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Pinoșanu EA, Pîrșcoveanu D, Albu CV, Burada E, Pîrvu A, Surugiu R, Sandu RE, Serb AF. Rhoa/ROCK, mTOR and Secretome-Based Treatments for Ischemic Stroke: New Perspectives. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:3484-3501. [PMID: 38666949 PMCID: PMC11049286 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46040219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke triggers a complex cascade of cellular and molecular events leading to neuronal damage and tissue injury. This review explores the potential therapeutic avenues targeting cellular signaling pathways implicated in stroke pathophysiology. Specifically, it focuses on the articles that highlight the roles of RhoA/ROCK and mTOR signaling pathways in ischemic brain injury and their therapeutic implications. The RhoA/ROCK pathway modulates various cellular processes, including cytoskeletal dynamics and inflammation, while mTOR signaling regulates cell growth, proliferation, and autophagy. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of targeting these pathways in stroke models, offering insights into potential treatment strategies. However, challenges such as off-target effects and the need for tissue-specific targeting remain. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests the therapeutic potential of MSC secretome in stroke treatment, highlighting the importance of exploring alternative approaches. Future research directions include elucidating the precise mechanisms of action, optimizing treatment protocols, and translating preclinical findings into clinical practice for improved stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Anca Pinoșanu
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania; (E.A.P.); (D.P.); (C.V.A.)
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania
| | - Denisa Pîrșcoveanu
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania; (E.A.P.); (D.P.); (C.V.A.)
| | - Carmen Valeria Albu
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania; (E.A.P.); (D.P.); (C.V.A.)
| | - Emilia Burada
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Andrei Pîrvu
- Dolj County Regional Centre of Medical Genetics, Clinical Emergency County Hospital Craiova, St. Tabaci, No. 1, 200642 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Roxana Surugiu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Raluca Elena Sandu
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania; (E.A.P.); (D.P.); (C.V.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Alina Florina Serb
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Biochemistry Discipline, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
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Ruscu M, Capitanescu B, Rupek P, Dandekar T, Radu E, Hermann DM, Popa-Wagner A. The post-stroke young adult brain has limited capacity to re-express the gene expression patterns seen during early postnatal brain development. Brain Pathol 2024:e13232. [PMID: 38198833 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The developmental origins of the brain's response to injury can play an important role in recovery after a brain lesion. In this study, we investigated whether the ischemic young adult brain can re-express brain plasticity genes that were active during early postnatal development. Differentially expressed genes in the cortex of juvenile post-natal day 3 and the peri-infarcted cortical areas of young, 3-month-old post-stroke rats were identified using fixed-effects modeling within an empirical Bayes framework through condition-specific comparison. To further analyze potential biological processes, upregulated and downregulated genes were assessed for enrichment using GSEA software. The genes showing the highest expression changes were subsequently verified through RT-PCR. Our findings indicate that the adult brain partially recapitulates the gene expression profile observed in the juvenile brain but fails to upregulate many genes and pathways necessary for brain plasticity. Of the upregulated genes in post-stroke brains, specific roles have not been assigned to Apobec1, Cenpf, Ect2, Folr2, Glipr1, Myo1f, and Pttg1. New genes that failed to upregulate in the adult post-stroke brain include Bex4, Cd24, Klhl1/Mrp2, Trim67, and St8sia2. Among the upregulated pathways, the largest change was observed in the KEGG pathway "One carbon pool of folate," which is necessary for cellular proliferation, followed by the KEGG pathway "Antifolate resistance," whose genes mainly encode the family of ABC transporters responsible for the efflux of drugs that have entered the brain. We also noted three less-described downregulated KEGG pathways in experimental models: glycolipid biosynthesis, oxytocin, and cortisol pathways, which could be relevant as therapeutic targets. The limited brain plasticity of the adult brain is illustrated through molecular and histological analysis of the axonal growth factor, KIF4. Collectively, these results strongly suggest that further research is needed to decipher the complex genetic mechanisms that prevent the re-expression of brain plasticity-associated genes in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Ruscu
- Vascular Neurology and Dementia, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | | | - Paul Rupek
- Chair of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Chair of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Eugen Radu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Vascular Neurology and Dementia, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Vascular Neurology and Dementia, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, Craiova, Romania
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3
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Gresita A, Glavan D, Udristoiu I, Catalin B, Hermann DM, Popa-Wagner A. Very Low Efficiency of Direct Reprogramming of Astrocytes Into Neurons in the Brains of Young and Aged Mice After Cerebral Ischemia. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:334. [PMID: 31849638 PMCID: PMC6902079 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
After cerebral ischemia, the ratio between astroglial cells and neurons in the neurovascular unit is disrupted in the perilesional area. We hypothesized that restoring the balance within the neurovascular unit may lead to an improved neurorestoration after focal ischemia. Recently, an innovative technology has been invented to efficiently convert proliferating astroglial cells into neurons in the injured young brain. However, the conversion efficacy of this technology has not been explored in the post-stroke brains of the aged rodents. To this end, we used a retroviral delivery system encoding the transcription factor Ngn2 alone or in combination with the antiapoptotic factor Bcl-2 to target proliferating astrocytes in the neocortex of young and aged mice after cerebral ischemia. Successful direct in vivo reprogramming of reactive glia into neuroblasts and mature neurons was assessed by cellular phenotyping. We found that the conversion efficacy of proliferating astrocytes into neurons after cerebral ischemia in young and aged mice is disappointingly low, most likely because the therapeutic vectors carrying the conversion gene are engulfed by phagocytes shortly after intracortical administration. We conclude that other viral vectors and combinations of transcription factors should be employed to improve the efficacy of glia-to-neuron conversion after stroke in young and aged rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Gresita
- Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,Chair of Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing Research, Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniela Glavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Ion Udristoiu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Bogdan Catalin
- Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Chair of Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing Research, Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,Chair of Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing Research, Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.,Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania
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Tolstun DA, Knyazer A, Tushynska TV, Dubiley TA, Bezrukov VV, Fraifeld VE, Muradian KK. Metabolic remodelling of mice by hypoxic-hypercapnic environment: imitating the naked mole-rat. Biogerontology 2019; 21:143-153. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-019-09848-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Corey S, Abraham DI, Kaneko Y, Lee JY, Borlongan CV. Selective endovascular cooling for stroke entails brain-derived neurotrophic factor and splenic IL-10 modulation. Brain Res 2019; 1722:146380. [PMID: 31415765 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stroke poses a serious health and economic burden, and the lack of treatment options necessitates a viable therapy. Hypothermia represents a promising stroke therapy, yet side effects of full-body cooling, such as pneumonia, limit its clinical application. Selective endovascular cooling (SEC), via infusion of cold saline through the intraarterial artery, represents an attractive alternative by locally cooling the brain while preserving body temperature. However, the mechanisms underlying SEC are poorly understood. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a widely recognized promotor of neuroplasticity and biomarker of stroke outcomes, as well as its association with inflammation, such as IL-10. Stroke-induced neuroinflammation exacerbates damage and stems from peripheral organs, namely the spleen. The spleen has emerged as a therapeutic target for stroke, yet the effect of SEC on the splenic inflammatory response is unknown. Here, we aimed to elucidate the local and peripheral mechanisms driving SEC as a neuroprotective stroke therapy by examining brain BDNF and splenic IL-10 expression. Animals that received SEC prior to stroke displayed elevated brain BDNF expression ipsilaterally and contralaterally across the cortex, striatum, and hippocampus. SEC also upregulated splenic IL-10, suggesting alteration of the peripheral inflammatory response. The oxygen-glucose deprivation in vitro model of stroke further demonstrated that "cold" rat splenocytes protected rat primary neurons by upregulating BDNF and IL-10. Altogether these data support BDNF- and IL-10-based mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective potential of SEC therapy for stroke, and further advance the concept of exploiting the pathological link between brain and spleen as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Corey
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Diego Incontri Abraham
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Yuji Kaneko
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Jea-Young Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Popa-Wagner A, Hermann D, Gresita A. Genetic conversion of proliferative astroglia into neurons after cerebral ischemia: a new therapeutic tool for the aged brain? GeroScience 2019; 41:363-368. [PMID: 31300928 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke represents the 2nd leading cause of death worldwide and the leading cause for long-term disabilities, for which no cure exists. After stroke, neurons are frequently lost in the infarct core. On the other hand, other cells such as astrocytes become reactive and proliferative, disrupting the neurovascular unit in the lesioned area, especially in the aged brain. Therefore, restoring the balance between neurons and nonneuronal cells within the perilesional area is crucial for post stroke recovery. In addition, the aged post stroke brain mounts a fulminant proliferative astroglial response leading to the buildup of gliotic scars that prevent neural regeneration. Therefore, "melting" glial scars has been attempted for decades, albeit with little success. Alternative strategies include transforming inhibitory gliotic tissue into an environment conducive to neuronal regeneration and axonal growth by genetic conversion of astrocytes into neurons. The latter idea has gained momentum following the discovery that in vivo direct lineage reprogramming in the adult mammalian brain is a feasible strategy for reprogramming nonneuronal cells into neurons. This exciting new technology emerged as a new approach to circumvent cell transplantation for stroke therapy. However, the potential of this new methodology has not been yet tested to improve restoration of structure and function in the hostile environment caused by the fulminant inflammatory reaction in the brains of aged animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania. .,Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing Research, Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, 45122, Essen, Germany.
| | - Dirk Hermann
- Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing Research, Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Andrei Gresita
- Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania
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Li W, Liu J, Chen JR, Zhu YM, Gao X, Ni Y, Lin B, Li H, Qiao SG, Wang C, Zhang HL, Ao GZ. Neuroprotective Effects of DTIO, A Novel Analog of Nec-1, in Acute and Chronic Stages After Ischemic Stroke. Neuroscience 2018; 390:12-29. [PMID: 30076999 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein 1 kinase (RIP1K) plays a key role in necroptosis. Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), a specific inhibitor of RIP1K, provides neuroprotection against ischemic brain injury, associating with inhibition of inflammation. Recently, our group synthesized a novel analog of Nec-1, 5-(3',5'-dimethoxybenzal)-2-thio-imidazole-4-ketone (DTIO). The present study investigated the effect of DTIO on ischemic stroke-induced brain injury in both acute and chronic phase and its underlying mechanism. In vivo, DTIO treatment reduced infarct volume and improved neurological deficits in the acute phase after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) and it also attenuated brain atrophy and promoted brain functional recovery in the chronic phase post-cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). In vitro, DTIO treatment decreased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and necrotic cell death in the oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) or oxygen and glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced neuronal or astrocytic cell injury. Simultaneously, DTIO suppressed the production and release of inflammatory cytokines, and reduced the formation of glial scar. Homology modeling analysis illustrated that DTIO had an ability of binding to RIP1K. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation analysis showed that DTIO inhibited the phosphorylation of RIP1K and decreased the interaction between the RIP1K and RIP3K. In addition, knockdown of RIP1K had neuroprotective effects and inhibited the release of proinflammatory cytokines, but didn't have a significant effect on DTIO-mediated neuroprotection. In conclusion, DTIO has protective effects on acute ischemic stroke and promotes functional recovery during chronic phase, associating with protecting ischemic neurons and astrocytes, inhibiting inflammation, and lessening the glial scar formation via inhibiting of the RIP1K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jie-Ru Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yong-Ming Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yong Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Bo Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Huanqiu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Shi-Gang Qiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215153, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215153, China
| | - Hui-Ling Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Gui-Zhen Ao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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Bi M, Wang J, Zhang Y, Li L, Wang L, Yao R, Duan S, Tong S, Li J. Bone mesenchymal stem cells transplantation combined with mild hypothermia improves the prognosis of cerebral ischemia in rats. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197405. [PMID: 30067742 PMCID: PMC6070180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are used as a great promising choice for the treatment of cerebral ischemia. Herein, we discuss the neuroprotective effects of the combination of BMSCs transplantation and mild hypothermia (MH) in an ischemia-reperfusion rat model. First, BMSCs were isolated using density gradient centrifugation and the adherent screening method, followed by culture, identification and labeling with DAPI. Second, adult male SD rats were divided into 5 groups: sham group (surgery without blockage of middle cerebral artery), model group (middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was established 2h prior to reperfusion), BMSCs group (injection of BMSCs via the lateral ventricle 24h after MCAO), MH group (mild hypothermia for 3h immediately after MCAO) and combination therapy group (combination of BMSCs and MH). Finally, the modified neurological severity score (mNSS) test was performed to assess behavioral function at different time points (before MCAO, before transplantation, at day 1, day 5 and day 10 after transplantation). After that, the brain was subjected to TTC staining, and the homing and angiogenesis were evaluated by immumofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. Immunofluorescence staining and Western Blot analysis were performed to calculate the percentage of the infarct area and explore glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Our results showed that the combination therapy significantly decreased mNSS scores (P<0.01) and reduced the percentage of the infarct area (P<0.01) than a single treatment. Moreover, the expression of GFAP and VEGF increased significantly in the combination therapy group (at day 5, day 10 after transplantation; at all time points after transplantation, respectively) compared to the single treatment groups. Taken together, it was suggested that the combination of BMSCs transplantation and MH can significantly reduce the percentage of the infarct area and improve functional recovery by promoting homing and angiogenesis, which may be a beneficial treatment for cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Bi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Department of Neurology, The 184th Hospital of People’s Liberation Army of China, Yingtan, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yidan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Longzhu Li
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Linhui Wang
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ran Yao
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shijie Duan
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Suijun Tong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- * E-mail: (ST); (JL)
| | - Jianpeng Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- * E-mail: (ST); (JL)
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Davidson JO, Draghi V, Whitham S, Dhillon SK, Wassink G, Bennet L, Gunn AJ. How long is sufficient for optimal neuroprotection with cerebral cooling after ischemia in fetal sheep? J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:1047-1059. [PMID: 28504050 PMCID: PMC5999002 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17707671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The optimal duration of mild "therapeutic" hypothermia for neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is surprisingly unclear. This study assessed the relative efficacy of cooling for 48 h versus 72 h. Fetal sheep (0.85 gestation) received sham ischemia (n = 9) or 30 min global cerebral ischemia followed by normothermia (n = 8) or delayed hypothermia from 3 h to 48 h (n = 8) or 72 h (n = 8). Ischemia was associated with profound loss of electroencephalogram (EEG) power, neurons in the cortex and hippocampus, and oligodendrocytes and myelin basic protein expression in the white matter, with increased Iba-1-positive microglia and proliferation. Hypothermia for 48 h was associated with improved outcomes compared to normothermia, but a progressive deterioration of EEG power after rewarming compared to 72 h of hypothermia, with impaired neuronal survival and myelin basic protein, and more microglia in the white matter and cortex. These findings show that head cooling for 48 h is partially neuroprotective, but is inferior to cooling for 72 h after cerebral ischemia in fetal sheep. The close association between rewarming at 48 h, subsequent deterioration in EEG power and increased cortical inflammation strongly suggests that deleterious inflammation can be reactivated by premature rewarming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne O Davidson
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vittoria Draghi
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sean Whitham
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Guido Wassink
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laura Bennet
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alistair J Gunn
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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10
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Amantea D, Greco R, Micieli G, Bagetta G. Paradigm Shift to Neuroimmunomodulation for Translational Neuroprotection in Stroke. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:241. [PMID: 29692708 PMCID: PMC5903066 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of acute ischemic stroke is still an unresolved clinical problem since the only approved therapeutic intervention relies on early blood flow restoration through pharmacological thrombolysis, mechanical thrombus removal, or a combination of both strategies. Due to their numerous complications and to the narrow time-window for the intervention, only a minority of stroke patients can actually benefit from revascularization procedures, highlighting the urgent need of identifying novel strategies to prevent the progression of an irreversible damage in the ischemic penumbra. During the past three decades, the attempts to target the pathways implicated in the ischemic cascade (e.g., excitotoxicity, calcium channels overactivation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production) have failed in the clinical setting. Based on a better understanding of the pathobiological mechanisms and on a critical reappraisal of most failed trials, numerous findings from animal studies have demonstrated that targeting the immune system may represent a promising approach to achieve neuroprotection in stroke. In particular, given the dualistic role of distinct components of both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, a strategic intervention should be aimed at establishing the right equilibrium between inflammatory and reparative mechanisms, taking into consideration their spatio-temporal recruitment after the ischemic insult. Thus, the application of immunomodulatory drugs and their ability to ameliorate outcomes deserve validation in patients with acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Amantea
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Rosaria Greco
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Micieli
- Department of Emergency Neurology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
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Abstract
Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is a potent neuroprotective therapy in experimental cerebral ischemia, with multiple effects at several stages of the ischemic cascade. In animals, TH is so powerful that all preclinical stroke studies require strict temperature control. In humans, multiple clinical studies documented powerful protection with TH after accidental neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury and global cerebral ischemia with return of spontaneous circulation after cardiac arrest. National and international guidelines recommend TH for selected survivors of global ischemia, with profound benefits seen. Recently, a study comparing target temperature 33-36°C failed to demonstrate significant effects in cardiac arrest patients. Additionally, clinical trials of TH for head trauma and stroke have so far failed to confirm benefit in humans despite a vast preclinical literature. Therefore, it is now critical to understand the fundamental explanation for the success of TH in some, but famously not all, clinical trials. TH in animals appears to work when used soon after ischemia onset; for a short duration; and at a deep target temperature.
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Sandu RE, Dumbrava D, Surugiu R, Glavan DG, Gresita A, Petcu EB. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Non-Pharmaceutical Ischemic Stroke Therapy in Aged Subjects. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010099. [PMID: 29286319 PMCID: PMC5796049 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of ischemic stroke in humans increases exponentially above 70 years both in men and women. Comorbidities like diabetes, arterial hypertension or co-morbidity factors such as hypercholesterolemia, obesity and body fat distribution as well as fat-rich diet and physical inactivity are common in elderly persons and are associated with higher risk of stroke, increased mortality and disability. Obesity could represent a state of chronic inflammation that can be prevented to some extent by non-pharmaceutical interventions such as calorie restriction and hypothermia. Indeed, recent results suggest that H₂S-induced hypothermia in aged, overweight rats could have a higher probability of success in treating stroke as compared to other monotherapies, by reducing post-stroke brain inflammation. Likewise, it was recently reported that weight reduction prior to stroke, in aged, overweight rats induced by caloric restriction, led to an early re-gain of weight and a significant improvement in recovery of complex sensorimotor skills, cutaneous sensitivity, or spatial memory. CONCLUSION animal models of stroke done in young animals ignore age-associated comorbidities and may explain, at least in part, the unsuccessful bench-to-bedside translation of neuroprotective strategies for ischemic stroke in aged subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Elena Sandu
- Department of Functional Sciences, Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova 200349, Romania.
| | - Danut Dumbrava
- Department of Functional Sciences, Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova 200349, Romania.
| | - Roxana Surugiu
- Department of Functional Sciences, Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova 200349, Romania.
| | - Daniela-Gabriela Glavan
- Department of Functional Sciences, Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova 200349, Romania.
| | - Andrei Gresita
- Department of Functional Sciences, Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova 200349, Romania.
| | - Eugen Bogdan Petcu
- Gold Coast Campus, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Southport 4222, Australia.
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13
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Archambault J, Moreira A, McDaniel D, Winter L, Sun L, Hornsby P. Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stromal cells for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189895. [PMID: 29261798 PMCID: PMC5736208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a devastating neurologic condition with high mortality rates and long-term complications for surviving infants. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have emerged as novel therapeutic agents with promising results in experimental studies of HIE. The purpose of this study is to (a) methodically review the current preclinical literature describing MSC therapy in animal models of HIE, (b) quantify the effect size in regards to functional neurologic outcome, and (c) identify research gaps/limitations that should be addressed prior to future preclinical and clinical studies. METHODS Adhering to the Systematic Review Protocol for Animal Intervention Studies, a systematic search of English articles was performed. Eligible studies were identified and data regarding study characteristics and outcome measures was extracted. After quality assessment, meta-analysis and meta-regression were performed to generate random effect size using standardized mean difference (SMD). Funnel plots and Egger's tests were utilized to evaluate for the presence of publication bias. RESULTS A total of 19 studies met inclusion in the current systematic review. Meta-analysis revealed that MSCs have a significant positive effect on neurobehavioral outcome following HIE injury. Sensorimotor function was improved by 2.25 SMD (95% CI; 2.04-2.46) in cylinder rearing and 2.97 SMD (95% CI; 2.56-3.38) in rotarod. Likewise, cognitive function was improved by 2.76 SMD (95% CI; 2.53-2.98) on the water maze and 2.97 SMD (95% CI; 2.58-3.35) in object recognition. Stratification demonstrated an increased effect size depending on various study characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results suggest a promising role for MSCs in preclinical studies of HIE. MSC treatment demonstrates improved functional outcomes that are encouraging for future translational studies. While risk of bias and heterogeneity limited the strength of our meta-analysis, our results are consistent with those seen in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Archambault
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Texas Health-San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alvaro Moreira
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Texas Health-San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dawn McDaniel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Texas Health-San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lauryn Winter
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Texas Health-San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - LuZhe Sun
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health-San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter Hornsby
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health-San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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14
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Abscopal Activation of Microglia in Embryonic Fish Brain Following Targeted Irradiation with Heavy-Ion Microbeam. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071428. [PMID: 28677658 PMCID: PMC5535919 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia remove apoptotic cells by phagocytosis when the central nervous system is injured in vertebrates. Ionizing irradiation (IR) induces apoptosis and microglial activation in embryonic midbrain of medaka (Oryzias latipes), where apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is upregulated in the later phase of activation of microglia In this study, we found that another microglial marker, l-plastin (lymphocyte cytosolic protein 1), was upregulated at the initial phase of the IR-induced phagocytosis when activated microglia changed their morphology and increased motility to migrate. We further conducted targeted irradiation to the embryonic midbrain using a collimated microbeam of carbon ions (250 μm diameter) and found that the l-plastin upregulation was induced only in the microglia located in the irradiated area. Then, the activated microglia might migrate outside of the irradiated area and spread through over the embryonic brain, expressing ApoE and with activated morphology, for longer than 3 days after the irradiation. These findings suggest that l-plastin and ApoE can be the biomarkers of the activated microglia in the initial and later phase, respectively, in the medaka embryonic brain and that the abscopal and persisted activation of microglia by IR irradiation could be a cause of the abscopal and/or adverse effects following irradiation.
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15
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Old Maids: Aging and Its Impact on Microglia Function. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040769. [PMID: 28379162 PMCID: PMC5412353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are highly active and vigilant housekeepers of the central nervous system that function to promote neuronal growth and activity. With advanced age, however, dysregulated inflammatory signaling and defects in phagocytosis impede their ability to perform the most essential of homeostatic functions, including immune surveillance and debris clearance. Microglial activation is one of the hallmarks of the aging brain and coincides with age-related neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Age-associated microglial dysfunction leads to cellular senescence and can profoundly alter the response to sterile injuries and immune diseases, often resulting in maladaptive responses, chronic inflammation, and worsened outcomes after injury. Our knowledge of microglia aging and the factors that regulate age-related microglial dysfunction remain limited, as the majority of pre-clinical studies are performed in young animals, and human brain samples are difficult to obtain quickly post-mortem or in large numbers. This review outlines the impact of normal aging on microglial function, highlights the potential mechanisms underlying age-related changes in microglia, and discusses how aging can shape the recovery process following injury.
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16
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Yu Q, Wang B, Zhao T, Zhang X, Tao L, Shi J, Sun X, Ding Q. NaHS Protects against the Impairments Induced by Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation in Different Ages of Primary Hippocampal Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:67. [PMID: 28326019 PMCID: PMC5339257 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain ischemia leads to poor oxygen supply, and is one of the leading causes of brain damage and/or death. Neuroprotective agents are thus in great need for treatment purpose. Using both young and aged primary cultured hippocampal neurons as in vitro models, we investigated the effect of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), an exogenous donor of hydrogen sulfide, on oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) damaged neurons that mimick focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) induced brain injury. NaHS treatment (250 μM) protected both young and aged hippocampal neurons, as indicated by restoring number of primary dendrites by 43.9 and 68.7%, number of dendritic end tips by 59.8 and 101.1%, neurite length by 36.8 and 66.7%, and spine density by 38.0 and 58.5% in the OGD-damaged young and aged neurons, respectively. NaHS treatment inhibited growth-associated protein 43 downregulation, oxidative stress in both young and aged hippocampal neurons following OGD damage. Further studies revealed that NaHS treatment could restore ERK1/2 activation, which was inhibited by OGD-induced protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A) upregulation. Our results demonstrated that NaHS has potent protective effects against neuron injury induced by OGD in both young and aged hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Binrong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Tianzhi Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Xiangnan Zhang
- Division of Scientific Research, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Jinshan Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital Guiyang, China
| | - Xude Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Qian Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
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17
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Jiang MQ, Zhao YY, Cao W, Wei ZZ, Gu X, Wei L, Yu SP. Long-term survival and regeneration of neuronal and vasculature cells inside the core region after ischemic stroke in adult mice. Brain Pathol 2016; 27:480-498. [PMID: 27514013 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal cerebral ischemia results in an ischemic core surrounded by the peri-infarct region (penumbra). Most research attention has been focused on penumbra while the pattern of cell fates inside the ischemic core is poorly defined. In the present investigation, we tested the hypothesis that, inside the ischemic core, some neuronal and vascular cells could survive the initial ischemic insult while regenerative niches might exist many days after stroke in the adult brain. Adult mice were subjected to focal cerebral ischemia induced by permanent occlusion of distal branches of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) plus transient ligations of bilateral common carotid artery (CCA). The ischemic insult uniformly reduced the local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) by 90%. Massive cell death occurred due to multiple mechanisms and a significant infarction was cultivated in the ischemic cortex 24 h later. Nevertheless, normal or even higher levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) persistently remained in the core tissue, some NeuN-positive and Glut-1/College IV-positive cells with intact ultrastructural features resided in the core 7-14 days post stroke. BrdU-positive but TUNEL-negative neuronal and endothelial cells were detected in the core where extensive extracellular matrix infrastructure developed. Meanwhile, GFAP-positive astrocytes accumulated in the penumbra and Iba-1-positive microglial/macrophages invaded the core several days after stroke. The long term survival of neuronal and vascular cells inside the ischemic core was also seen after a severe ischemic stroke induced by permanent embolic occlusion of the MCA. We demonstrate that a therapeutic intervention of pharmacological hypothermia could save neurons/endothelial cells inside the core. These data suggest that the ischemic core is an actively regulated brain region with residual and newly formed viable neuronal and vascular cells acutely and chronically after at least some types of ischemic strokes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Qize Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ying-Ying Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.,Department of Neurology, Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyuan Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Zheng Zachory Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.,Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affair Medical Center, Decatur, GA
| | - Xiaohuan Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.,Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affair Medical Center, Decatur, GA
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.,Department of Neurology, Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.,Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affair Medical Center, Decatur, GA
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18
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Protective Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide in the Ageing Kidney. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:7570489. [PMID: 27882191 PMCID: PMC5108860 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7570489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aims. The study aimed to examine whether hydrogen sulfide (H2S) generation changed in the kidney of the ageing mouse and its relationship with impaired kidney function. Results. H2S levels in the plasma, urine, and kidney decreased significantly in ageing mice. The expression of two known H2S-producing enzymes in kidney, cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) and cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), decreased significantly during ageing. Chronic H2S donor (NaHS, 50 μmol/kg/day, 10 weeks) treatment could alleviate oxidative stress levels and renal tubular interstitial collagen deposition. These protective effects may relate to transcription factor Nrf2 activation and antioxidant proteins such as HO-1, SIRT1, SOD1, and SOD2 expression upregulation in the ageing kidney after NaHS treatment. Furthermore, the expression of H2S-producing enzymes changed with exogenous H2S administration and contributed to elevated H2S levels in the ageing kidney. Conclusions. Endogenous hydrogen sulfide production in the ageing kidney is insufficient. Exogenous H2S can partially rescue ageing-related kidney dysfunction by reducing oxidative stress, decreasing collagen deposition, and enhancing Nrf2 nuclear translocation. Recovery of endogenous hydrogen sulfide production may also contribute to the beneficial effects of NaHS treatment.
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19
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Abstract
Based on research, mainly in rodents, tremendous progress has been made in our basic understanding of the pathophysiology of stroke. After many failures, however, few scientists today deny that bench-to-bedside translation in stroke has a disappointing track record. I here summarize many measures to improve the predictiveness of preclinical stroke research, some of which are currently in various stages of implementation: We must reduce preventable (detrimental) attrition. Key measures for this revolve around improving preclinical study design. Internal validity must be improved by reducing bias; external validity will improve by including aged, comorbid rodents of both sexes in our modeling. False-positives and inflated effect sizes can be reduced by increasing statistical power, which necessitates increasing group sizes. Compliance to reporting guidelines and checklists needs to be enforced by journals and funders. Customizing study designs to exploratory and confirmatory studies will leverage the complementary strengths of both modes of investigation. All studies should publish their full data sets. On the other hand, we should embrace inevitable NULL results. This entails planning experiments in such a way that they produce high-quality evidence when NULL results are obtained and making these available to the community. A collaborative effort is needed to implement some of these recommendations. Just as in clinical medicine, multicenter approaches help to obtain sufficient group sizes and robust results. Translational stroke research is not broken, but its engine needs an overhauling to render more predictive results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Dirnagl
- From the Department of Experimental Neurology, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin Site, Berlin, Germany; and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Lafuente H, Pazos MR, Alvarez A, Mohammed N, Santos M, Arizti M, Alvarez FJ, Martinez-Orgado JA. Effects of Cannabidiol and Hypothermia on Short-Term Brain Damage in New-Born Piglets after Acute Hypoxia-Ischemia. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:323. [PMID: 27462203 PMCID: PMC4940392 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothermia is a standard treatment for neonatal encephalopathy, but nearly 50% of treated infants have adverse outcomes. Pharmacological therapies can act through complementary mechanisms with hypothermia improving neuroprotection. Cannabidiol could be a good candidate. Our aim was to test whether immediate treatment with cannabidiol and hypothermia act through complementary brain pathways in hypoxic-ischemic newborn piglets. Hypoxic-ischemic animals were randomly divided into four groups receiving 30 min after the insult: (1) normothermia and vehicle administration; (2) normothermia and cannabidiol administration; (3) hypothermia and vehicle administration; and (4) hypothermia and cannabidiol administration. Six hours after treatment, brains were processed to quantify the number of damaged neurons by Nissl staining. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were obtained and analyzed for lactate, N-acetyl-aspartate and glutamate. Metabolite ratios were calculated to assess neuronal damage (lactate/N-acetyl-aspartate) and excitotoxicity (glutamate/Nacetyl-aspartate). Western blot studies were performed to quantify protein nitrosylation (oxidative stress), content of caspase-3 (apoptosis) and TNFα (inflammation). Individually, the hypothermia and the cannabidiol treatments reduced the glutamate/Nacetyl-aspartate ratio, as well as TNFα and oxidized protein levels in newborn piglets subjected to hypoxic-ischemic insult. Also, both therapies reduced the number of necrotic neurons and prevented an increase in lactate/N-acetyl-aspartate ratio. The combined effect of hypothermia and cannabidiol on excitotoxicity, inflammation and oxidative stress, and on cell damage, was greater than either hypothermia or cannabidiol alone. The present study demonstrated that cannabidiol and hypothermia act complementarily and show additive effects on the main factors leading to hypoxic-ischemic brain damage if applied shortly after the insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Lafuente
- Neonatology Research Group, Biocruces Health Research InstituteBizkaia, Spain
| | - Maria R. Pazos
- Group of Cannabinoids Research on Neonatal Pathologies, Research Institute Puerta de Hierro MajadahondaMadrid, Spain
| | - Antonia Alvarez
- Department of Cell Biology, University of the Basque CountryLeioa, Spain
| | - Nagat Mohammed
- Group of Cannabinoids Research on Neonatal Pathologies, Research Institute Puerta de Hierro MajadahondaMadrid, Spain
| | - Martín Santos
- Group of Cannabinoids Research on Neonatal Pathologies, Research Institute Puerta de Hierro MajadahondaMadrid, Spain
| | - Maialen Arizti
- Neonatology Research Group, Biocruces Health Research InstituteBizkaia, Spain
| | | | - Jose A. Martinez-Orgado
- Group of Cannabinoids Research on Neonatal Pathologies, Research Institute Puerta de Hierro MajadahondaMadrid, Spain
- Department of Neonatology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos–Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC)Madrid, Spain
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21
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Murtha LA, Beard DJ, Bourke JT, Pepperall D, McLeod DD, Spratt NJ. Intracranial Pressure Elevation 24 h after Ischemic Stroke in Aged Rats Is Prevented by Early, Short Hypothermia Treatment. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:124. [PMID: 27303291 PMCID: PMC4882323 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is predominantly a senescent disease, yet most preclinical studies investigate treatment in young animals. We recently demonstrated that short-duration hypothermia-treatment completely prevented the dramatic intracranial pressure (ICP) rise seen post-stroke in young rats. Here, our aim was to investigate whether a similar ICP rise occurs in aged rats and to determine whether short-duration hypothermia is an effective treatment in aged animals. Experimental middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo-3 h occlusion) was performed on male Wistar rats aged 19–20 months. At 1 h after stroke-onset, rats were randomized to 2.5 h hypothermia-treatment (32.5°C) or normothermia (37°C). ICP was monitored at baseline, for 3.5 h post-occlusion, and at 24 h post-stroke. Infarct and edema volumes were calculated from histology. Baseline pre-stroke ICP was 11.2 ± 3.3 mmHg across all animals. Twenty-four hours post-stroke, ICP was significantly higher in normothermic animals compared to hypothermia-treated animals (27.4 ± 18.2 mmHg vs. 8.0 ± 5.0 mmHg, p = 0.03). Infarct and edema volumes were not significantly different between groups. These data demonstrate ICP may also increase 24 h post-stroke in aged rats, and that short-duration hypothermia treatment has a profound and sustained preventative effect. These findings may have important implications for the use of hypothermia in clinical trials of aged stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A Murtha
- Translational Stroke Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel J Beard
- Translational Stroke Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Julia T Bourke
- Translational Stroke Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Debbie Pepperall
- Translational Stroke Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Damian D McLeod
- Translational Stroke Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Neil J Spratt
- Translational Stroke Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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