
- Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA
| | - Erik B. Bloss
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
- Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA
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Stennett A, Friston K, Harris CL, Wollman AJM, Bronowska AK, Madden KS. The case for complement component 5 as a target in neurodegenerative disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:97-109. [PMID: 36786123 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2177532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Complement-based drug discovery is undergoing a renaissance, empowered by new advances in structural biology, complement biology and drug development. Certain components of the complement pathway, particularly C1q and C3, have been extensively studied in the context of neurodegenerative disease, and established as key therapeutic targets. C5 also has huge therapeutic potential in this arena, with its druggability clearly demonstrated by the success of C5-inhibitor eculizumab. AREAS COVERED We will discuss the evidence supporting C5 as a target in neurodegenerative disease, along with the current progress in developing different classes of C5 inhibitors and the gaps in knowledge that will help progress in the field. EXPERT OPINION Validation of C5 as a therapeutic target for neurodegenerative disease would represent a major step forward for complement therapeutics research and has the potential to furnish disease-modifying drugs for millions of patients suffering worldwide. Key hurdles that need to be overcome for this to be achieved are understanding how C5a and C5b should be targeted to bring therapeutic benefit and demonstrating the ability to target C5 without creating vulnerability to infection in patients. This requires greater biological elucidation of its precise role in disease pathogenesis, supported by better chemical/biological tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Stennett
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Kallie Friston
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Claire L Harris
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Adam J M Wollman
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Agnieszka K Bronowska
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Katrina S Madden
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK.,Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
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Complement as a powerful "influencer" in the brain during development, adulthood and neurological disorders. Adv Immunol 2021; 152:157-222. [PMID: 34844709 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The complement system was long considered as only a powerful effector arm of the immune system that, while critically protective, could lead to inflammation and cell death if overactivated, even in the central nervous system (CNS). However, in the past decade it has been recognized as playing critical roles in key physiological processes in the CNS, including neurogenesis and synaptic remodeling in the developing and adult brain. Inherent in these processes are the interactions with cells in the brain, and the cascade of interactions and functional consequences that ensue. As a result, investigations of therapeutic approaches for both suppressing excessive complement driven neurotoxicity and aberrant sculpting of neuronal circuits, require broad (and deep) knowledge of the functional activities of multiple components of this highly evolved and regulated system to avoid unintended negative consequences in the clinic. Advances in basic science are beginning to provide a roadmap for translation to therapeutics, with both small molecule and biologics. Here, we present examples of the critical roles of proper complement function in the development and sculpting of the nervous system, and in enabling rapid protection from infection and clearance of dying cells. Microglia are highlighted as important command centers that integrate signals from the complement system and other innate sensors that are programed to provide support and protection, but that direct detrimental responses to aberrant activation and/or regulation of the system. Finally, we present promising research areas that may lead to effective and precision strategies for complement targeted interventions to promote neurological health.
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Schartz ND, Tenner AJ. The good, the bad, and the opportunities of the complement system in neurodegenerative disease. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:354. [PMID: 33239010 PMCID: PMC7690210 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement cascade is a critical effector mechanism of the innate immune system that contributes to the rapid clearance of pathogens and dead or dying cells, as well as contributing to the extent and limit of the inflammatory immune response. In addition, some of the early components of this cascade have been clearly shown to play a beneficial role in synapse elimination during the development of the nervous system, although excessive complement-mediated synaptic pruning in the adult or injured brain may be detrimental in multiple neurogenerative disorders. While many of these later studies have been in mouse models, observations consistent with this notion have been reported in human postmortem examination of brain tissue. Increasing awareness of distinct roles of C1q, the initial recognition component of the classical complement pathway, that are independent of the rest of the complement cascade, as well as the relationship with other signaling pathways of inflammation (in the periphery as well as the central nervous system), highlights the need for a thorough understanding of these molecular entities and pathways to facilitate successful therapeutic design, including target identification, disease stage for treatment, and delivery in specific neurologic disorders. Here, we review the evidence for both beneficial and detrimental effects of complement components and activation products in multiple neurodegenerative disorders. Evidence for requisite co-factors for the diverse consequences are reviewed, as well as the recent studies that support the possibility of successful pharmacological approaches to suppress excessive and detrimental complement-mediated chronic inflammation, while preserving beneficial effects of complement components, to slow the progression of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D. Schartz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, 3205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Andrea J. Tenner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, 3205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, 3205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, 3205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
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Onos KD, Uyar A, Keezer KJ, Jackson HM, Preuss C, Acklin CJ, O’Rourke R, Buchanan R, Cossette TL, Sukoff Rizzo SJ, Soto I, Carter GW, Howell GR. Enhancing face validity of mouse models of Alzheimer's disease with natural genetic variation. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008155. [PMID: 31150388 PMCID: PMC6576791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical laboratory strains show limited genetic diversity and do not harness natural genetic variation. Mouse models relevant to Alzheimer's disease (AD) have largely been developed using these classical laboratory strains, such as C57BL/6J (B6), and this has likely contributed to the failure of translation of findings from mice to the clinic. Therefore, here we test the potential for natural genetic variation to enhance the translatability of AD mouse models. Two widely used AD-relevant transgenes, APPswe and PS1de9 (APP/PS1), were backcrossed from B6 to three wild-derived strains CAST/EiJ, WSB/EiJ, PWK/PhJ, representative of three Mus musculus subspecies. These new AD strains were characterized using metabolic, functional, neuropathological and transcriptional assays. Strain-, sex- and genotype-specific differences were observed in cognitive ability, neurodegeneration, plaque load, cerebrovascular health and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Analyses of brain transcriptional data showed strain was the greatest driver of variation. We identified significant variation in myeloid cell numbers in wild type mice of different strains as well as significant differences in plaque-associated myeloid responses in APP/PS1 mice between the strains. Collectively, these data support the use of wild-derived strains to better model the complexity of human AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen D. Onos
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Asli Uyar
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Kelly J. Keezer
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | | | - Christoph Preuss
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Casey J. Acklin
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Rita O’Rourke
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Buchanan
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | | | | | - Ileana Soto
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Gregory W. Carter
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
| | - Gareth R. Howell
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
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12
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Mouse models of Alzheimer's disease cause rarefaction of pial collaterals and increased severity of ischemic stroke. Angiogenesis 2019; 22:263-279. [PMID: 30519973 PMCID: PMC6475514 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-018-9655-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Vascular dysfunction contributes to the progression and severity of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Patients with AD also sustain larger infarctions after ischemic stroke; however, the responsible mechanisms are unknown. Pial collaterals are the primary source of protection in stroke. Unfortunately, natural aging and other vascular risk factors cause a decline in collateral number and diameter (rarefaction) and an increase in stroke severity. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that AD accelerates age-induced collateral rarefaction and examined potential underlying mechanisms. Triple and double transgenic mouse models of AD both sustained collateral rarefaction by 8 months of age, well before the onset of rarefaction caused by aging alone (16 months of age). Rarefaction, which did not progress further at 18 months of age, was accompanied by a twofold increase in infarct volume after MCA occlusion. AD did not induce rarefaction of similarly sized pial arterioles or penetrating arterioles. Rarefaction was minimal and occurred only at 18 months of age in a parenchymal vascular amyloid-beta model of AD. Rarefaction was not associated with amyloid-beta deposition on collaterals or pial arteries, nor was plaque burden or CD11b+ cell density greater in brain underlying the collateral zones versus elsewhere. However, rarefaction was accompanied by increased markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and aging of collateral endothelial and mural cells. Moreover, rarefaction was lessened by deletion of CX3CR1 and prevented by overexpression of eNOS. These findings demonstrate that mouse models of AD promote rarefaction of pial collaterals and implicate inflammation-induced accelerated aging of collateral wall cells. Strategies that reduce vascular inflammation and/or increase nitric oxide may preserve collateral function.
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Neuner SM, Heuer SE, Huentelman MJ, O'Connell KMS, Kaczorowski CC. Harnessing Genetic Complexity to Enhance Translatability of Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Models: A Path toward Precision Medicine. Neuron 2018; 101:399-411.e5. [PMID: 30595332 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
An individual's genetic makeup plays a large role in determining susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease (AD) but has largely been ignored in preclinical studies. To test the hypothesis that incorporating genetic diversity into mouse models of AD would improve translational potential, we combined a well-established mouse model of AD with a genetically diverse reference panel to generate mice that harbor identical high-risk human mutations but differ across the remainder of their genome. We first show that genetic variation profoundly modifies the impact of human AD mutations on both cognitive and pathological phenotypes. We then validate this complex AD model by demonstrating high degrees of genetic, transcriptomic, and phenotypic overlap with human AD. Overall, work here both introduces a novel AD mouse population as an innovative and reproducible resource for the study of mechanisms underlying AD and provides evidence that preclinical models incorporating genetic diversity may better translate to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Neuner
- The Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Sarah E Heuer
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA; Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Matthew J Huentelman
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
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14
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Yamaguchi-Kabata Y, Morihara T, Ohara T, Ninomiya T, Takahashi A, Akatsu H, Hashizume Y, Hayashi N, Shigemizu D, Boroevich KA, Ikeda M, Kubo M, Takeda M, Tsunoda T. Integrated analysis of human genetic association study and mouse transcriptome suggests LBH and SHF genes as novel susceptible genes for amyloid-β accumulation in Alzheimer's disease. Hum Genet 2018; 137:521-533. [PMID: 30006735 PMCID: PMC6061045 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-1906-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurological disease that causes dementia in humans. Although the reports of associated pathological genes have been increasing, the molecular mechanism leading to the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in human brain is still not well understood. To identify novel genes that cause accumulation of Aβ in AD patients, we conducted an integrative analysis by combining a human genetic association study and transcriptome analysis in mouse brain. First, we examined genome-wide gene expression levels in the hippocampus, comparing them to amyloid Aβ level in mice with mixed genetic backgrounds. Next, based on a GWAS statistics obtained by a previous study with human AD subjects, we obtained gene-based statistics from the SNP-based statistics. We combined p values from the two types of analysis across orthologous gene pairs in human and mouse into one p value for each gene to evaluate AD susceptibility. As a result, we found five genes with significant p values in this integrated analysis among the 373 genes analyzed. We also examined the gene expression level of these five genes in the hippocampus of independent human AD cases and control subjects. Two genes, LBH and SHF, showed lower expression levels in AD cases than control subjects. This is consistent with the gene expression levels of both the genes in mouse which were negatively correlated with Aβ accumulation. These results, obtained from the integrative approach, suggest that LBH and SHF are associated with the AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Yamaguchi-Kabata
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan
| | - Takashi Morihara
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ohara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Ninomiya
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Research Institute, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Akatsu
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
- Institute of Neuropathology, Fukushimura Hospital, Toyohashi-shi, Aichi, 441-8124, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hashizume
- Institute of Neuropathology, Fukushimura Hospital, Toyohashi-shi, Aichi, 441-8124, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Hayashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daichi Shigemizu
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Medical Science Mathematics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Medical Genome Center, National Center for Geriastrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Keith A Boroevich
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Manabu Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Tsunoda
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.
- Department of Medical Science Mathematics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
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15
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Tenner AJ, Stevens B, Woodruff TM. New tricks for an ancient system: Physiological and pathological roles of complement in the CNS. Mol Immunol 2018; 102:3-13. [PMID: 29958698 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.06.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While the mechanisms underlying the functions of the complement system in the central nervous system (CNS) and systemically, namely opsonization, chemotaxis, membrane lysis, and regulation of inflammation are the same, the plethora of functions that complement orchestrates in the central nervous system (CNS) is complex. Strictly controlled expression of complement effector molecules, regulators and receptors across the gamut of life stages (embryogenesis, development and maturation, aging and disease) dictate fascinating contributions for this ancient system. Furthermore, it is becoming apparent that complement functions differ widely across distinct brain regions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the newly identified roles for complement in the brain, including its roles in CNS development and function, during aging and in the processes of neurodegeneration. The diversity and selectively of beneficial and detrimental activities of complement, while challenging, should lead to precision targeting of specific components to provide disease modifying treatments for devastating psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders that are still without effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Tenner
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Neurobiology and Behavior, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States.
| | - Beth Stevens
- F.M. Kirby Center for Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Jankowsky JL, Zheng H. Practical considerations for choosing a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:89. [PMID: 29273078 PMCID: PMC5741956 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0231-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is behaviorally identified by progressive memory impairment and pathologically characterized by the triad of β-amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neurodegeneration. Genetic mutations and risk factors have been identified that are either causal or modify the disease progression. These genetic and pathological features serve as basis for the creation and validation of mouse models of AD. Efforts made in the past quarter-century have produced over 100 genetically engineered mouse lines that recapitulate some aspects of AD clinicopathology. These models have been valuable resources for understanding genetic interactions that contribute to disease and cellular reactions that are engaged in response. Here we focus on mouse models that have been widely used stalwarts of the field or that are recently developed bellwethers of the future. Rather than providing a summary of each model, we endeavor to compare and contrast the genetic approaches employed and to discuss their respective advantages and limitations. We offer a critical account of the variables which may contribute to inconsistent findings and the factors that should be considered when choosing a model and interpreting the results. We hope to present an insightful review of current AD mouse models and to provide a practical guide for selecting models best matched to the experimental question at hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Jankowsky
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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17
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Hernandez MX, Namiranian P, Nguyen E, Fonseca MI, Tenner AJ. C5a Increases the Injury to Primary Neurons Elicited by Fibrillar Amyloid Beta. ASN Neuro 2017; 9:1759091416687871. [PMID: 28078911 PMCID: PMC5298486 DOI: 10.1177/1759091416687871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
C5aR1, the proinflammatory receptor for C5a, is expressed in the central nervous system on microglia, endothelial cells, and neurons. Previous work demonstrated that the C5aR1 antagonist, PMX205, decreased amyloid pathology and suppressed cognitive deficits in two Alzheimer's Disease (AD) mouse models. However, the cellular mechanisms of this protection have not been definitively demonstrated. Here, primary cultured mouse neurons treated with exogenous C5a show reproducible loss of MAP-2 staining in a dose-dependent manner within 24 hr of treatment, indicative of injury to neurons. This injury is prevented by the C5aR1 antagonist PMX53, a close analog of PMX205. Furthermore, primary neurons derived from C5aR1 null mice exhibited no MAP-2 loss after exposure to the highest concentration of C5a tested. Primary mouse neurons treated with both 100 nM C5a and 5 µM fibrillar amyloid beta (fAβ), to model what occurs in the AD brain, showed increased MAP-2 loss relative to either C5a or fAβ alone. Blocking C5aR1 with PMX53 (100 nM) blocked the loss of MAP2 in these primary neurons to the level seen with fAβ alone. Similar experiments with primary neurons derived from C5aR1 null mice showed a loss of MAP-2 due to fAβ treatment. However, the addition of C5a to the cultures did not enhance the loss of MAP-2 and the addition of PMX53 to the cultures did not change the MAP-2 loss in response to fAβ. Thus, at least part of the beneficial effects of C5aR1 antagonist in AD mouse models may be due to protection of neurons from the toxic effects of C5a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael X Hernandez
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, USA
| | - Pouya Namiranian
- 2 Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Eric Nguyen
- 2 Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Maria I Fonseca
- 2 Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Andrea J Tenner
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, USA.,2 Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, USA.,3 Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, USA
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18
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Korbolina EE, Zhdankina AA, Fursova AZ, Kozhevnikova OS, Kolosova NG. Genes of susceptibility to early neurodegenerative changes in the rat retina and brain: analysis by means of congenic strains. BMC Genet 2016; 17:153. [PMID: 28105932 PMCID: PMC5249004 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-016-0461-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been considerable interest in discovery of the genetic architecture of complex traits, particularly age-related neurodegenerative disorders. To predict disease risk and to understand its genetic basis in humans, it is necessary to study animal models. Our previous research on the accelerated-senescence OXYS strain has revealed two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on rat chromosome 1 that are associated with early cataract and/or retinopathy as well as with behavioral abnormalities. Each locus was partially mapped within the introgressed segments in a certain congenic strain: WAG/OXYS-1.1 or WAG/OXYS-1.2. Retinal transcriptome profiling of 20-day-old congenic and OXYS rats by high-throughput RNA sequencing uncovered relevant candidate genes and pathways. Nonetheless, the question remained open whether the same genetic components simultaneously have effects on various manifestations of the accelerated-senescence phenotype in OXYS rats. The present study was designed to analyze the genes of susceptibility to early neurodegenerative processes taking place in the OXYS rat retina and brain and to assess their potential functional clustering. The study was based on the findings from recent publications (including mapping of quantitative trait loci) and on comparative phenotyping of congenic rat strains. RESULTS The backcrossing of Wistar Albino Glaxo (WAG) and OXYS strains to generate the congenics resulted in two congenic strains with high susceptibility to cataract and retinopathy but with no obvious signs of Alzheimer's disease-like brain pathology that are specific for OXYS rats. Thus, the genes of susceptibility to brain neurodegeneration were not introgressed into the congenic strains or there is a strong effect of the genetic background on the disease phenotype. Moreover, the progression of retinopathy with age was relatively less severe in the WAG background compared to the OXYS background. A comparative analysis of previously defined QTLs and congenic segments led to identification of candidate genes with a suspected effect on brain neurodegeneration including the genes showing differential expression in the congenic strains. CONCLUSION Overall, our findings suggest that the cause of the cataract and the cause of retinopathy phenotypes in OXYS rats may be genetically linked to each other within the introgressed segments in the WAG/OXYS-1.1 and/or WAG/OXYS-1.2 congenic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena E Korbolina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | | | | | | | - Natalia G Kolosova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Active immunization against complement factor C5a: a new therapeutic approach for Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:150. [PMID: 26275910 PMCID: PMC4537556 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0369-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by neuronal loss due to amyloid beta aggregations, neurofibrillary tangles, and prominent neuroinflammation. Recently, interference with neuroinflammation as a new therapeutic approach for AD treatment gained great interest. Microglia cells, one of the major contributors in neuroinflammation, are activated in response to misfolded proteins such as amyloid β and cell debris leading to a sustained release of pro-inflammatory mediators. Especially, complement factor C5a and its receptor have been found to be up-regulated in microglia in the immediate surroundings of cerebral amyloid plaques and blocking of C5aR resulted in a reduction of pathological markers in a model of AD. Here, we investigate the effect of active vaccination against the complement factor C5a to interfere with neuroinflammation and neuropathologic alterations in a mouse model of AD. METHODS Short antigenic peptides AFF1 and AFF2, which mimic a C-terminal epitope of C5a, were selected and formulated to vaccines. These vaccines are able to induce a highly specific antibody response to the target protein C5a. Tg2576 mice, a common model of AD, were immunized with these two C5a-peptide vaccines and the induced immune response toward C5a was analyzed by ELISA and Western blot analysis. The influence on memory retention was assessed by a contextual fear conditioning test. Microglia activation and amyloid plaque deposition in the brain was visualized by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Both C5a-targeting vaccines were highly immunogenic and induced sustained antibody titers against C5a. Tg2576 mice vaccinated at early stages of the disease showed significantly improved contextual memory accompanied by the reduction of microglia activation in the hippocampus and cerebral amyloid plaque load compared to control mice. Late-stage immunization also showed a decrease in the number of activated microglia, and improved memory function, however, had no influence on the amyloid β load. CONCLUSION C5a-peptide vaccines represent a safe and well-tolerated immunotherapy, which is able to induce a strong and specific immune response against the pro-inflammatory molecule C5a. In a mouse model of AD, C5a-peptide vaccines reduce microglia activation and thus neuroinflammation, which is supposed to lead to reduced neuronal dysfunction and AD symptomatic decline.
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20
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Jackson HM, Onos KD, Pepper KW, Graham LC, Akeson EC, Byers C, Reinholdt LG, Frankel WN, Howell GR. DBA/2J genetic background exacerbates spontaneous lethal seizures but lessens amyloid deposition in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125897. [PMID: 25933409 PMCID: PMC4416920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a leading cause of dementia in the elderly and is characterized by amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and neuronal dysfunction. Early onset AD (EOAD) is commonly caused by mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP) or genes involved in the processing of APP including the presenilins (e.g. PSEN1 or PSEN2). In general, mouse models relevant to EOAD recapitulate amyloidosis, show only limited amounts of NFTs and neuronal cell dysfunction and low but significant levels of seizure susceptibility. To investigate the effect of genetic background on these phenotypes, we generated APPswe and PSEN1de9 transgenic mice on the seizure prone inbred strain background, DBA/2J. Previous studies show that the DBA/2J genetic background modifies plaque deposition in the presence of mutant APP but the impact of PSEN1de9 has not been tested. Our study shows that DBA/2J.APPswePSEN1de9 mice are significantly more prone to premature lethality, likely to due to lethal seizures, compared to B6.APPswePSEN1de9 mice—70% of DBA/2J.APPswePSEN1de9 mice die between 2-3 months of age. Of the DBA/2J.APPswePSEN1de9 mice that survived to 6 months of age, plaque deposition was greatly reduced compared to age-matched B6.APPswePSEN1de9 mice. The reduction in plaque deposition appears to be independent of microglia numbers, reactive astrocytosis and complement C5 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristen D. Onos
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | | | - Leah C. Graham
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, United States of America
| | - Ellen C. Akeson
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Candice Byers
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | | | - Wayne N. Frankel
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Gareth R. Howell
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Transcriptome analysis of distinct mouse strains reveals kinesin light chain-1 splicing as an amyloid-β accumulation modifier. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:2638-43. [PMID: 24497505 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1307345111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ). The genes that govern this process, however, have remained elusive. To this end, we combined distinct mouse strains with transcriptomics to directly identify disease-relevant genes. We show that AD model mice (APP-Tg) with DBA/2 genetic backgrounds have significantly lower levels of Aβ accumulation compared with SJL and C57BL/6 mice. We then applied brain transcriptomics to reveal the genes in DBA/2 that suppress Aβ accumulation. To avoid detecting secondarily affected genes by Aβ, we used non-Tg mice in the absence of Aβ pathology and selected candidate genes differently expressed in DBA/2 mice. Additional transcriptome analysis of APP-Tg mice with mixed genetic backgrounds revealed kinesin light chain-1 (Klc1) as an Aβ modifier, indicating a role for intracellular trafficking in Aβ accumulation. Aβ levels correlated with the expression levels of Klc1 splice variant E and the genotype of Klc1 in these APP-Tg mice. In humans, the expression levels of KLC1 variant E in brain and lymphocyte were significantly higher in AD patients compared with unaffected individuals. Finally, functional analysis using neuroblastoma cells showed that overexpression or knockdown of KLC1 variant E increases or decreases the production of Aβ, respectively. The identification of KLC1 variant E suggests that the dysfunction of intracellular trafficking is a causative factor of Aβ pathology. This unique combination of distinct mouse strains and model mice with transcriptomics is expected to be useful for the study of genetic mechanisms of other complex diseases.
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Veerhuis R, Nielsen HM, Tenner AJ. Complement in the brain. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:1592-603. [PMID: 21546088 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The brain is considered to be an immune privileged site, because the blood-brain barrier limits entry of blood borne cells and proteins into the central nervous system (CNS). As a result, the detection and clearance of invading microorganisms and senescent cells as well as surplus neurotransmitters, aged and glycated proteins, in order to maintain a healthy environment for neuronal and glial cells, is largely confined to the innate immune system. In recent years it has become clear that many factors of innate immunity are expressed throughout the brain. Neuronal and glial cells express Toll like receptors as well as complement receptors, and virtually all complement components can be locally produced in the brain, often in response to injury or developmental cues. However, as inflammatory reactions could interfere with proper functioning of the brain, tight and fine tuned regulatory mechanisms are warranted. In age related diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), accumulating amyloid proteins elicit complement activation and a local, chronic inflammatory response that leads to attraction and activation of glial cells that, under such activation conditions, can produce neurotoxic substances, including pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxygen radicals. This process may be exacerbated by a disturbed balance between complement activators and complement regulatory proteins such as occurs in AD, as the local synthesis of these proteins is differentially regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Much knowledge about the role of complement in neurodegenerative diseases has been derived from animal studies with transgenic overexpressing or knockout mice for specific complement factors or receptors. These studies have provided insight into the potential therapeutic use of complement regulators and complement receptor antagonists in chronic neurodegenerative diseases as well as in acute conditions, such as stroke. Interestingly, recent animal studies have also indicated that complement activation products are involved in brain development and synapse formation. Not only are these findings important for the understanding of how brain development and neural network formation is organized, it may also give insights into the role of complement in processes of neurodegeneration and neuroprotection in the injured or aged and diseased adult central nervous system, and thus aid in identifying novel and specific targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Veerhuis
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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23
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Sutcliffe JG, Hedlund PB, Thomas EA, Bloom FE, Hilbush BS. Peripheral reduction of β-amyloid is sufficient to reduce brain β-amyloid: implications for Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Res 2011; 89:808-14. [PMID: 21374699 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Three loci that modify β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation and deposition in the brains of a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease have been previously described. One encompasses the Psen2 gene encoding presenilin 2, a component of the γ-secretase activity responsible for generating Aβ by proteolysis. We show that the activity of mouse Psen2, as measured by levels of mRNA accumulation, unexpectedly is heritable in the liver but not the brain, suggesting liver as the origin of brain Aβ deposits. Administration of STI571, a cancer therapeutic that does not cross the blood-brain barrier, reduced accumulation of Aβ in both the blood and the brain, confirming brain Aβ's peripheral origin and suggesting that STI571 and related compounds might have therapeutic/prophylactic value in human Alzheimer's disease. The genes Cib1 and Zfhx1b reside within the other modifier loci and also exhibit heritable expression in the liver, suggesting that they too contribute to Aβ accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gregor Sutcliffe
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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24
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Fonseca MI, Chu SH, Berci AM, Benoit ME, Peters DG, Kimura Y, Tenner AJ. Contribution of complement activation pathways to neuropathology differs among mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:4. [PMID: 21235806 PMCID: PMC3033336 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complement proteins and activation products have been found associated with neuropathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently, a C5a receptor antagonist was shown to suppress neuropathology in two murine models of AD, Tg2576 and 3xTg. Previously, a genetic deficiency of C1q in the Tg2576 mouse model showed an accumulation of fibrillar plaques similar to the complement sufficient Tg2576, but reactive glia were significantly decreased and neuronal integrity was improved suggesting detrimental consequences for complement activation in AD. The goal of this study was to define the role of the classical complement activation pathway in the progression of pathology in the 3xTg mouse that develops tangles in addition to fibrillar plaques (more closely reflecting human AD pathology) and to assess the influence of complement in a model of AD with a higher level of complement hemolytic activity. METHODS 3xTg mice deficient in C1q (3xTgQ-/-) were generated, and both 3xTg and 3xTgQ-/- were backcrossed to the BUB mouse strain which has higher in vitro hemolytic complement activity. Mice were aged and perfused, and brain sections stained for pathological markers or analyzed for proinflammatory marker expression. RESULTS 3xTgQ-/- mice showed similar amounts of fibrillar amyloid, reactive glia and hyperphosphorylated tau as the C1q-sufficient 3xTg at the ages analyzed. However, 3xTg and 3xTgQ-/- on the BUB background developed pathology earlier than on the original 3xTg background, although the presence of C1q had no effect on neuropathological and pro-inflammatory markers. In contrast to that seen in other transgenic models of AD, C1q, C4 and C3 immunoreactivity was undetectable on the plaques of 3xTg in any background, although C3 was associated with reactive astrocytes surrounding the plaques. Importantly, properdin a component of the alternative complement pathway was associated with plaques in all models. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to previously investigated transgenic models of AD, development of neuropathology in 3xTg mice, which progresses much slower than other murine models, may not be influenced by fibrillar amyloid mediated activation of the classical complement pathway, suggesting that the alternative complement pathway activation or a C3-independent cleavage of C5 could account for the detrimental effects in these mice that are prevented by the C5a receptor antagonist. Furthermore, the paucity of complement activation may be a factor in the slower kinetics of progression of pathology in the 3xTg model of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Fonseca
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Shu-Hui Chu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Alisia M Berci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Marie E Benoit
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Douglas G Peters
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Yuko Kimura
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrea J Tenner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
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Trancikova A, Ramonet D, Moore DJ. Genetic Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 100:419-82. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-384878-9.00012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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26
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Benilova I, De Strooper B. Prion protein in Alzheimer's pathogenesis: a hot and controversial issue. EMBO Mol Med 2010; 2:289-90. [PMID: 20698011 PMCID: PMC3377329 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The role for cellular prion protein PrP(c) in beta-amyloid (Abeta) oligomer-induced synaptic impairment is a topic of great interest and some controversy. In this issue of EMBO Molecular Medicine Aguzzi and co-workers explore the contribution of PrP(c) to deficient long term potentiation (LTP) and soluble Abeta levels in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model and show that the role of prions in Abeta related toxicity is far from 'black and white' suggesting complex interpretations of the data available thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Benilova
- Department for Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
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27
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Calella AM, Farinelli M, Nuvolone M, Mirante O, Moos R, Falsig J, Mansuy IM, Aguzzi A. Prion protein and Abeta-related synaptic toxicity impairment. EMBO Mol Med 2010; 2:306-14. [PMID: 20665634 PMCID: PMC2962809 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201000082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disorder, goes along with extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits. The cognitive decline observed during AD progression correlates with damaged spines, dendrites and synapses in hippocampus and cortex. Numerous studies have shown that Aβ oligomers, both synthetic and derived from cultures and AD brains, potently impair synaptic structure and functions. The cellular prion protein (PrPC) was proposed to mediate this effect. We report that ablation or overexpression of PrPC had no effect on the impairment of hippocampal synaptic plasticity in a transgenic model of AD. These findings challenge the role of PrPC as a mediator of Aβ toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Calella
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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28
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Stozicka Z, Zilka N, Novak P, Kovacech B, Bugos O, Novak M. Genetic background modifies neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation driven by misfolded human tau protein in rat model of tauopathy: implication for immunomodulatory approach to Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2010; 7:64. [PMID: 20937161 PMCID: PMC2958906 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-7-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous epidemiological studies demonstrate that genetic background modifies the onset and the progression of Alzheimer's disease and related neurodegenerative disorders. The efficacious influence of genetic background on the disease pathway of amyloid beta has been meticulously described in rodent models. Since the impact of genetic modifiers on the neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory cascade induced by misfolded tau protein is yet to be elucidated, we have addressed the issue by using transgenic lines expressing the same human truncated tau protein in either spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) or Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) genetic background. Methods Brains of WKY and SHR transgenic rats in the terminal stage of phenotype and their age-matched non-transgenic littermates were examined by means of immunohistochemistry and unbiased stereology. Basic measures of tau-induced neurodegeneration (load of neurofibrillary tangles) and neuroinflammation (number of Iba1-positive microglia, their activated morphology, and numbers of microglia immunoreactive for MHCII and astrocytes immunoreactive for GFAP) were quantified with an optical fractionator in brain areas affected by neurofibrillary pathology (pons, medulla oblongata). The stereological data were evaluated using two-way ANOVA and Student's t-test. Results Tau neurodegeneration (neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), axonopathy) and neuroinflammation (microgliosis, astrocytosis) appeared in both WKY and SHR transgenic rats. Although identical levels of transgene expression in both lines were present, terminally-staged WKY transgenic rats displayed significantly lower final NFT loads than their SHR transgenic counterparts. Interestingly, microglial responses showed a striking difference between transgenic lines. Only 1.6% of microglia in SHR transgenic rats expressed MHCII in spite of having a robust phagocytic phenotype, whereas in WKY transgenic rats, 23.2% of microglia expressed MHCII despite displaying a considerably lower extent of transformation into phagocytic phenotype. Conclusions These results show that the immune response represents a pivotal and genetically variable modifying factor that is able to influence vulnerability to neurodegeneration. Therefore, targeted immunomodulation could represent a prospective therapeutic approach to Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Stozicka
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, AD Centre, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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29
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Fonseca MI, Ager RR, Chu SH, Yazan O, Sanderson SD, LaFerla FM, Taylor SM, Woodruff TM, Tenner AJ. Treatment with a C5aR antagonist decreases pathology and enhances behavioral performance in murine models of Alzheimer's disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:1375-83. [PMID: 19561098 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related dementia, characterized by amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, neuroinflammation, and neuronal loss in the brain. Components of the complement system, known to produce a local inflammatory reaction, are associated with the plaques and tangles in AD brain, and thus a role for complement-mediated inflammation in the acceleration or progression of disease has been proposed. A complement activation product, C5a, is known to recruit and activate microglia and astrocytes in vitro by activation of a G protein-coupled cell-surface C5aR. Here, oral delivery of a cyclic hexapeptide C5a receptor antagonist (PMX205) for 2-3 mo resulted in substantial reduction of pathological markers such as fibrillar amyloid deposits (49-62%) and activated glia (42-68%) in two mouse models of AD. The reduction in pathology was correlated with improvements in a passive avoidance behavioral task in Tg2576 mice. In 3xTg mice, PMX205 also significantly reduced hyperphosphorylated tau (69%). These data provide the first evidence that inhibition of a proinflammatory receptor-mediated function of the complement cascade (i.e., C5aR) can interfere with neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in AD rodent models, suggesting a novel therapeutic target for reducing pathology and improving cognitive function in human AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Fonseca
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Klos A, Tenner AJ, Johswich KO, Ager RR, Reis ES, Köhl J. The role of the anaphylatoxins in health and disease. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:2753-66. [PMID: 19477527 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The anaphylatoxin (AT) C3a, C5a and C5a-desArg are generally considered pro-inflammatory polypeptides generated after proteolytic cleavage of C3 and C5 in response to complement activation. Their well-appreciated effector functions include chemotaxis and activation of granulocytes, mast cells and macrophages. Recent evidence suggests that ATs are also generated locally within tissues by pathogen-, cell-, or contact system-derived proteases. This local generation of ATs is important for their pleiotropic biologic effects beyond inflammation. The ATs exert most of the biologic activities through ligation of three cognate receptors, i.e. the C3a receptor, the C5a receptor and the C5a receptor-like, C5L2. Here, we will discuss recent findings suggesting that ATs regulate cell apoptosis, lipid metabolism as well as innate and adaptive immune responses through their impact on antigen-presenting cells and T cells. As we will outline, such regulatory functions of ATs and their receptors play important roles in the pathogenesis of allergy, autoimmunity, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and infections with intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Klos
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Medical School Hannover, MHH, Germany
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31
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Jang H, Boltz DA, Webster RG, Smeyne RJ. Viral parkinsonism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2008; 1792:714-21. [PMID: 18760350 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a debilitating neurological disorder that affects 1-2% of the adult population over 55 years of age. For the vast majority of cases, the etiology of this disorder is unknown, although it is generally accepted that there is a genetic susceptibility to any number of environmental agents. One such agent may be viruses. It has been shown that numerous viruses can enter the nervous system, i.e. they are neurotropic, and induce a number of encephalopathies. One of the secondary consequences of these encephalopathies can be parkinsonism, that is both transient as well as permanent. One of the most highlighted and controversial cases of viral parkinsonism is that which followed the 1918 influenza outbreak and the subsequent induction of von Economo's encephalopathy. In this review, we discuss the neurological sequelae of infection by influenza virus as well as that of other viruses known to induce parkinsonism including Coxsackie, Japanese encephalitis B, St. Louis, West Nile and HIV viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeman Jang
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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