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Zhang Y, Ye Q, He H, Jin R, Peng W. Neurocognitive Mechanisms Underlying Attention Bias Towards Pain: Evidence From a Drift-Diffusion Model and Event-Related Potentials. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2023; 24:1307-1320. [PMID: 36921747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Although combining computational modeling with event-related potentials (ERPs) can precisely characterize neurocognitive processes involved in attention bias, it has yet to be applied in the context of pain. Here, a hierarchical drift-diffusion model (DDM) along with ERPs was used to characterize the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying attention bias towards pain. A spatial cueing paradigm was adopted, in which the locations of targets were either validly or invalidly predicted by spatial cues related to pain or nonpain signals. DDM-derived nondecision time was shorter for targets validly cued by pain signals than by nonpain signals, thus indicating speeded attention engagement towards pain; drift rate was slower for targets invalidly cued by pain signals than by nonpain signals, reflecting slower attention disengagement from pain. The facilitated engagement towards pain was partially mediated by the enhanced lateralization of cue-evoked N1 amplitudes, which relate to the bottom-up, stimulus-driven processes of detecting threatening signals. On the other hand, the retarded disengagement from pain was partially mediated by the enhanced target-evoked anterior N2 amplitudes, which relate to the top-down, goal-driven processes of conflict monitoring and behavior regulating. These results demonstrated that engagement and disengagement components of pain-related attention bias are governed by distinct neurocognitive mechanisms. However, it remains possible that the findings are not pain-specific, but rather, are related to threat or aversiveness in general. This deserves to be further examined by adding a control stimulus modality. PERSPECTIVE: This study characterized the neurocognitive processes involved in attention bias towards pain through combining a hierarchical DDM and ERPs. Our results revealed distinctive neurocognitive mechanisms underlying engagement and disengagement components of attention bias. Future studies are warranted to examine whether our findings are pain-specific or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhua Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qian Ye
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hao He
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Richu Jin
- Research Institute of Trustworthy Autonomous Systems, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiwei Peng
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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2
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Pinto JO, Vieira De Melo BB, Dores AR, Peixoto B, Geraldo A, Barbosa F. Narrative review of the multisensory integration tasks used with older adults: inclusion of multisensory integration tasks into neuropsychological assessment. Expert Rev Neurother 2021; 21:657-674. [PMID: 33890537 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2021.1914592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Age-related changes in sensory functioning impact the activities of daily living and interact with cognitive decline. Given the interactions between sensory and cognitive functioning, combining multisensory integration (MI) assessment with the neuropsychological assessment of older adults seems promising. This review aims to examine the characteristics and utility of MI tasks in functional and cognitive assessment of older adults, with or without neurocognitive impairment.Areas covered: A literature search was conducted following the quality assessment of narrative review criteria. Results focused on tasks of detection, discrimination, sensory illusion, temporal judgment, and sensory conflict. Studies were not consensual regarding the enhancement of MI with age, but most studies showed that older adults had an expanded time window of integration. In older adults with mild cognitive impairment or major neurocognitive disorder it was a mediating role of the magnitude of visual-somatosensory integration between neurocognitive impairment and spatial aspects of gait.Expert opinion: Recently, some concerns have been raised about how to maximize the ecological validity of the neuropsychological assessment. Since most of our activities of daily living are multisensory and older adults benefit from multisensory information, MI assessment has the potential to improve the ecological validity of the neuropsychological assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana O Pinto
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Human and Social Sciences Department, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CESPU, University Institute of Health Sciences, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Bruno B Vieira De Melo
- Psychosocial Rehabilitation Laboratory, Center for Rehabilitation Research, School of Health of the Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Artemisa R Dores
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Human and Social Sciences Department, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Psychosocial Rehabilitation Laboratory, Center for Rehabilitation Research, School of Health of the Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Peixoto
- CESPU, University Institute of Health Sciences, Gandra, Portugal.,NeuroGen - Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Geraldo
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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3
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Li C, Qiao K, Mu Y, Jiang L. Large-Scale Morphological Network Efficiency of Human Brain: Cognitive Intelligence and Emotional Intelligence. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:605158. [PMID: 33732136 PMCID: PMC7959829 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.605158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Network efficiency characterizes how information flows within a network, and it has been used to study the neural basis of cognitive intelligence in adolescence, young adults, and elderly adults, in terms of the white matter in the human brain and functional connectivity networks. However, there were few studies investigating whether the human brain at different ages exhibited different underpins of cognitive and emotional intelligence (EI) from young adults to the middle-aged group, especially in terms of the morphological similarity networks in the human brain. In this study, we used 65 datasets (aging 18–64), including sMRI and behavioral measurements, to study the associations of network efficiency with cognitive intelligence and EI in young adults and the middle-aged group. We proposed a new method of defining the human brain morphological networks using the morphological distribution similarity (including cortical volume, surface area, and thickness). Our results showed inverted age × network efficiency interactions in the relationship of surface-area network efficiency with cognitive intelligence and EI: a negative age × global efficiency (nodal efficiency) interaction in cognitive intelligence, while a positive age × global efficiency (nodal efficiency) interaction in EI. In summary, this study not only proposed a new method of morphological similarity network but also emphasized the developmental effects on the brain mechanisms of intelligence from young adult to middle-aged groups and may promote mental health study on the middle-aged group in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kaini Qiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Mu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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4
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Protzak J, Wiczorek R, Gramann K. Peripheral visual perception during natural overground dual-task walking in older and younger adults. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 98:146-159. [PMID: 33290992 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the neurophysiological processes underlying visual processing during active behavior and how these change over the life span. This study investigated early (P1) and later (P3) event-related potentials of the electroencephalogram associated with visual perception in older and younger adults while sitting, standing, and walking. While sitting and standing, accurate performance in both groups was not associated with event-related potential characteristics. During walking, in contrast, prolonged latencies and reduced amplitudes of the P1 were related to slower responses and increased misses, respectively. No covariations of behavior and P3 characteristics were observed. However, prolonged P3 latencies with increasing motor task complexity were present for both age groups, and reduced amplitudes while walking were replicated in younger participants. Older participants were more affected by walking in general as reflected in slower walking speeds as well as reduced accuracy and relative P1 amplitudes. These results provide further insights into cognitive-motor interference during natural walking in younger and older adults on early attentional-perceptual processing stages, even for simple additional visual tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Protzak
- Junior Research Group FANS (Pedestrian Assistance System for Older Road User), Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Rebecca Wiczorek
- Junior Research Group FANS (Pedestrian Assistance System for Older Road User), Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Gramann
- Biological Psychology and Neuroergonomics, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; School of Computer Science, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia; Center for Advanced Neurological Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
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5
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Disentangling the Effects of Processing Speed on the Association between Age Differences and Fluid Intelligence. J Intell 2019; 8:jintelligence8010001. [PMID: 31881681 PMCID: PMC7151009 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence8010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that individual differences in processing speed fully mediate the association between age and intelligence, whereas the association between processing speed and intelligence cannot be explained by age differences. Because measures of processing speed reflect a plethora of cognitive and motivational processes, it cannot be determined which specific processes give rise to this mediation effect. This makes it hard to decide whether these processes should be conceived of as a cause or an indicator of cognitive aging. In the present study, we addressed this question by using a neurocognitive psychometrics approach to decompose the association between age differences and fluid intelligence. Reanalyzing data from two previously published datasets containing 223 participants between 18 and 61 years, we investigated whether individual differences in diffusion model parameters and in ERP latencies associated with higher-order attentional processing explained the association between age differences and fluid intelligence. We demonstrate that individual differences in the speed of non-decisional processes such as encoding, response preparation, and response execution, and individual differences in latencies of ERP components associated with higher-order cognitive processes explained the negative association between age differences and fluid intelligence. Because both parameters jointly accounted for the association between age differences and fluid intelligence, age-related differences in both parameters may reflect age-related differences in anterior brain regions associated with response planning that are prone to be affected by age-related changes. Conversely, age differences did not account for the association between processing speed and fluid intelligence. Our results suggest that the relationship between age differences and fluid intelligence is multifactorially determined.
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6
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Brosnan MB, Arvaneh M, Harty S, Maguire T, O'Connell R, Robertson IH, Dockree PM. Prefrontal Modulation of Visual Processing and Sustained Attention in Aging, a tDCS–EEG Coregistration Approach. J Cogn Neurosci 2018; 30:1630-1645. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The ability to sustain attention is integral to healthy cognition in aging. The right PFC (rPFC) is critical for maintaining high levels of attentional focus. Whether plasticity of this region can be harnessed to support sustained attention in older adults is unknown. We used transcranial direct current stimulation to increase cortical excitability of the rPFC, while monitoring behavioral and electrophysiological markers of sustained attention in older adults with suboptimal sustained attention capacity. During rPFC transcranial direct current stimulation, fewer lapses of attention occurred and electroencephalography signals of frontal engagement and early visual attention were enhanced. To further verify these results, we repeated the experiment in an independent cohort of cognitively typical older adults using a different sustained attention paradigm. Again, prefrontal stimulation was associated with fewer attentional lapses. These experiments suggest the rPFC can be manipulated in later years to increase top–down modulation over early sensory processing and improve sustained attention performance. This holds valuable information for the development of neurorehabilitation protocols to ameliorate age-related deficits in this capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Siobhán Harty
- The University of Dublin
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Tinbergen Building, Oxford, UK
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7
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Gajewski PD, Ferdinand NK, Kray J, Falkenstein M. Understanding sources of adult age differences in task switching: Evidence from behavioral and ERP studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 92:255-275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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8
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Basharat A, Adams MS, Staines WR, Barnett-Cowan M. Simultaneity and Temporal Order Judgments Are Coded Differently and Change With Age: An Event-Related Potential Study. Front Integr Neurosci 2018; 12:15. [PMID: 29755327 PMCID: PMC5932149 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2018.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multisensory integration is required for a number of daily living tasks where the inability to accurately identify simultaneity and temporality of multisensory events results in errors in judgment leading to poor decision-making and dangerous behavior. Previously, our lab discovered that older adults exhibited impaired timing of audiovisual events, particularly when making temporal order judgments (TOJs). Simultaneity judgments (SJs), however, were preserved across the lifespan. Here, we investigate the difference between the TOJ and SJ tasks in younger and older adults to assess neural processing differences between these two tasks and across the lifespan. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were studied to determine between-task and between-age differences. Results revealed task specific differences in perceiving simultaneity and temporal order, suggesting that each task may be subserved via different neural mechanisms. Here, auditory N1 and visual P1 ERP amplitudes confirmed that unisensory processing of audiovisual stimuli did not differ between the two tasks within both younger and older groups, indicating that performance differences between tasks arise either from multisensory integration or higher-level decision-making. Compared to younger adults, older adults showed a sustained higher auditory N1 ERP amplitude response across SOAs, suggestive of broader response properties from an extended temporal binding window. Our work provides compelling evidence that different neural mechanisms subserve the SJ and TOJ tasks and that simultaneity and temporal order perception are coded differently and change with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysha Basharat
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Meaghan S Adams
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - William R Staines
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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9
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Lin F, Ren P, Lo RY, Chapman BP, Jacobs A, Baran TM, Porsteinsson AP, Foxe JJ. Insula and Inferior Frontal Gyrus' Activities Protect Memory Performance Against Alzheimer's Disease Pathology in Old Age. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 55:669-678. [PMID: 27716674 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ4 carriers and patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have high risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition proposes that recruitment of additional frontal brain regions can protect cognition against aging. This thesis has yet to be fully tested in older adults at high risk for AD. In the present study, 75 older participants (mean age: 74 years) were included. Applying a voxel-wise approach, fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) in resting-state functional neuroimaging data were analyzed as a function of APOEɛ4 status (carrier versus noncarrier) and clinical status (healthy control [HC] versus MCI) using a 2×2 analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Measures of cognition and cerebrospinal fluid levels of amyloid- β were also obtained. Three frontal regions were identified with significant interaction effects using ANCOVA (corrected p < 0.01): left-insula, left-inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and right-precentral gyrus. The HC/APOEɛ4 carrier group had significantly higher fALFF in all three regions than other groups. In the entire sample, for two regions (left insula and left IFG), a significant positive relationship between amyloid-β and memory was only observed among individuals with low fALFF. Our results suggest higher activity in frontal regions may explain being cognitively normal among a subgroup of APOEɛ4 carriers and protect against the negative impact of AD-associated pathology on memory. This is an observation with potential implications for AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lin
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ping Ren
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Raymond Y Lo
- Department of Neurology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, Taiwan, Taipai
| | - Benjamin P Chapman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Alanna Jacobs
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Timothy M Baran
- Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Anton P Porsteinsson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - John J Foxe
- Department of Neuroscience & The Ernest J. Del Monte Institute for Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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10
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Dully J, McGovern DP, O'Connell RG. The impact of natural aging on computational and neural indices of perceptual decision making: A review. Behav Brain Res 2018; 355:48-55. [PMID: 29432793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that natural aging negatively impacts on a wide variety of cognitive functions and research has sought to identify core neural mechanisms that may account for these disparate changes. A central feature of any cognitive task is the requirement to translate sensory information into an appropriate action - a process commonly known as perceptual decision making. While computational, psychophysical, and neurophysiological research has made substantial progress in establishing the key computations and neural mechanisms underpinning decision making, it is only relatively recently that this knowledge has begun to be applied to research on aging. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of this work which is beginning to offer new insights into the core psychological processes that mediate age-related cognitive decline in adults aged 65 years and over. Mathematical modelling studies have consistently reported that older adults display longer non-decisional processing times and implement more conservative decision policies than their younger counterparts. However, there are limits on what we can learn from behavioural modeling alone and neurophysiological analyses can play an essential role in empirically validating model predictions and in pinpointing the precise neural mechanisms that are impacted by aging. Although few studies to date have explicitly examined correspondences between computational models and neural data with respect to cognitive aging, neurophysiological studies have already highlighted age-related changes at multiple levels of the sensorimotor hierarchy that are likely to be consequential for decision making behaviour. Here, we provide an overview of this literature and suggest some future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Dully
- Trinity College Dublin Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - David P McGovern
- Trinity College Dublin Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Redmond G O'Connell
- Trinity College Dublin Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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11
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Age-related differences in BOLD modulation to cognitive control costs in a multitasking paradigm: Global switch, local switch, and compatibility-switch costs. Neuroimage 2018; 172:146-161. [PMID: 29414492 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well documented that older adults recruit additional brain regions compared to those recruited by younger adults while performing a wide variety of cognitive tasks. However, it is unclear how such age-related over-recruitment interacts with different types of cognitive control, and whether this over-recruitment is compensatory. To test this, we used a multitasking paradigm, which allowed us to examine age-related over-activation associated with three types of cognitive costs (i.e., global switch, local switch, compatibility-switch costs). We found age-related impairments in global switch cost (GSC), evidenced by slower response times for maintaining and coordinating two tasks vs. performing only one task. However, no age-related declines were observed in either local switch cost (LSC), a cognitive cost associated with switching between the two tasks while maintaining two task loads, or compatibility-switch cost (CSC), a cognitive cost associated with incompatible vs. compatible stimulus-response mappings across the two tasks. The fMRI analyses allowed for identification of distinct cognitive cost-sensitive brain regions associated with GSC and LSC. In fronto-parietal GSC and LSC regions, older adults' increased activations were associated with poorer performance (greater costs), whereas a reverse relationship was observed in younger adults. Older adults also recruited additional fronto-parietal brain regions outside the cognitive cost-sensitive areas, which was associated with poorer performance or no behavioral benefits. Our results suggest that older adults exhibit a combination of inefficient activation within cognitive cost-sensitive regions, specifically the GSC and LSC regions, and non-compensatory over-recruitment in age-sensitive regions. Age-related declines in global switching, compared to local switching, was observed earlier in old age at both neural and behavioral levels.
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12
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Gaál ZA, Bodnár F, Czigler I. When Elderly Outperform Young Adults-Integration in Vision Revealed by the Visual Mismatch Negativity. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:15. [PMID: 28197097 PMCID: PMC5281596 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the possibility of age-related differences of visual integration at an automatic and at a task-related level. Data of 15 young (21.9 ± 1.8 years) and 15 older (66.6 ± 3.5 years) women were analyzed in our experiment. Automatic processing was investigated in a passive oddball paradigm, and the visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) of event-related brain potentials was measured. Letters and pseudo-letters were presented either as single characters, or the characters were presented successively in two fragments. In case of simultaneous presentation of the two fragments (whole character) vMMN emerged in both age groups. However, in successive presentation vMMN was elicited only by the deviant pseudo-letters, and only in the older group. The longest stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) in this group was 50 ms, indicating longer information persistence in elderly. In a psychophysical experiment, the task was to indicate, which member of a character pair was a legal letter. Again, the letters and pseudo-letters were presented as fragments. We obtained successful integration at 30 ms (0 ms interstimulus interval), but not at longer SOAs in both age groups, showing that in case of task-relevant stimulation level there was no detectable age-related performance difference. We interpreted the results as the efficiency of local inhibitory circuits is compromised in elderly, leading to longer stimulus persistence, and hence better visual perception in this particular case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Anna Gaál
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary
| | - Flóra Bodnár
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of SciencesBudapest, Hungary; Doctoral School of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd UniversityBudapest, Hungary; Institue of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd UniversityBudapest, Hungary
| | - István Czigler
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of SciencesBudapest, Hungary; Institue of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd UniversityBudapest, Hungary
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13
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Hering A, Wild-Wall N, Gajewski PD, Falkenstein M, Kliegel M, Zinke K. The role of cue detection for prospective memory development across the lifespan. Neuropsychologia 2016; 93:289-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Kaufman DAS, Keith CM, Perlstein WM. Orbitofrontal Cortex and the Early Processing of Visual Novelty in Healthy Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:101. [PMID: 27199744 PMCID: PMC4852196 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Event-related potential (ERP) studies have previously found that scalp topographies of attention-related ERP components show frontal shifts with age, suggesting an increased need for compensatory frontal activity to assist with top-down facilitation of attention. However, the precise neural time course of top-down attentional control in aging is not clear. In this study, 20 young (mean: 22 years) and 14 older (mean: 64 years) adults completed a three-stimulus visual oddball task while high-density ERPs were acquired. Colorful, novel distracters were presented to engage early visual processing. Relative to young controls, older participants exhibited elevations in occipital early posterior positivity (EPP), approximately 100 ms after viewing colorful distracters. Neural source models for older adults implicated unique patterns of orbitofrontal cortex (OFC; BA 11) activity during early visual novelty processing (100 ms), which was positively correlated with subsequent activations in primary visual cortex (BA 17). Older adult EPP amplitudes and OFC activity were associated with performance on tests of complex attention and executive function. These findings are suggestive of age-related, compensatory neural changes that may driven by a combination of weaker cortical efficiency and increased need for top-down control over attention. Accordingly, enhanced early OFC activity during visual attention may serve as an important indicator of frontal lobe integrity in healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cierra M. Keith
- Department of Psychology, Saint Louis UniversitySt. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William M. Perlstein
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- VA RR&D Brain Rehabilitation Research Center of Excellence, Malcom Randall Veterans Administration Medical CenterGainesville, FL, USA
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15
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Mazza V, Brignani D. Electrophysiological Advances on Multiple Object Processing in Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:46. [PMID: 26973520 PMCID: PMC4773734 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
EEG research conducted in the past 5 years on multiple object processing has begun to define how the aging brain tracks the numerosity of the objects presented in the visual field for different goals. We review the recent EEG findings in healthy older individuals (age range: 65-75 years approximately) on perceptual, attentional and memory mechanisms-reflected in the N1, N2pc and contralateral delayed activity (CDA) components of the EEG, respectively-during the execution of a variety of cognitive tasks requiring simultaneous processing of multiple elements. The findings point to multiple loci of neural changes in multi-object analysis, and suggest the involvement of early perceptual mechanisms, attentive individuation and working memory (WM) operations in the neural and cognitive modification due to aging. However, the findings do not simply reflect early impairments with a cascade effect over subsequent stages of stimulus processing, but in fact highlight interesting dissociations between the effects occurring at the various stages of stimulus processing. Finally, the results on older adults indicate the occurrence of neural overactivation in association to good levels of performance in easy perceptual contexts, thus providing some hints on the existence of compensatory phenomena that are associated with the functioning of early perceptual mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Mazza
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of TrentoRovereto, Italy; IRCSS Centro San Giovanni di Dio, FatebenefratelliBrescia, Italy
| | - Debora Brignani
- IRCSS Centro San Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli Brescia, Italy
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Zalar B, Martin T, Kavcic V. Cortical configuration by stimulus onset visual evoked potentials (SO-VEPs) predicts performance on a motion direction discrimination task. Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 96:125-33. [PMID: 25889693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The slowing of information processing, a hallmark of cognitive aging, has several origins. Previously we reported that in a motion direction discrimination task, older as compared to younger participants showed prolonged non-decision time, an index of an early perceptual stage, while in motion onset visual evoked potentials (MO-VEPs) the P1 component was enhanced and N2 was diminished. We did not find any significant correlations between behavioral and MO-VEP measures. Here, we investigated the role of age in encoding and perceptual processing of stimulus onset visually evoked potentials (SO-VEPs). Twelve healthy adults (age<55years) and 19 elderly (age>55years) performed a motion direction discrimination task during EEG recording. Prior to motion, the stimulus consisted of a static cloud of white dots on a black background. As expected, SO-VEPs evoked well defined P1, N1, and P2 components. Elderly participants as compared to young participants showed increased P1 amplitude while their P2 amplitude was reduced. In addition elderly participants showed increased latencies for P1 and N1 components. Contrary to the findings with MO-VEPs, SO-VEP parameters were significant predictors of average response times and diffusion model parameters. Our electrophysiological results support the notion that slowing of information processing in older adults starts at the very beginning of encoding in visual cortical processing, most likely in striate and extrastriate visual cortices. More importantly, the earliest SO-VEP components, possibly reflecting configuration of visual cortices and encoding processes, predict subsequent prolonging and tardiness of perceptual and higher-level cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Zalar
- Biomedical Research Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tim Martin
- Department of Psychology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Voyko Kavcic
- Biomedical Research Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Wiegand I, Töllner T, Dyrholm M, Müller HJ, Bundesen C, Finke K. Neural correlates of age-related decline and compensation in visual attention capacity. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:2161-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Setti A, Stapleton J, Leahy D, Walsh C, Kenny RA, Newell FN. Improving the efficiency of multisensory integration in older adults: Audio-visual temporal discrimination training reduces susceptibility to the sound-induced flash illusion. Neuropsychologia 2014; 61:259-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Guerreiro MJS, Anguera JA, Mishra J, Van Gerven PWM, Gazzaley A. Age-equivalent top-down modulation during cross-modal selective attention. J Cogn Neurosci 2014; 26:2827-39. [PMID: 25010198 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Selective attention involves top-down modulation of sensory cortical areas, such that responses to relevant information are enhanced whereas responses to irrelevant information are suppressed. Suppression of irrelevant information, unlike enhancement of relevant information, has been shown to be deficient in aging. Although these attentional mechanisms have been well characterized within the visual modality, little is known about these mechanisms when attention is selectively allocated across sensory modalities. The present EEG study addressed this issue by testing younger and older participants in three different tasks: Participants attended to the visual modality and ignored the auditory modality, attended to the auditory modality and ignored the visual modality, or passively perceived information presented through either modality. We found overall modulation of visual and auditory processing during cross-modal selective attention in both age groups. Top-down modulation of visual processing was observed as a trend toward enhancement of visual information in the setting of auditory distraction, but no significant suppression of visual distraction when auditory information was relevant. Top-down modulation of auditory processing, on the other hand, was observed as suppression of auditory distraction when visual stimuli were relevant, but no significant enhancement of auditory information in the setting of visual distraction. In addition, greater visual enhancement was associated with better recognition of relevant visual information, and greater auditory distractor suppression was associated with a better ability to ignore auditory distraction. There were no age differences in these effects, suggesting that when relevant and irrelevant information are presented through different sensory modalities, selective attention remains intact in older age.
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Benwell CSY, Thut G, Grant A, Harvey M. A rightward shift in the visuospatial attention vector with healthy aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:113. [PMID: 24959142 PMCID: PMC4051195 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of lateralized visuospatial attention bias in non-clinical samples has revealed a systematic group-level leftward bias (pseudoneglect), possibly as a consequence of right hemisphere (RH) dominance for visuospatial attention. Pseudoneglect appears to be modulated by age, with a reduced or even reversed bias typically present in elderly participants. It has been suggested that this shift in bias may arise due to disproportionate aging of the RH and/or an increase in complementary functional recruitment of the left hemisphere (LH) for visuospatial processing. In this study, we report rightward shifts in subjective midpoint judgment relative to healthy young participants whilst elderly participants performed a computerized version of the landmark task (in which they had to judge whether a transection mark appeared closer to the right or left end of a line) on three different line lengths. This manipulation of stimulus properties led to a similar behavioral pattern in both the young and the elderly: a rightward shift in subjective midpoint with decreasing line length, which even resulted in a systematic rightward bias in elderly participants for the shortest line length (1.98° of visual angle, VA). Overall performance precision for the task was lower in the elderly participants regardless of line length, suggesting reduced landmark task discrimination sensitivity with healthy aging. This rightward shift in the attentional vector with healthy aging is likely to result from a reduction in RH resources/dominance for attentional processing in elderly participants. The significant rightward bias in the elderly for short lines may even suggest a reversal of hemisphere dominance in favor of the LH/right visual field under specific conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Y Benwell
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, School of Psychology, University of Glasgow Glasgow, UK ; School of Psychology, University of Glasgow Glasgow, UK
| | - Gregor Thut
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, School of Psychology, University of Glasgow Glasgow, UK
| | - Ashley Grant
- School of Psychology, University of Glasgow Glasgow, UK
| | - Monika Harvey
- School of Psychology, University of Glasgow Glasgow, UK
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21
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Zhuravleva TY, Alperin BR, Haring AE, Rentz DM, Holcomb PJ, Daffner KR. Age-related decline in bottom-up processing and selective attention in the very old. J Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 31:261-71. [PMID: 24887611 PMCID: PMC4048878 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research demonstrating age-related deficits in selective attention have not included old-old adults, an increasingly important group to study. The current investigation compared event-related potentials in 15 young-old (65-79 years old) and 23 old-old (80-99 years old) subjects during a color-selective attention task. Subjects responded to target letters in a specified color (Attend) while ignoring letters in a different color (Ignore) under both low and high loads. There were no group differences in visual acuity, accuracy, reaction time, or latency of early event-related potential components. The old-old group showed a disruption in bottom-up processing, indexed by a substantially diminished posterior N1 (smaller amplitude). They also demonstrated markedly decreased modulation of bottom-up processing based on selected visual features, indexed by the posterior selection negativity (SN), with similar attenuation under both loads. In contrast, there were no group differences in frontally mediated attentional selection, measured by the anterior selection positivity (SP). There was a robust inverse relationship between the size of the SN and SP (the smaller the SN, the larger the SP), which may represent an anteriorly supported compensatory mechanism. In the absence of a decline in top-down modulation indexed by the SP, the diminished SN may reflect age-related degradation of early bottom-up visual processing in old-old adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Y Zhuravleva
- *Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology, Center for Brain/Mind Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.; and †Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, U.S.A
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Komes J, Schweinberger SR, Wiese H. Preserved fine-tuning of face perception and memory: evidence from the own-race bias in high- and low-performing older adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:60. [PMID: 24772080 PMCID: PMC3983485 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research suggests specific deficits in face perception and memory in older adults, which could reflect a dedifferentiation in the context of a general broadening of cognitive architecture with advanced age. Such dedifferentiation could manifest in a less specialized face processing system. A promising tool to investigate the fine-tuning of face processing in older age is the own-race bias (ORB), a phenomenon reflecting more accurate memory for own-relative to other-race faces, which is related to an expertise-based specialization of early perceptual stages. To investigate whether poor face memory in older age is accompanied by reduced expertise-based specialization of face processing, we assessed event-related brain potential correlates of the ORB in high- vs. low-performing older adults (mean age = 69 years; N = 24 per group). Intriguingly, both older groups demonstrated an equivalent pattern of a behavioral ORB, and a parallel increase in N170 for other-race faces, reflecting less efficient early perceptual processing for this face category. Group differences only emerged independent of face ethnicity: whereas low-performers exhibited a right-lateralized N170, high-performers showed a more bilateral response. This finding may suggest a compensatory mechanism counteracting age-related decline in face perception enabling more efficient encoding into memory in high performers. Overall, our results demonstrate that even a less efficient face processing system in older adults can exhibit preserved expertise-related specialization toward own-race faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Komes
- DFG Research Unit Person Perception and Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan R Schweinberger
- DFG Research Unit Person Perception and Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena Jena, Germany
| | - Holger Wiese
- DFG Research Unit Person Perception and Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena Jena, Germany
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23
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Cheng CH, Hsu WY, Lin YY. Effects of physiological aging on mismatch negativity: A meta-analysis. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 90:165-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Kavcic V, Martin T, Zalar B. Aging effects on visual evoked potentials (VEPs) for motion direction discrimination. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 89:78-87. [PMID: 23721981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Age-related declines in motion perception have been well documented. We investigated the impact of age on electrophysiological correlates of motion perception, namely the P1 and N2 components of motion onset visual evoked potentials (MO-VEPs). Additionally, we used a model of response times based on the diffusion model to pinpoint the cognitive processes affected by aging. Twelve healthy adults (age <55 years) and 19 elderly (age >55 years) performed a motion direction discrimination task during EEG recording. Behaviorally, younger and older participants had similar, high accuracy rates--98% correct, but older adults exhibited 85 ms longer response times. Fitting behavioral results with a diffusion model revealed differences between young adults and elderly in non-decision time, which we argue reflects an early perceptual stage. Electrophysiologically, aging effects were present at MO-VEPs P1 and N2 components at the posterior sites. For the P1 component, older as compared to younger adults showed greater topographical voltage distribution. For the N2 component of elderly as compared to young adults we found delayed onsets and diminished amplitudes. We did not find any significant correlations between behavioral and MO-VEP measures. However, regression analysis showed that N2 amplitude and latency were significant age predictors. Overall, our results indicate that in motion perception, age-related changes occur in early stages of visual processing, most likely in striate and extrastriate visual cortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Voyko Kavcic
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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25
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Bieniek MM, Frei LS, Rousselet GA. Early ERPs to faces: aging, luminance, and individual differences. Front Psychol 2013; 4:268. [PMID: 23717297 PMCID: PMC3653118 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, Rousselet et al. reported a 1 ms/year delay in visual processing speed in a sample of healthy aged 62 subjects (Frontiers in Psychology 2010, 1:19). Here, we replicate this finding in an independent sample of 59 subjects and investigate the contribution of optical factors (pupil size and luminance) to the age-related slowdown and to individual differences in visual processing speed. We conducted two experiments. In experiment 1 we recorded EEG from subjects aged 18–79. Subjects viewed images of faces and phase scrambled noise textures under nine luminance conditions, ranging from 0.59 to 60.8 cd/m2. We manipulated luminance using neutral density filters. In experiment 2, 10 young subjects (age < 35) viewed similar stimuli through pinholes ranging from 1 to 5 mm. In both experiments, subjects were tested twice. We found a 1 ms/year slowdown in visual processing that was independent of luminance. Aging effects became visible around 125 ms post-stimulus and did not affect the onsets of the face-texture ERP differences. Furthermore, luminance modulated the entire ERP time-course from 60 to 500 ms. Luminance effects peaked in the N170 time window and were independent of age. Importantly, senile miosis and individual differences in pupil size did not account for aging differences and inter-subject variability in processing speed. The pinhole manipulation also failed to match the ERPs of old subjects to those of young subjects. Overall, our results strongly suggest that early ERPs to faces (<200 ms) are delayed by aging and that these delays are of cortical, rather than optical origin. Our results also demonstrate that even late ERPs to faces are modulated by low-level factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M Bieniek
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, UK
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26
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Stothart G, Tales A, Kazanina N. Evoked potentials reveal age-related compensatory mechanisms in early visual processing. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:1302-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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27
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Wiegand I, Töllner T, Habekost T, Dyrholm M, Müller HJ, Finke K. Distinct neural markers of TVA-based visual processing speed and short-term storage capacity parameters. Cereb Cortex 2013; 24:1967-78. [PMID: 23535180 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An individual's visual attentional capacity is characterized by 2 central processing resources, visual perceptual processing speed and visual short-term memory (vSTM) storage capacity. Based on Bundesen's theory of visual attention (TVA), independent estimates of these parameters can be obtained from mathematical modeling of performance in a whole report task. The framework's neural interpretation (NTVA) further suggests distinct brain mechanisms underlying these 2 functions. Using an interindividual difference approach, the present study was designed to establish the respective ERP correlates of both parameters. Participants with higher compared to participants with lower processing speed were found to show significantly reduced visual N1 responses, indicative of higher efficiency in early visual processing. By contrast, for participants with higher relative to lower vSTM storage capacity, contralateral delay activity over visual areas was enhanced while overall nonlateralized delay activity was reduced, indicating that holding (the maximum number of) items in vSTM relies on topographically specific sustained activation within the visual system. Taken together, our findings show that the 2 main aspects of visual attentional capacity are reflected in separable neurophysiological markers, validating a central assumption of NTVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Wiegand
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 80802, Germany Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Thomas Töllner
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 80802, Germany
| | - Thomas Habekost
- Center for Visual Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, DK-1353 CopenhagenK, Denmark
| | - Mads Dyrholm
- Center for Visual Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, DK-1353 CopenhagenK, Denmark
| | - Hermann J Müller
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 80802, Germany Department of Psychology, Birkbeck College, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Kathrin Finke
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 80802, Germany Neuro-Cognitive Psychology und Center for Interdisciplinary Research, University Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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Daffner KR, Haring AE, Alperin BR, Zhuravleva TY, Mott KK, Holcomb PJ. The impact of visual acuity on age-related differences in neural markers of early visual processing. Neuroimage 2013; 67:127-36. [PMID: 23153966 PMCID: PMC3545036 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent to which age-related differences in neural markers of visual processing are influenced by changes in visual acuity has not been systematically investigated. Studies often indicate that their subjects had normal or corrected-to-normal vision, but the assessment of visual acuity seems to most frequently be based only on self-report. Consistent with prior research, to be included in the current study, subjects had to report normal or corrected-to-normal vision. Additionally, visual acuity was formally tested using a Snellen eye chart. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were studied in young adults (18-32years old), young-old adults (65-79years old), and old-old adults (80+ years old) while they performed a visual processing task involving selective attention to color. Age-related differences in the latency and amplitude of ERP markers of early visual processing, the posterior P1 and N1 components, were examined. All results were then re-analyzed after controlling for visual acuity. We found that visual acuity declined as a function of age. Accounting for visual acuity had an impact on whether older and younger adults differed significantly in the size and latency of the posterior P1 and N1 components. After controlling for visual acuity, age-related increases in P1 and N1 latency did not remain significant, and older adults were found to have a larger P1 amplitude than young adults. Our results suggest that until the relationship between age-associated differences in visual acuity and early ERPs is clearly established, investigators should be cautious when interpreting the meaning of their findings. Self-reports about visual acuity may be inaccurate, necessitating formal measures. Additional investigation is needed to help establish guidelines for future research, especially of very old adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk R Daffner
- Center for Brain/Mind Medicine, Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Cliff M, Joyce DW, Lamar M, Dannhauser T, Tracy DK, Shergill SS. Aging effects on functional auditory and visual processing using fMRI with variable sensory loading. Cortex 2012; 49:1304-13. [PMID: 22578707 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Traditionally, studies investigating the functional implications of age-related structural brain alterations have focused on higher cognitive processes; by increasing stimulus load, these studies assess behavioral and neurophysiological performance. In order to understand age-related changes in these higher cognitive processes, it is crucial to examine changes in visual and auditory processes that are the gateways to higher cognitive functions. This study provides evidence for age-related functional decline in visual and auditory processing, and regional alterations in functional brain processing, using non-invasive neuroimaging. METHODS Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), younger (n=11; mean age=31) and older (n=10; mean age=68) adults were imaged while observing flashing checkerboard images (passive visual stimuli) and hearing word lists (passive auditory stimuli) across varying stimuli presentation rates. RESULTS Younger adults showed greater overall levels of temporal and occipital cortical activation than older adults for both auditory and visual stimuli. The relative change in activity as a function of stimulus presentation rate showed differences between young and older participants. In visual cortex, the older group showed a decrease in fMRI blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal magnitude as stimulus frequency increased, whereas the younger group showed a linear increase. In auditory cortex, the younger group showed a relative increase as a function of word presentation rate, while older participants showed a relatively stable magnitude of fMRI BOLD response across all rates. When analyzing participants across all ages, only the auditory cortical activation showed a continuous, monotonically decreasing BOLD signal magnitude as a function of age. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary findings show an age-related decline in demand-related, passive early sensory processing. As stimulus demand increases, visual and auditory cortex do not show increases in activity in older compared to younger people. This may negatively impact on the fidelity of information available to higher cognitive processing. Such evidence may inform future studies focused on cognitive decline in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Cliff
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.
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Ruzzoli M, Pirulli C, Brignani D, Maioli C, Miniussi C. Sensory memory during physiological aging indexed by mismatch negativity (MMN). Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:625.e21-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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O'Connell RG, Balsters JH, Kilcullen SM, Campbell W, Bokde AW, Lai R, Upton N, Robertson IH. A simultaneous ERP/fMRI investigation of the P300 aging effect. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:2448-61. [PMID: 22277263 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
One of the most reliable psychophysiological markers of aging is a linear decrease in the amplitude of the P300 potential, accompanied by a more frontal topographical orientation, but the precise neural origins of these differences have yet to be explored. We acquired simultaneous electroencephalogram (EEG)/functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) recordings from 14 older and 15 younger adults who performed a 3-stimulus visual oddball task designed to elicit P3a and P3b components. As in previous reports, older adults had significantly reduced P3a/P3b amplitudes over parietal electrodes but larger amplitudes over frontal scalp with no between-group differences in accuracy or reaction time. Electroencephalogram/functional magnetic resonance imaging fusion revealed that the P3a age effects were driven by increased activation of left inferior frontal and cingulate cortex and decreased activation of inferior parietal cortex in the older group. P3b differences were driven by increased activation of left temporal regions, right hippocampus, and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the older group. Our results support the proposal that the age-related P300 anterior shift arises from an increased reliance on prefrontal structures to support target and distractor processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Redmond G O'Connell
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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32
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Audiovisual temporal discrimination is less efficient with aging: an event-related potential study. Neuroreport 2011; 22:554-8. [PMID: 21691233 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e328348c731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the crossmodal temporal discrimination deficit characterizing older adults and its event-related potential (electroencephalogram) correlates using an audiovisual temporal order judgment task. Audiovisual stimuli were presented at stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA) of 70 or 270 ms. Older were less accurate than younger adults with an SOA of 270 ms but not 70 ms. With an SOA of 270 ms only, older adults had smaller posterior P1 and frontocentral N1 amplitudes for visual stimuli in auditory-visual trials and auditory stimuli in visual-auditory trials, respectively. These results suggest a deficit in cross-sensory processing with aging reflected at the behavioural and neural level, and suggest an impairment in switching between modalities even when the inputs are separated by long temporal intervals.
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Setti A, Burke KE, Kenny RA, Newell FN. Is inefficient multisensory processing associated with falls in older people? Exp Brain Res 2011; 209:375-84. [PMID: 21293851 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2560-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Although falling is a significant problem for older persons, little is understood about its underlying causes. Spatial cognition and balance maintenance rely on the efficient integration of information across the main senses. We investigated general multisensory efficiency in older persons with a history of falls compared to age- and sensory acuity-matched controls and younger adults using a sound-induced flash illusion. Older fallers were as susceptible to the illusion as age-matched, non-fallers or younger adults at a short delay of 70 ms between the auditory and visual stimuli. Both older adult groups were more susceptible to the illusion at longer SOAs than younger adults. However, with increasing delays between the visual and auditory stimuli, older fallers did not show a decline in the frequency at which the illusion was experienced even with delays of up to 270 ms. We argue that this relatively higher susceptibility to the illusion reflects inefficient audio-visual processing in the central nervous system and has important implications for the diagnosis and rehabilitation of falling in older persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Setti
- School of Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience, Lloyd Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Daniel S, Bentin S. Age-related changes in processing faces from detection to identification: ERP evidence. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 33:206.e1-28. [PMID: 20961658 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We examined the ability of people 70 to 90 years old to apply global, configural, and featural face-processing strategies. In addition we investigated age-related changes in the ability to categorize faces at basic, subordinate, and individual levels. Using the N170 potential as index of early face processing and the P300 component as index of categorical decision making and effort, we found significant age-related perceptual changes which slowed and somewhat impaired face processing. Specifically, older participants had problems integrating face features into global structures, demonstrating enhanced dependence on distal global information. They did not apply configural computations by default while processing faces which suggests that, unless identification is required, they process faces only at a basic level. These perceptual changes could be the cause for slower and less accurate subordinate categorization, particularly when it is based on details. At the neural levels face processing was not right-lateralized, reflecting excessive involvement of the left hemisphere in perception leading to a more general reduction of interhemispheric asymmetry. In addition we found excessive but nonselective activation of frontal regions adding support to the view that executive control and particularly inhibition of irrelevant input are reduced in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Daniel
- Department of Neurobiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Finnigan S, O'Connell RG, Cummins TDR, Broughton M, Robertson IH. ERP measures indicate both attention and working memory encoding decrements in aging. Psychophysiology 2010; 48:601-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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O'Connell RG, Schneider D, Hester R, Mattingley JB, Bellgrove MA. Attentional Load Asymmetrically Affects Early Electrophysiological Indices of Visual Orienting. Cereb Cortex 2010; 21:1056-65. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhq178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Daffner KR, Sun X, Tarbi EC, Rentz DM, Holcomb PJ, Riis JL. Does compensatory neural activity survive old-old age? Neuroimage 2010; 54:427-38. [PMID: 20696255 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One mechanism that may allow older adults to continue to successfully perform certain cognitive tasks is to allocate more resources than their younger counterparts. Most prior studies have not included individuals beyond their 70s. Here, we investigated whether compensatory increases in neural activity previously observed in cognitively high-performing young-old adults would continue into old-old age. Event-related potentials were recorded from 72 cognitively high performing subjects, aged 18 to 96 years old, while they participated in a subject-controlled novelty oddball paradigm in which they determined viewing duration of standard, target, and novel visual stimuli. Compared to young and middle-aged subjects, both young-old and old-old subjects exhibited an impairment of preliminary mismatch/match detection operations, indexed by an attenuated anterior N2 component. This may have placed a greater burden on the subsequent controlled decision-making process, indexed by the P3, necessitating the allocation of more resources. The relationship between age and resource allocation, as measured by P3 amplitude, from midlife to very old age (45-96 years old) followed an inverted u-shaped curve (quadratic function). It peaked between the late 60s and early 70s. Thereafter, there was an inverse relationship between age and resource appropriation. This relationship remained significant after controlling for differences in task performance and MMSE. Examining the size of the P3 component across different age groups suggests that although cognitively high performing adults in their early 80s exhibit a reduction in P3 amplitude, they have a relatively well-preserved capacity to appropriate resources. However, by the late 80s, there is a robust decline (relative to young-old adults) in the size of the P3. Our results indicate that when carrying out controlled processing linked to directing attention to salient events, cognitively high performers reach the boundary of their capacity, albeit relatively late in life. This limits their ability to appropriate additional resources as compensatory activity for age-related impairments in earlier visual processing, and suggests that such a mechanism does not tend to "survive" old-old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk R Daffner
- Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Manque du nom propre et effet de la modalité sur la capacité à reconnaître des personnes connues au cours du vieillissement normal. Can J Aging 2009; 28:337-45. [DOI: 10.1017/s0714980809990183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to investigate the impact of aging on the ability a) to name famous faces and b) to access biographical knowledge about famous people from different modalities of presentation (faces and names). Healthy elderly subjects (n = 117) divided into three different age groups were assessed using a semantic memory test of famous people. Results of this study indicate a decline in naming performance between oldest and youngest groups. In contrast, no difference between groups was found in terms of the ability to access semantic knowledge about famous people. Finally, a main effect of modality of presentation (faces vs. names) was found, revealing greater ability to identify famous people in the verbal (names) than in the visual modality (faces). Taken together, results of this study may contribute to developing new cognitive intervention programs in older adults presenting with proper-name anomia.
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De Sanctis P, Gomez‐Ramirez M, Sehatpour P, Wylie GR, Foxe JJ. Preserved executive function in high-performing elderly is driven by large-scale recruitment of prefrontal cortical mechanisms. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 30:4198-214. [PMID: 19572310 PMCID: PMC6871224 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
High-density electrical mapping of event-related potentials was used to investigate the neural processes that permit some elderly subjects to preserve high levels of executive functioning. Two possibilities pertain: (1) high-performance in elderly subjects is underpinned by similar processing mechanisms to those seen in young adults; that is, these individuals display minimal functional decay across the lifespan, or (2) preserved function relies on successfully recruiting and amplifying control processes to compensate for normal sensory-perceptual decline with age. Fifteen young and nineteen elderly participants, the latter split into groups of high and low performers, regularly alternated between a letter and a number categorization task, switching between tasks every third trial (AAA-BBB-AAA...). This allowed for interrogation of performance during switch, repeat, and preparatory pre-switch trials. Robust effects of age were observed in both frontal and parietal components of the task-switching network. Greatest differences originated over prefrontal regions, with elderly subjects generating amplified, earlier, and more differentiated patterns of activity. This prefrontal amplification was evident only in high-performing (HP) elderly, and was strongest on pre-switch trials when participants prepared for an upcoming task-switch. Analysis of the early transient and late sustained activity using topographic analyses and source localization collectively supported a unique and elaborated pattern of activity across frontal and parietal scalp in HP-elderly, wholly different to that seen in both young and low-performing elderly. On this basis, we propose that preserved executive function in HP-elderly is driven by large-scale recruitment and enhancement of prefrontal cortical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierfilippo De Sanctis
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Orangeburg, New York
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience, Departments of Psychology and Biology, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Manuel Gomez‐Ramirez
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Orangeburg, New York
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience, Departments of Psychology and Biology, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Pejman Sehatpour
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Orangeburg, New York
| | - Glenn R. Wylie
- Kessler Foundation Research Center, West Orange, New Jersey
| | - John J. Foxe
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Orangeburg, New York
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience, Departments of Psychology and Biology, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York
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Yeap S, Kelly SP, Sehatpour P, Magno E, Garavan H, Thakore JH, Foxe JJ. Visual sensory processing deficits in Schizophrenia and their relationship to disease state. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2008; 258:305-16. [PMID: 18504634 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-008-0802-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Visual Evoked Potential (VEP) abnormalities have been a fairly consistent finding in patients with schizophrenia, and it has been suggested that electrophysiological markers of early sensory processing may be useful as trait markers for the illness, and for development as potential diagnostic measures. OBJECTIVE Clear amplitude reductions in the occipital P1 component of the VEP (approximately 100 ms), have been repeatedly demonstrated in patients with schizophrenia. Here, we investigated whether the extent of this deficit was related to age, clinical symptoms, medication status and length of illness, in a large cohort of ethnically homogenous patients. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS VEP responses to simple isolated-check stimuli were examined in 52 DSM-IV diagnosed patients with schizophrenia, and compared with responses from 26 healthy age-matched control subjects. Using high-density electrical scalp recordings, we assessed the integrity of the visual P1 component across the two groups. This study was conducted at St.Vincent's Psychiatric Hospital in Fairview, Dublin, Ireland. RESULTS Substantially reduced P1 amplitude was demonstrated in the patient group compared to controls. The deficit was not linked to age, length of illness or medication status. A small positive correlation, accounting for about 11% of the variance, was found between P1 amplitude and clinical symptoms scales (BPRS and SANS). In addition, we found that a slightly later (~110 ms) fronto-central component was relatively increased in the patient group, and was inversely correlated with the occipital P1 amplitude in the patients, but not in the healthy control subjects. CONCLUSIONS Our findings clearly demonstrate a deficit in early visual processing in patients with schizophrenia (with a large effect size; Cohen's d = 0.7) that is unrelated to chronicity. The results are consistent with recent findings showing that the P1 deficit is endophenotypic of the disorder and related to genetic risk factors rather than the disease process itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherlyn Yeap
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, St. Vincent's Hospital, Richmond Road, Fairview, Dublin 3, Ireland
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