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Piazza F, Caminiti SP, Zedde M, Presotto L, DiFrancesco JC, Pascarella R, Giossi A, Sessa M, Poli L, Basso G, Perani D. Association of Microglial Activation With Spontaneous ARIA-E and CSF Levels of Anti-Aβ Autoantibodies. Neurology 2022; 99:e1265-e1277. [PMID: 35940900 PMCID: PMC9576297 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Amyloid-related imaging abnormalities suggestive of vasogenic edema or sulcal effusion (ARIA-E) are the most common adverse events complicating Alzheimer disease (AD) immunotherapy with anti-β-amyloid (Aβ) monoclonal antibodies. ARIA-E can also occur spontaneously in cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation (CAA-ri), a rare autoimmune encephalopathy associated with increased CSF levels of anti-Aβ autoantibodies. Although the pathophysiologic mechanisms of ARIA-E remain to be fully elucidated, experimental evidence from ex vivo studies suggests that gantenerumab and aducanumab enable microglial activation. However, the in vivo evidence for a direct association between neuroinflammation and ARIA-E in patients with high CSF anti-Aβ (auto)antibody levels has never been demonstrated. METHODS The spatial distribution and temporal variations of microglial activation associated with levels of anti-Aβ autoantibodies at (sub)acute presentation of ARIA-E and after corticosteroid therapy were evaluated in a longitudinal case series of patients with CAA-ri, the spontaneous variant of the iatrogenic ARIA-E reported in Aβ-lowering immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies. Multimodal and multiparametric MRI was used for CAA and ARIA-E severity quantification, according to validated scoring system; CSF testing for anti-Aβ autoantibodies and AD biomarkers; 11C-PK11195 PET for activated microglia. RESULTS At (sub)acute presentation, we found focal peaks of microglial activation having a greater spatial colocalization with ARIA-E compared with chronic age-related white matter change imaging abnormalities. The severity of ARIA-E and the magnitude of the associated microglial activation were greater in patients having AD and severe CAA concomitant disease compared with patients having CAA only. CSF anti-Aβ autoantibodies at presentation were high in all patients and markedly decreased at posttreatment follow-up, in parallel with clinical resolution of acute symptoms, reduced ARIA-E severity, and reduced microglial activation. DISCUSSION Our findings extend the current notion of ARIA-E by providing the first in vivo 11C-PK11195 PET evidence for an association between microglial activation and the magnitude and severity of ARIA-E in patients with increased CSF concentration of anti-Aβ autoantibodies and comorbid AD and CAA disease. Our results highlight CSF testing for anti-Aβ autoantibodies as a promising diagnostic, prognostic, and therapy response biomarker to help guide future treatment and management decisions in real clinical practice and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Piazza
- From the CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F.P.), School of Medicine and Surgery (J.C.D., G.B.), iCAβ International Network (F.P., M.Z., J.C.D., A.G., M.S., Loris Poli, G.B.), and SINdem CAA Study Group (F.P., M.Z., D.P.), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (S.P.C., D.P.), Milan; IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (S.P.C., Luca Presotto, D.P.), Milan; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Stroke Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Neurology Unit (A.G.), Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona; Neurology Unit (M.S.), Ospedale ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo; and Neurology Unit (Loris Poli), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Silvia Paola Caminiti
- From the CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F.P.), School of Medicine and Surgery (J.C.D., G.B.), iCAβ International Network (F.P., M.Z., J.C.D., A.G., M.S., Loris Poli, G.B.), and SINdem CAA Study Group (F.P., M.Z., D.P.), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (S.P.C., D.P.), Milan; IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (S.P.C., Luca Presotto, D.P.), Milan; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Stroke Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Neurology Unit (A.G.), Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona; Neurology Unit (M.S.), Ospedale ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo; and Neurology Unit (Loris Poli), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Zedde
- From the CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F.P.), School of Medicine and Surgery (J.C.D., G.B.), iCAβ International Network (F.P., M.Z., J.C.D., A.G., M.S., Loris Poli, G.B.), and SINdem CAA Study Group (F.P., M.Z., D.P.), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (S.P.C., D.P.), Milan; IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (S.P.C., Luca Presotto, D.P.), Milan; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Stroke Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Neurology Unit (A.G.), Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona; Neurology Unit (M.S.), Ospedale ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo; and Neurology Unit (Loris Poli), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luca Presotto
- From the CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F.P.), School of Medicine and Surgery (J.C.D., G.B.), iCAβ International Network (F.P., M.Z., J.C.D., A.G., M.S., Loris Poli, G.B.), and SINdem CAA Study Group (F.P., M.Z., D.P.), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (S.P.C., D.P.), Milan; IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (S.P.C., Luca Presotto, D.P.), Milan; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Stroke Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Neurology Unit (A.G.), Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona; Neurology Unit (M.S.), Ospedale ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo; and Neurology Unit (Loris Poli), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Jacopo C DiFrancesco
- From the CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F.P.), School of Medicine and Surgery (J.C.D., G.B.), iCAβ International Network (F.P., M.Z., J.C.D., A.G., M.S., Loris Poli, G.B.), and SINdem CAA Study Group (F.P., M.Z., D.P.), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (S.P.C., D.P.), Milan; IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (S.P.C., Luca Presotto, D.P.), Milan; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Stroke Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Neurology Unit (A.G.), Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona; Neurology Unit (M.S.), Ospedale ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo; and Neurology Unit (Loris Poli), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Rosario Pascarella
- From the CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F.P.), School of Medicine and Surgery (J.C.D., G.B.), iCAβ International Network (F.P., M.Z., J.C.D., A.G., M.S., Loris Poli, G.B.), and SINdem CAA Study Group (F.P., M.Z., D.P.), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (S.P.C., D.P.), Milan; IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (S.P.C., Luca Presotto, D.P.), Milan; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Stroke Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Neurology Unit (A.G.), Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona; Neurology Unit (M.S.), Ospedale ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo; and Neurology Unit (Loris Poli), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessia Giossi
- From the CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F.P.), School of Medicine and Surgery (J.C.D., G.B.), iCAβ International Network (F.P., M.Z., J.C.D., A.G., M.S., Loris Poli, G.B.), and SINdem CAA Study Group (F.P., M.Z., D.P.), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (S.P.C., D.P.), Milan; IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (S.P.C., Luca Presotto, D.P.), Milan; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Stroke Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Neurology Unit (A.G.), Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona; Neurology Unit (M.S.), Ospedale ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo; and Neurology Unit (Loris Poli), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Sessa
- From the CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F.P.), School of Medicine and Surgery (J.C.D., G.B.), iCAβ International Network (F.P., M.Z., J.C.D., A.G., M.S., Loris Poli, G.B.), and SINdem CAA Study Group (F.P., M.Z., D.P.), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (S.P.C., D.P.), Milan; IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (S.P.C., Luca Presotto, D.P.), Milan; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Stroke Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Neurology Unit (A.G.), Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona; Neurology Unit (M.S.), Ospedale ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo; and Neurology Unit (Loris Poli), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Loris Poli
- From the CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F.P.), School of Medicine and Surgery (J.C.D., G.B.), iCAβ International Network (F.P., M.Z., J.C.D., A.G., M.S., Loris Poli, G.B.), and SINdem CAA Study Group (F.P., M.Z., D.P.), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (S.P.C., D.P.), Milan; IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (S.P.C., Luca Presotto, D.P.), Milan; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Stroke Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Neurology Unit (A.G.), Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona; Neurology Unit (M.S.), Ospedale ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo; and Neurology Unit (Loris Poli), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Basso
- From the CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F.P.), School of Medicine and Surgery (J.C.D., G.B.), iCAβ International Network (F.P., M.Z., J.C.D., A.G., M.S., Loris Poli, G.B.), and SINdem CAA Study Group (F.P., M.Z., D.P.), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (S.P.C., D.P.), Milan; IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (S.P.C., Luca Presotto, D.P.), Milan; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Stroke Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Neurology Unit (A.G.), Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona; Neurology Unit (M.S.), Ospedale ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo; and Neurology Unit (Loris Poli), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Perani
- From the CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F.P.), School of Medicine and Surgery (J.C.D., G.B.), iCAβ International Network (F.P., M.Z., J.C.D., A.G., M.S., Loris Poli, G.B.), and SINdem CAA Study Group (F.P., M.Z., D.P.), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (S.P.C., D.P.), Milan; IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (S.P.C., Luca Presotto, D.P.), Milan; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Stroke Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Neurology Unit (A.G.), Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona; Neurology Unit (M.S.), Ospedale ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo; and Neurology Unit (Loris Poli), ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
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Antolini L, DiFrancesco JC, Zedde M, Basso G, Arighi A, Shima A, Cagnin A, Caulo M, Carare RO, Charidimou A, Cirillo M, Di Lazzaro V, Ferrarese C, Giossi A, Inzitari D, Marcon M, Marconi R, Ihara M, Nitrini R, Orlandi B, Padovani A, Pascarella R, Perini F, Perini G, Sessa M, Scarpini E, Tagliavini F, Valenti R, Vázquez-Costa JF, Villarejo-Galende A, Hagiwara Y, Ziliotto N, Piazza F. Spontaneous ARIA-like Events in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy-Related Inflammation: A Multicenter Prospective Longitudinal Cohort Study. Neurology 2021; 97:e1809-e1822. [PMID: 34531298 PMCID: PMC8610623 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The goal of this work was to investigate the natural history and outcomes after treatment for spontaneous amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA)-like in cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation (CAA-ri). METHODS This was a multicenter, hospital-based, longitudinal, prospective observational study of inpatients meeting CAA-ri diagnostic criteria recruited through the Inflammatory Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Alzheimer's Disease βiomarkers International Network from January 2013 to March 2017. A protocol for systematic data collection at first-ever presentation and at subsequent in-person visits, including T1-weighted, gradient recalled echo-T2*, fluid-suppressed T2-weighted (fluid-attenuated inversion recovery), and T1 postgadolinium contrast-enhanced images acquired on 1.5T MRI, was used at the 3-, 6-, 12-, and 24-month follow-up. Centralized reads of MRIs were performed by investigators blinded to clinical, therapeutic, and time-point information. Main outcomes were survival, clinical and radiologic recovery, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and recurrence of CAA-ri. RESULTS The study enrolled 113 participants (10.6% definite, 71.7% probable, and 17.7% possible CAA-ri). Their mean age was 72.9 years; 43.4% were female; 37.1% were APOEε4 carriers; 36.3% had a history of Alzheimer disease; and 33.6% had a history of ICH. A history of ICH and the occurrence of new ICH at follow-up were more common in patients with cortical superficial siderosis at baseline (52.6% vs 14.3%, p < 0.0001 and 19.3% vs 3.6%, p < 0.009, respectively). After the first-ever presentation of CAA-ri, 70.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 61.6%-78.5%) and 84.1% (95% CI 76.2%-90.6%) clinically recovered within 3 and 12 months, followed by radiologic recovery in 45.1% (95% CI 36.4%-54.8%) and 77.4% (95% CI 67.7%-85.9%), respectively. After clinicoradiologic resolution of the first-ever episode, 38.3% (95% CI 22.9%-59.2%) had at least 1 recurrence within the following 24 months. Recurrence was more likely if IV high-dose corticosteroid pulse therapy was suddenly stopped compared to slow oral tapering off (hazard ratio 4.68, 95% CI 1.57-13.93; p = 0.006). DISCUSSION These results from the largest longitudinal cohort registry of patients with CAA-ri support the transient and potentially relapsing inflammatory nature of the clinical-radiologic acute manifestations of the disease and the effectiveness of slow oral tapering off after IV corticosteroid pulse therapy in preventing recurrences. Our results highlight the importance of differential diagnosis for spontaneous ARIA-like events in β-amyloid-driven diseases, including treatment-related ARIA in patients with Alzheimer disease exposed to immunotherapy drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Antolini
- From the School of Medicine and Surgery (L.A., J.C.D., G.B., C.F., N.Z., F. Piazza), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano and University of Milan (A.A., E.S.), Italy; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (A.S.), Japan; University of Padova (A.C.); University of Chieti (M. Caulo), Italy; University of Southampton (R.O.C.), UK; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (M. Cirillo), Napoli; Università Campus Biomedico (V.D.L.), Rome; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona (A.G.); Italian National Research Council (D.I.), University of Florence; Neuroscience Institute (D.I.), Pisa; S. Bortolo Hospital (M.M., F. Perini), Vicenza; Azienda USL Toscana sud est (R.M.), Grosseto, Italy; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (M.I.), Osaka, Japan; University of São Paulo Medical School (R.N.), Brazil; S.S. Filippo and Nicola Hospital (B.O.), Avezzano; University of Brescia (A.P.); Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia (G.P.); Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (M.S.), Bergamo; Fondazione IRCCS "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute (F.T.), Milan, Italy; Azienda USL Toscana Centro (R.V.), Prato, Italy; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.F.V.-C.), Valencia; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (A.V.-G.), Madrid, Spain; St. Marianna University School of Medicine (Y.H.), Kawasaki, Japan; and CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F. Piazza), PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Jacopo C DiFrancesco
- From the School of Medicine and Surgery (L.A., J.C.D., G.B., C.F., N.Z., F. Piazza), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano and University of Milan (A.A., E.S.), Italy; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (A.S.), Japan; University of Padova (A.C.); University of Chieti (M. Caulo), Italy; University of Southampton (R.O.C.), UK; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (M. Cirillo), Napoli; Università Campus Biomedico (V.D.L.), Rome; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona (A.G.); Italian National Research Council (D.I.), University of Florence; Neuroscience Institute (D.I.), Pisa; S. Bortolo Hospital (M.M., F. Perini), Vicenza; Azienda USL Toscana sud est (R.M.), Grosseto, Italy; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (M.I.), Osaka, Japan; University of São Paulo Medical School (R.N.), Brazil; S.S. Filippo and Nicola Hospital (B.O.), Avezzano; University of Brescia (A.P.); Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia (G.P.); Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (M.S.), Bergamo; Fondazione IRCCS "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute (F.T.), Milan, Italy; Azienda USL Toscana Centro (R.V.), Prato, Italy; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.F.V.-C.), Valencia; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (A.V.-G.), Madrid, Spain; St. Marianna University School of Medicine (Y.H.), Kawasaki, Japan; and CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F. Piazza), PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Zedde
- From the School of Medicine and Surgery (L.A., J.C.D., G.B., C.F., N.Z., F. Piazza), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano and University of Milan (A.A., E.S.), Italy; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (A.S.), Japan; University of Padova (A.C.); University of Chieti (M. Caulo), Italy; University of Southampton (R.O.C.), UK; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (M. Cirillo), Napoli; Università Campus Biomedico (V.D.L.), Rome; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona (A.G.); Italian National Research Council (D.I.), University of Florence; Neuroscience Institute (D.I.), Pisa; S. Bortolo Hospital (M.M., F. Perini), Vicenza; Azienda USL Toscana sud est (R.M.), Grosseto, Italy; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (M.I.), Osaka, Japan; University of São Paulo Medical School (R.N.), Brazil; S.S. Filippo and Nicola Hospital (B.O.), Avezzano; University of Brescia (A.P.); Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia (G.P.); Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (M.S.), Bergamo; Fondazione IRCCS "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute (F.T.), Milan, Italy; Azienda USL Toscana Centro (R.V.), Prato, Italy; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.F.V.-C.), Valencia; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (A.V.-G.), Madrid, Spain; St. Marianna University School of Medicine (Y.H.), Kawasaki, Japan; and CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F. Piazza), PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Basso
- From the School of Medicine and Surgery (L.A., J.C.D., G.B., C.F., N.Z., F. Piazza), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano and University of Milan (A.A., E.S.), Italy; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (A.S.), Japan; University of Padova (A.C.); University of Chieti (M. Caulo), Italy; University of Southampton (R.O.C.), UK; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (M. Cirillo), Napoli; Università Campus Biomedico (V.D.L.), Rome; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona (A.G.); Italian National Research Council (D.I.), University of Florence; Neuroscience Institute (D.I.), Pisa; S. Bortolo Hospital (M.M., F. Perini), Vicenza; Azienda USL Toscana sud est (R.M.), Grosseto, Italy; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (M.I.), Osaka, Japan; University of São Paulo Medical School (R.N.), Brazil; S.S. Filippo and Nicola Hospital (B.O.), Avezzano; University of Brescia (A.P.); Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia (G.P.); Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (M.S.), Bergamo; Fondazione IRCCS "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute (F.T.), Milan, Italy; Azienda USL Toscana Centro (R.V.), Prato, Italy; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.F.V.-C.), Valencia; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (A.V.-G.), Madrid, Spain; St. Marianna University School of Medicine (Y.H.), Kawasaki, Japan; and CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F. Piazza), PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Andrea Arighi
- From the School of Medicine and Surgery (L.A., J.C.D., G.B., C.F., N.Z., F. Piazza), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano and University of Milan (A.A., E.S.), Italy; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (A.S.), Japan; University of Padova (A.C.); University of Chieti (M. Caulo), Italy; University of Southampton (R.O.C.), UK; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (M. Cirillo), Napoli; Università Campus Biomedico (V.D.L.), Rome; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona (A.G.); Italian National Research Council (D.I.), University of Florence; Neuroscience Institute (D.I.), Pisa; S. Bortolo Hospital (M.M., F. Perini), Vicenza; Azienda USL Toscana sud est (R.M.), Grosseto, Italy; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (M.I.), Osaka, Japan; University of São Paulo Medical School (R.N.), Brazil; S.S. Filippo and Nicola Hospital (B.O.), Avezzano; University of Brescia (A.P.); Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia (G.P.); Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (M.S.), Bergamo; Fondazione IRCCS "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute (F.T.), Milan, Italy; Azienda USL Toscana Centro (R.V.), Prato, Italy; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.F.V.-C.), Valencia; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (A.V.-G.), Madrid, Spain; St. Marianna University School of Medicine (Y.H.), Kawasaki, Japan; and CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F. Piazza), PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Atsushi Shima
- From the School of Medicine and Surgery (L.A., J.C.D., G.B., C.F., N.Z., F. Piazza), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano and University of Milan (A.A., E.S.), Italy; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (A.S.), Japan; University of Padova (A.C.); University of Chieti (M. Caulo), Italy; University of Southampton (R.O.C.), UK; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (M. Cirillo), Napoli; Università Campus Biomedico (V.D.L.), Rome; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona (A.G.); Italian National Research Council (D.I.), University of Florence; Neuroscience Institute (D.I.), Pisa; S. Bortolo Hospital (M.M., F. Perini), Vicenza; Azienda USL Toscana sud est (R.M.), Grosseto, Italy; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (M.I.), Osaka, Japan; University of São Paulo Medical School (R.N.), Brazil; S.S. Filippo and Nicola Hospital (B.O.), Avezzano; University of Brescia (A.P.); Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia (G.P.); Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (M.S.), Bergamo; Fondazione IRCCS "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute (F.T.), Milan, Italy; Azienda USL Toscana Centro (R.V.), Prato, Italy; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.F.V.-C.), Valencia; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (A.V.-G.), Madrid, Spain; St. Marianna University School of Medicine (Y.H.), Kawasaki, Japan; and CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F. Piazza), PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Annachiara Cagnin
- From the School of Medicine and Surgery (L.A., J.C.D., G.B., C.F., N.Z., F. Piazza), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano and University of Milan (A.A., E.S.), Italy; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (A.S.), Japan; University of Padova (A.C.); University of Chieti (M. Caulo), Italy; University of Southampton (R.O.C.), UK; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (M. Cirillo), Napoli; Università Campus Biomedico (V.D.L.), Rome; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona (A.G.); Italian National Research Council (D.I.), University of Florence; Neuroscience Institute (D.I.), Pisa; S. Bortolo Hospital (M.M., F. Perini), Vicenza; Azienda USL Toscana sud est (R.M.), Grosseto, Italy; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (M.I.), Osaka, Japan; University of São Paulo Medical School (R.N.), Brazil; S.S. Filippo and Nicola Hospital (B.O.), Avezzano; University of Brescia (A.P.); Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia (G.P.); Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (M.S.), Bergamo; Fondazione IRCCS "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute (F.T.), Milan, Italy; Azienda USL Toscana Centro (R.V.), Prato, Italy; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.F.V.-C.), Valencia; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (A.V.-G.), Madrid, Spain; St. Marianna University School of Medicine (Y.H.), Kawasaki, Japan; and CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F. Piazza), PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Massimo Caulo
- From the School of Medicine and Surgery (L.A., J.C.D., G.B., C.F., N.Z., F. Piazza), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano and University of Milan (A.A., E.S.), Italy; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (A.S.), Japan; University of Padova (A.C.); University of Chieti (M. Caulo), Italy; University of Southampton (R.O.C.), UK; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (M. Cirillo), Napoli; Università Campus Biomedico (V.D.L.), Rome; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona (A.G.); Italian National Research Council (D.I.), University of Florence; Neuroscience Institute (D.I.), Pisa; S. Bortolo Hospital (M.M., F. Perini), Vicenza; Azienda USL Toscana sud est (R.M.), Grosseto, Italy; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (M.I.), Osaka, Japan; University of São Paulo Medical School (R.N.), Brazil; S.S. Filippo and Nicola Hospital (B.O.), Avezzano; University of Brescia (A.P.); Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia (G.P.); Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (M.S.), Bergamo; Fondazione IRCCS "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute (F.T.), Milan, Italy; Azienda USL Toscana Centro (R.V.), Prato, Italy; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.F.V.-C.), Valencia; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (A.V.-G.), Madrid, Spain; St. Marianna University School of Medicine (Y.H.), Kawasaki, Japan; and CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F. Piazza), PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Roxana O Carare
- From the School of Medicine and Surgery (L.A., J.C.D., G.B., C.F., N.Z., F. Piazza), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano and University of Milan (A.A., E.S.), Italy; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (A.S.), Japan; University of Padova (A.C.); University of Chieti (M. Caulo), Italy; University of Southampton (R.O.C.), UK; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (M. Cirillo), Napoli; Università Campus Biomedico (V.D.L.), Rome; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona (A.G.); Italian National Research Council (D.I.), University of Florence; Neuroscience Institute (D.I.), Pisa; S. Bortolo Hospital (M.M., F. Perini), Vicenza; Azienda USL Toscana sud est (R.M.), Grosseto, Italy; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (M.I.), Osaka, Japan; University of São Paulo Medical School (R.N.), Brazil; S.S. Filippo and Nicola Hospital (B.O.), Avezzano; University of Brescia (A.P.); Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia (G.P.); Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (M.S.), Bergamo; Fondazione IRCCS "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute (F.T.), Milan, Italy; Azienda USL Toscana Centro (R.V.), Prato, Italy; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.F.V.-C.), Valencia; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (A.V.-G.), Madrid, Spain; St. Marianna University School of Medicine (Y.H.), Kawasaki, Japan; and CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F. Piazza), PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Andreas Charidimou
- From the School of Medicine and Surgery (L.A., J.C.D., G.B., C.F., N.Z., F. Piazza), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano and University of Milan (A.A., E.S.), Italy; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (A.S.), Japan; University of Padova (A.C.); University of Chieti (M. Caulo), Italy; University of Southampton (R.O.C.), UK; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (M. Cirillo), Napoli; Università Campus Biomedico (V.D.L.), Rome; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona (A.G.); Italian National Research Council (D.I.), University of Florence; Neuroscience Institute (D.I.), Pisa; S. Bortolo Hospital (M.M., F. Perini), Vicenza; Azienda USL Toscana sud est (R.M.), Grosseto, Italy; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (M.I.), Osaka, Japan; University of São Paulo Medical School (R.N.), Brazil; S.S. Filippo and Nicola Hospital (B.O.), Avezzano; University of Brescia (A.P.); Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia (G.P.); Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (M.S.), Bergamo; Fondazione IRCCS "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute (F.T.), Milan, Italy; Azienda USL Toscana Centro (R.V.), Prato, Italy; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.F.V.-C.), Valencia; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (A.V.-G.), Madrid, Spain; St. Marianna University School of Medicine (Y.H.), Kawasaki, Japan; and CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F. Piazza), PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Mario Cirillo
- From the School of Medicine and Surgery (L.A., J.C.D., G.B., C.F., N.Z., F. Piazza), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano and University of Milan (A.A., E.S.), Italy; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (A.S.), Japan; University of Padova (A.C.); University of Chieti (M. Caulo), Italy; University of Southampton (R.O.C.), UK; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (M. Cirillo), Napoli; Università Campus Biomedico (V.D.L.), Rome; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona (A.G.); Italian National Research Council (D.I.), University of Florence; Neuroscience Institute (D.I.), Pisa; S. Bortolo Hospital (M.M., F. Perini), Vicenza; Azienda USL Toscana sud est (R.M.), Grosseto, Italy; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (M.I.), Osaka, Japan; University of São Paulo Medical School (R.N.), Brazil; S.S. Filippo and Nicola Hospital (B.O.), Avezzano; University of Brescia (A.P.); Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia (G.P.); Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (M.S.), Bergamo; Fondazione IRCCS "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute (F.T.), Milan, Italy; Azienda USL Toscana Centro (R.V.), Prato, Italy; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.F.V.-C.), Valencia; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (A.V.-G.), Madrid, Spain; St. Marianna University School of Medicine (Y.H.), Kawasaki, Japan; and CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F. Piazza), PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Lazzaro
- From the School of Medicine and Surgery (L.A., J.C.D., G.B., C.F., N.Z., F. Piazza), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano and University of Milan (A.A., E.S.), Italy; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (A.S.), Japan; University of Padova (A.C.); University of Chieti (M. Caulo), Italy; University of Southampton (R.O.C.), UK; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (M. Cirillo), Napoli; Università Campus Biomedico (V.D.L.), Rome; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona (A.G.); Italian National Research Council (D.I.), University of Florence; Neuroscience Institute (D.I.), Pisa; S. Bortolo Hospital (M.M., F. Perini), Vicenza; Azienda USL Toscana sud est (R.M.), Grosseto, Italy; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (M.I.), Osaka, Japan; University of São Paulo Medical School (R.N.), Brazil; S.S. Filippo and Nicola Hospital (B.O.), Avezzano; University of Brescia (A.P.); Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia (G.P.); Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (M.S.), Bergamo; Fondazione IRCCS "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute (F.T.), Milan, Italy; Azienda USL Toscana Centro (R.V.), Prato, Italy; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.F.V.-C.), Valencia; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (A.V.-G.), Madrid, Spain; St. Marianna University School of Medicine (Y.H.), Kawasaki, Japan; and CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F. Piazza), PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Carlo Ferrarese
- From the School of Medicine and Surgery (L.A., J.C.D., G.B., C.F., N.Z., F. Piazza), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano and University of Milan (A.A., E.S.), Italy; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (A.S.), Japan; University of Padova (A.C.); University of Chieti (M. Caulo), Italy; University of Southampton (R.O.C.), UK; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (M. Cirillo), Napoli; Università Campus Biomedico (V.D.L.), Rome; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona (A.G.); Italian National Research Council (D.I.), University of Florence; Neuroscience Institute (D.I.), Pisa; S. Bortolo Hospital (M.M., F. Perini), Vicenza; Azienda USL Toscana sud est (R.M.), Grosseto, Italy; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (M.I.), Osaka, Japan; University of São Paulo Medical School (R.N.), Brazil; S.S. Filippo and Nicola Hospital (B.O.), Avezzano; University of Brescia (A.P.); Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia (G.P.); Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (M.S.), Bergamo; Fondazione IRCCS "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute (F.T.), Milan, Italy; Azienda USL Toscana Centro (R.V.), Prato, Italy; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.F.V.-C.), Valencia; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (A.V.-G.), Madrid, Spain; St. Marianna University School of Medicine (Y.H.), Kawasaki, Japan; and CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F. Piazza), PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Alessia Giossi
- From the School of Medicine and Surgery (L.A., J.C.D., G.B., C.F., N.Z., F. Piazza), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano and University of Milan (A.A., E.S.), Italy; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (A.S.), Japan; University of Padova (A.C.); University of Chieti (M. Caulo), Italy; University of Southampton (R.O.C.), UK; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (M. Cirillo), Napoli; Università Campus Biomedico (V.D.L.), Rome; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona (A.G.); Italian National Research Council (D.I.), University of Florence; Neuroscience Institute (D.I.), Pisa; S. Bortolo Hospital (M.M., F. Perini), Vicenza; Azienda USL Toscana sud est (R.M.), Grosseto, Italy; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (M.I.), Osaka, Japan; University of São Paulo Medical School (R.N.), Brazil; S.S. Filippo and Nicola Hospital (B.O.), Avezzano; University of Brescia (A.P.); Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia (G.P.); Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (M.S.), Bergamo; Fondazione IRCCS "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute (F.T.), Milan, Italy; Azienda USL Toscana Centro (R.V.), Prato, Italy; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.F.V.-C.), Valencia; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (A.V.-G.), Madrid, Spain; St. Marianna University School of Medicine (Y.H.), Kawasaki, Japan; and CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F. Piazza), PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Domenico Inzitari
- From the School of Medicine and Surgery (L.A., J.C.D., G.B., C.F., N.Z., F. Piazza), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano and University of Milan (A.A., E.S.), Italy; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (A.S.), Japan; University of Padova (A.C.); University of Chieti (M. Caulo), Italy; University of Southampton (R.O.C.), UK; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (M. Cirillo), Napoli; Università Campus Biomedico (V.D.L.), Rome; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona (A.G.); Italian National Research Council (D.I.), University of Florence; Neuroscience Institute (D.I.), Pisa; S. Bortolo Hospital (M.M., F. Perini), Vicenza; Azienda USL Toscana sud est (R.M.), Grosseto, Italy; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (M.I.), Osaka, Japan; University of São Paulo Medical School (R.N.), Brazil; S.S. Filippo and Nicola Hospital (B.O.), Avezzano; University of Brescia (A.P.); Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia (G.P.); Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (M.S.), Bergamo; Fondazione IRCCS "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute (F.T.), Milan, Italy; Azienda USL Toscana Centro (R.V.), Prato, Italy; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.F.V.-C.), Valencia; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (A.V.-G.), Madrid, Spain; St. Marianna University School of Medicine (Y.H.), Kawasaki, Japan; and CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F. Piazza), PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Michela Marcon
- From the School of Medicine and Surgery (L.A., J.C.D., G.B., C.F., N.Z., F. Piazza), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano and University of Milan (A.A., E.S.), Italy; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (A.S.), Japan; University of Padova (A.C.); University of Chieti (M. Caulo), Italy; University of Southampton (R.O.C.), UK; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (M. Cirillo), Napoli; Università Campus Biomedico (V.D.L.), Rome; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona (A.G.); Italian National Research Council (D.I.), University of Florence; Neuroscience Institute (D.I.), Pisa; S. Bortolo Hospital (M.M., F. Perini), Vicenza; Azienda USL Toscana sud est (R.M.), Grosseto, Italy; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (M.I.), Osaka, Japan; University of São Paulo Medical School (R.N.), Brazil; S.S. Filippo and Nicola Hospital (B.O.), Avezzano; University of Brescia (A.P.); Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia (G.P.); Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (M.S.), Bergamo; Fondazione IRCCS "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute (F.T.), Milan, Italy; Azienda USL Toscana Centro (R.V.), Prato, Italy; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.F.V.-C.), Valencia; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (A.V.-G.), Madrid, Spain; St. Marianna University School of Medicine (Y.H.), Kawasaki, Japan; and CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F. Piazza), PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Roberto Marconi
- From the School of Medicine and Surgery (L.A., J.C.D., G.B., C.F., N.Z., F. Piazza), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano and University of Milan (A.A., E.S.), Italy; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (A.S.), Japan; University of Padova (A.C.); University of Chieti (M. Caulo), Italy; University of Southampton (R.O.C.), UK; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (M. Cirillo), Napoli; Università Campus Biomedico (V.D.L.), Rome; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona (A.G.); Italian National Research Council (D.I.), University of Florence; Neuroscience Institute (D.I.), Pisa; S. Bortolo Hospital (M.M., F. Perini), Vicenza; Azienda USL Toscana sud est (R.M.), Grosseto, Italy; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (M.I.), Osaka, Japan; University of São Paulo Medical School (R.N.), Brazil; S.S. Filippo and Nicola Hospital (B.O.), Avezzano; University of Brescia (A.P.); Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia (G.P.); Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (M.S.), Bergamo; Fondazione IRCCS "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute (F.T.), Milan, Italy; Azienda USL Toscana Centro (R.V.), Prato, Italy; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.F.V.-C.), Valencia; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (A.V.-G.), Madrid, Spain; St. Marianna University School of Medicine (Y.H.), Kawasaki, Japan; and CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F. Piazza), PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- From the School of Medicine and Surgery (L.A., J.C.D., G.B., C.F., N.Z., F. Piazza), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano and University of Milan (A.A., E.S.), Italy; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (A.S.), Japan; University of Padova (A.C.); University of Chieti (M. Caulo), Italy; University of Southampton (R.O.C.), UK; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (M. Cirillo), Napoli; Università Campus Biomedico (V.D.L.), Rome; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona (A.G.); Italian National Research Council (D.I.), University of Florence; Neuroscience Institute (D.I.), Pisa; S. Bortolo Hospital (M.M., F. Perini), Vicenza; Azienda USL Toscana sud est (R.M.), Grosseto, Italy; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (M.I.), Osaka, Japan; University of São Paulo Medical School (R.N.), Brazil; S.S. Filippo and Nicola Hospital (B.O.), Avezzano; University of Brescia (A.P.); Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia (G.P.); Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (M.S.), Bergamo; Fondazione IRCCS "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute (F.T.), Milan, Italy; Azienda USL Toscana Centro (R.V.), Prato, Italy; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.F.V.-C.), Valencia; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (A.V.-G.), Madrid, Spain; St. Marianna University School of Medicine (Y.H.), Kawasaki, Japan; and CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F. Piazza), PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- From the School of Medicine and Surgery (L.A., J.C.D., G.B., C.F., N.Z., F. Piazza), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano and University of Milan (A.A., E.S.), Italy; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (A.S.), Japan; University of Padova (A.C.); University of Chieti (M. Caulo), Italy; University of Southampton (R.O.C.), UK; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (M. Cirillo), Napoli; Università Campus Biomedico (V.D.L.), Rome; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona (A.G.); Italian National Research Council (D.I.), University of Florence; Neuroscience Institute (D.I.), Pisa; S. Bortolo Hospital (M.M., F. Perini), Vicenza; Azienda USL Toscana sud est (R.M.), Grosseto, Italy; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (M.I.), Osaka, Japan; University of São Paulo Medical School (R.N.), Brazil; S.S. Filippo and Nicola Hospital (B.O.), Avezzano; University of Brescia (A.P.); Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia (G.P.); Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (M.S.), Bergamo; Fondazione IRCCS "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute (F.T.), Milan, Italy; Azienda USL Toscana Centro (R.V.), Prato, Italy; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.F.V.-C.), Valencia; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (A.V.-G.), Madrid, Spain; St. Marianna University School of Medicine (Y.H.), Kawasaki, Japan; and CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F. Piazza), PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Berardino Orlandi
- From the School of Medicine and Surgery (L.A., J.C.D., G.B., C.F., N.Z., F. Piazza), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano and University of Milan (A.A., E.S.), Italy; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (A.S.), Japan; University of Padova (A.C.); University of Chieti (M. Caulo), Italy; University of Southampton (R.O.C.), UK; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (M. Cirillo), Napoli; Università Campus Biomedico (V.D.L.), Rome; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona (A.G.); Italian National Research Council (D.I.), University of Florence; Neuroscience Institute (D.I.), Pisa; S. Bortolo Hospital (M.M., F. Perini), Vicenza; Azienda USL Toscana sud est (R.M.), Grosseto, Italy; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (M.I.), Osaka, Japan; University of São Paulo Medical School (R.N.), Brazil; S.S. Filippo and Nicola Hospital (B.O.), Avezzano; University of Brescia (A.P.); Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia (G.P.); Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (M.S.), Bergamo; Fondazione IRCCS "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute (F.T.), Milan, Italy; Azienda USL Toscana Centro (R.V.), Prato, Italy; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.F.V.-C.), Valencia; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (A.V.-G.), Madrid, Spain; St. Marianna University School of Medicine (Y.H.), Kawasaki, Japan; and CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F. Piazza), PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- From the School of Medicine and Surgery (L.A., J.C.D., G.B., C.F., N.Z., F. Piazza), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano and University of Milan (A.A., E.S.), Italy; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (A.S.), Japan; University of Padova (A.C.); University of Chieti (M. Caulo), Italy; University of Southampton (R.O.C.), UK; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (M. Cirillo), Napoli; Università Campus Biomedico (V.D.L.), Rome; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona (A.G.); Italian National Research Council (D.I.), University of Florence; Neuroscience Institute (D.I.), Pisa; S. Bortolo Hospital (M.M., F. Perini), Vicenza; Azienda USL Toscana sud est (R.M.), Grosseto, Italy; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (M.I.), Osaka, Japan; University of São Paulo Medical School (R.N.), Brazil; S.S. Filippo and Nicola Hospital (B.O.), Avezzano; University of Brescia (A.P.); Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia (G.P.); Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (M.S.), Bergamo; Fondazione IRCCS "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute (F.T.), Milan, Italy; Azienda USL Toscana Centro (R.V.), Prato, Italy; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.F.V.-C.), Valencia; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (A.V.-G.), Madrid, Spain; St. Marianna University School of Medicine (Y.H.), Kawasaki, Japan; and CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F. Piazza), PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Rosario Pascarella
- From the School of Medicine and Surgery (L.A., J.C.D., G.B., C.F., N.Z., F. Piazza), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano and University of Milan (A.A., E.S.), Italy; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (A.S.), Japan; University of Padova (A.C.); University of Chieti (M. Caulo), Italy; University of Southampton (R.O.C.), UK; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (M. Cirillo), Napoli; Università Campus Biomedico (V.D.L.), Rome; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona (A.G.); Italian National Research Council (D.I.), University of Florence; Neuroscience Institute (D.I.), Pisa; S. Bortolo Hospital (M.M., F. Perini), Vicenza; Azienda USL Toscana sud est (R.M.), Grosseto, Italy; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (M.I.), Osaka, Japan; University of São Paulo Medical School (R.N.), Brazil; S.S. Filippo and Nicola Hospital (B.O.), Avezzano; University of Brescia (A.P.); Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia (G.P.); Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (M.S.), Bergamo; Fondazione IRCCS "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute (F.T.), Milan, Italy; Azienda USL Toscana Centro (R.V.), Prato, Italy; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.F.V.-C.), Valencia; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (A.V.-G.), Madrid, Spain; St. Marianna University School of Medicine (Y.H.), Kawasaki, Japan; and CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F. Piazza), PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Francesco Perini
- From the School of Medicine and Surgery (L.A., J.C.D., G.B., C.F., N.Z., F. Piazza), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano and University of Milan (A.A., E.S.), Italy; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (A.S.), Japan; University of Padova (A.C.); University of Chieti (M. Caulo), Italy; University of Southampton (R.O.C.), UK; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (M. Cirillo), Napoli; Università Campus Biomedico (V.D.L.), Rome; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona (A.G.); Italian National Research Council (D.I.), University of Florence; Neuroscience Institute (D.I.), Pisa; S. Bortolo Hospital (M.M., F. Perini), Vicenza; Azienda USL Toscana sud est (R.M.), Grosseto, Italy; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (M.I.), Osaka, Japan; University of São Paulo Medical School (R.N.), Brazil; S.S. Filippo and Nicola Hospital (B.O.), Avezzano; University of Brescia (A.P.); Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia (G.P.); Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (M.S.), Bergamo; Fondazione IRCCS "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute (F.T.), Milan, Italy; Azienda USL Toscana Centro (R.V.), Prato, Italy; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.F.V.-C.), Valencia; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (A.V.-G.), Madrid, Spain; St. Marianna University School of Medicine (Y.H.), Kawasaki, Japan; and CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F. Piazza), PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Giulia Perini
- From the School of Medicine and Surgery (L.A., J.C.D., G.B., C.F., N.Z., F. Piazza), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano and University of Milan (A.A., E.S.), Italy; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (A.S.), Japan; University of Padova (A.C.); University of Chieti (M. Caulo), Italy; University of Southampton (R.O.C.), UK; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (M. Cirillo), Napoli; Università Campus Biomedico (V.D.L.), Rome; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona (A.G.); Italian National Research Council (D.I.), University of Florence; Neuroscience Institute (D.I.), Pisa; S. Bortolo Hospital (M.M., F. Perini), Vicenza; Azienda USL Toscana sud est (R.M.), Grosseto, Italy; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (M.I.), Osaka, Japan; University of São Paulo Medical School (R.N.), Brazil; S.S. Filippo and Nicola Hospital (B.O.), Avezzano; University of Brescia (A.P.); Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia (G.P.); Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (M.S.), Bergamo; Fondazione IRCCS "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute (F.T.), Milan, Italy; Azienda USL Toscana Centro (R.V.), Prato, Italy; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.F.V.-C.), Valencia; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (A.V.-G.), Madrid, Spain; St. Marianna University School of Medicine (Y.H.), Kawasaki, Japan; and CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F. Piazza), PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Maria Sessa
- From the School of Medicine and Surgery (L.A., J.C.D., G.B., C.F., N.Z., F. Piazza), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano and University of Milan (A.A., E.S.), Italy; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (A.S.), Japan; University of Padova (A.C.); University of Chieti (M. Caulo), Italy; University of Southampton (R.O.C.), UK; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (M. Cirillo), Napoli; Università Campus Biomedico (V.D.L.), Rome; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona (A.G.); Italian National Research Council (D.I.), University of Florence; Neuroscience Institute (D.I.), Pisa; S. Bortolo Hospital (M.M., F. Perini), Vicenza; Azienda USL Toscana sud est (R.M.), Grosseto, Italy; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (M.I.), Osaka, Japan; University of São Paulo Medical School (R.N.), Brazil; S.S. Filippo and Nicola Hospital (B.O.), Avezzano; University of Brescia (A.P.); Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia (G.P.); Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (M.S.), Bergamo; Fondazione IRCCS "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute (F.T.), Milan, Italy; Azienda USL Toscana Centro (R.V.), Prato, Italy; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.F.V.-C.), Valencia; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (A.V.-G.), Madrid, Spain; St. Marianna University School of Medicine (Y.H.), Kawasaki, Japan; and CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F. Piazza), PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Elio Scarpini
- From the School of Medicine and Surgery (L.A., J.C.D., G.B., C.F., N.Z., F. Piazza), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano and University of Milan (A.A., E.S.), Italy; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (A.S.), Japan; University of Padova (A.C.); University of Chieti (M. Caulo), Italy; University of Southampton (R.O.C.), UK; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (M. Cirillo), Napoli; Università Campus Biomedico (V.D.L.), Rome; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona (A.G.); Italian National Research Council (D.I.), University of Florence; Neuroscience Institute (D.I.), Pisa; S. Bortolo Hospital (M.M., F. Perini), Vicenza; Azienda USL Toscana sud est (R.M.), Grosseto, Italy; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (M.I.), Osaka, Japan; University of São Paulo Medical School (R.N.), Brazil; S.S. Filippo and Nicola Hospital (B.O.), Avezzano; University of Brescia (A.P.); Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia (G.P.); Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (M.S.), Bergamo; Fondazione IRCCS "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute (F.T.), Milan, Italy; Azienda USL Toscana Centro (R.V.), Prato, Italy; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.F.V.-C.), Valencia; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (A.V.-G.), Madrid, Spain; St. Marianna University School of Medicine (Y.H.), Kawasaki, Japan; and CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F. Piazza), PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Tagliavini
- From the School of Medicine and Surgery (L.A., J.C.D., G.B., C.F., N.Z., F. Piazza), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano and University of Milan (A.A., E.S.), Italy; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (A.S.), Japan; University of Padova (A.C.); University of Chieti (M. Caulo), Italy; University of Southampton (R.O.C.), UK; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (M. Cirillo), Napoli; Università Campus Biomedico (V.D.L.), Rome; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona (A.G.); Italian National Research Council (D.I.), University of Florence; Neuroscience Institute (D.I.), Pisa; S. Bortolo Hospital (M.M., F. Perini), Vicenza; Azienda USL Toscana sud est (R.M.), Grosseto, Italy; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (M.I.), Osaka, Japan; University of São Paulo Medical School (R.N.), Brazil; S.S. Filippo and Nicola Hospital (B.O.), Avezzano; University of Brescia (A.P.); Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia (G.P.); Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (M.S.), Bergamo; Fondazione IRCCS "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute (F.T.), Milan, Italy; Azienda USL Toscana Centro (R.V.), Prato, Italy; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.F.V.-C.), Valencia; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (A.V.-G.), Madrid, Spain; St. Marianna University School of Medicine (Y.H.), Kawasaki, Japan; and CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F. Piazza), PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Raffaella Valenti
- From the School of Medicine and Surgery (L.A., J.C.D., G.B., C.F., N.Z., F. Piazza), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano and University of Milan (A.A., E.S.), Italy; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (A.S.), Japan; University of Padova (A.C.); University of Chieti (M. Caulo), Italy; University of Southampton (R.O.C.), UK; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (M. Cirillo), Napoli; Università Campus Biomedico (V.D.L.), Rome; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona (A.G.); Italian National Research Council (D.I.), University of Florence; Neuroscience Institute (D.I.), Pisa; S. Bortolo Hospital (M.M., F. Perini), Vicenza; Azienda USL Toscana sud est (R.M.), Grosseto, Italy; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (M.I.), Osaka, Japan; University of São Paulo Medical School (R.N.), Brazil; S.S. Filippo and Nicola Hospital (B.O.), Avezzano; University of Brescia (A.P.); Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia (G.P.); Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (M.S.), Bergamo; Fondazione IRCCS "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute (F.T.), Milan, Italy; Azienda USL Toscana Centro (R.V.), Prato, Italy; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.F.V.-C.), Valencia; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (A.V.-G.), Madrid, Spain; St. Marianna University School of Medicine (Y.H.), Kawasaki, Japan; and CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F. Piazza), PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Juan Francisco Vázquez-Costa
- From the School of Medicine and Surgery (L.A., J.C.D., G.B., C.F., N.Z., F. Piazza), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano and University of Milan (A.A., E.S.), Italy; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (A.S.), Japan; University of Padova (A.C.); University of Chieti (M. Caulo), Italy; University of Southampton (R.O.C.), UK; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (M. Cirillo), Napoli; Università Campus Biomedico (V.D.L.), Rome; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona (A.G.); Italian National Research Council (D.I.), University of Florence; Neuroscience Institute (D.I.), Pisa; S. Bortolo Hospital (M.M., F. Perini), Vicenza; Azienda USL Toscana sud est (R.M.), Grosseto, Italy; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (M.I.), Osaka, Japan; University of São Paulo Medical School (R.N.), Brazil; S.S. Filippo and Nicola Hospital (B.O.), Avezzano; University of Brescia (A.P.); Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia (G.P.); Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (M.S.), Bergamo; Fondazione IRCCS "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute (F.T.), Milan, Italy; Azienda USL Toscana Centro (R.V.), Prato, Italy; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.F.V.-C.), Valencia; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (A.V.-G.), Madrid, Spain; St. Marianna University School of Medicine (Y.H.), Kawasaki, Japan; and CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F. Piazza), PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Alberto Villarejo-Galende
- From the School of Medicine and Surgery (L.A., J.C.D., G.B., C.F., N.Z., F. Piazza), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano and University of Milan (A.A., E.S.), Italy; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (A.S.), Japan; University of Padova (A.C.); University of Chieti (M. Caulo), Italy; University of Southampton (R.O.C.), UK; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (M. Cirillo), Napoli; Università Campus Biomedico (V.D.L.), Rome; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona (A.G.); Italian National Research Council (D.I.), University of Florence; Neuroscience Institute (D.I.), Pisa; S. Bortolo Hospital (M.M., F. Perini), Vicenza; Azienda USL Toscana sud est (R.M.), Grosseto, Italy; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (M.I.), Osaka, Japan; University of São Paulo Medical School (R.N.), Brazil; S.S. Filippo and Nicola Hospital (B.O.), Avezzano; University of Brescia (A.P.); Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia (G.P.); Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (M.S.), Bergamo; Fondazione IRCCS "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute (F.T.), Milan, Italy; Azienda USL Toscana Centro (R.V.), Prato, Italy; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.F.V.-C.), Valencia; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (A.V.-G.), Madrid, Spain; St. Marianna University School of Medicine (Y.H.), Kawasaki, Japan; and CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F. Piazza), PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Yuta Hagiwara
- From the School of Medicine and Surgery (L.A., J.C.D., G.B., C.F., N.Z., F. Piazza), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano and University of Milan (A.A., E.S.), Italy; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (A.S.), Japan; University of Padova (A.C.); University of Chieti (M. Caulo), Italy; University of Southampton (R.O.C.), UK; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (M. Cirillo), Napoli; Università Campus Biomedico (V.D.L.), Rome; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona (A.G.); Italian National Research Council (D.I.), University of Florence; Neuroscience Institute (D.I.), Pisa; S. Bortolo Hospital (M.M., F. Perini), Vicenza; Azienda USL Toscana sud est (R.M.), Grosseto, Italy; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (M.I.), Osaka, Japan; University of São Paulo Medical School (R.N.), Brazil; S.S. Filippo and Nicola Hospital (B.O.), Avezzano; University of Brescia (A.P.); Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia (G.P.); Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (M.S.), Bergamo; Fondazione IRCCS "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute (F.T.), Milan, Italy; Azienda USL Toscana Centro (R.V.), Prato, Italy; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.F.V.-C.), Valencia; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (A.V.-G.), Madrid, Spain; St. Marianna University School of Medicine (Y.H.), Kawasaki, Japan; and CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F. Piazza), PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Nicole Ziliotto
- From the School of Medicine and Surgery (L.A., J.C.D., G.B., C.F., N.Z., F. Piazza), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano and University of Milan (A.A., E.S.), Italy; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (A.S.), Japan; University of Padova (A.C.); University of Chieti (M. Caulo), Italy; University of Southampton (R.O.C.), UK; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (M. Cirillo), Napoli; Università Campus Biomedico (V.D.L.), Rome; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona (A.G.); Italian National Research Council (D.I.), University of Florence; Neuroscience Institute (D.I.), Pisa; S. Bortolo Hospital (M.M., F. Perini), Vicenza; Azienda USL Toscana sud est (R.M.), Grosseto, Italy; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (M.I.), Osaka, Japan; University of São Paulo Medical School (R.N.), Brazil; S.S. Filippo and Nicola Hospital (B.O.), Avezzano; University of Brescia (A.P.); Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia (G.P.); Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (M.S.), Bergamo; Fondazione IRCCS "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute (F.T.), Milan, Italy; Azienda USL Toscana Centro (R.V.), Prato, Italy; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.F.V.-C.), Valencia; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (A.V.-G.), Madrid, Spain; St. Marianna University School of Medicine (Y.H.), Kawasaki, Japan; and CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F. Piazza), PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Piazza
- From the School of Medicine and Surgery (L.A., J.C.D., G.B., C.F., N.Z., F. Piazza), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Neurology Unit (M.Z.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Fondazione Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano and University of Milan (A.A., E.S.), Italy; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (A.S.), Japan; University of Padova (A.C.); University of Chieti (M. Caulo), Italy; University of Southampton (R.O.C.), UK; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA; University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (M. Cirillo), Napoli; Università Campus Biomedico (V.D.L.), Rome; Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Cremona (A.G.); Italian National Research Council (D.I.), University of Florence; Neuroscience Institute (D.I.), Pisa; S. Bortolo Hospital (M.M., F. Perini), Vicenza; Azienda USL Toscana sud est (R.M.), Grosseto, Italy; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (M.I.), Osaka, Japan; University of São Paulo Medical School (R.N.), Brazil; S.S. Filippo and Nicola Hospital (B.O.), Avezzano; University of Brescia (A.P.); Neuroradiology Unit (R.P.), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia (G.P.); Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII (M.S.), Bergamo; Fondazione IRCCS "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute (F.T.), Milan, Italy; Azienda USL Toscana Centro (R.V.), Prato, Italy; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.F.V.-C.), Valencia; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (A.V.-G.), Madrid, Spain; St. Marianna University School of Medicine (Y.H.), Kawasaki, Japan; and CAA and AD Translational Research and Biomarkers Laboratory (F. Piazza), PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
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