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Jing Y, Dogan I, Reetz K, Romanzetti S. Neurochemical changes in the progression of Huntington's disease: A meta-analysis of in vivo 1H-MRS studies. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 199:106574. [PMID: 38914172 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) allows measuring specific brain metabolic alterations in Huntington's disease (HD), and these metabolite profiles may serve as non-invasive biomarkers associated with disease progression. Despite this potential, previous findings are inconsistent. Accordingly, we performed a meta-analysis on available in vivo1H-MRS studies in premanifest (Pre-HD) and symptomatic HD stages (Symp-HD), and quantified neurometabolic changes relative to controls in 9 Pre-HD studies (227 controls and 188 mutation carriers) and 14 Symp-HD studies (326 controls and 306 patients). Our results indicated decreased N-acetylaspartate and creatine in the basal ganglia in both Pre-HD and Symp-HD. The overall level of myo-inositol was decreased in Pre-HD while increased in Symp-HD. Besides, Symp-HD patients showed more severe metabolism disruption than Pre-HD patients. Taken together, 1H-MRS is important for elucidating progressive metabolite changes from Pre-HD to clinical conversion; N-acetylaspartate and creatine in the basal ganglia are already sensitive at the preclinical stage and are promising biomarkers for tracking disease progression; overall myo-inositol is a possible characteristic metabolite for distinguishing HD stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Jing
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; JARA-Brain Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging (INM-11), Research Centre Jülich and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Imis Dogan
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; JARA-Brain Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging (INM-11), Research Centre Jülich and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Reetz
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; JARA-Brain Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging (INM-11), Research Centre Jülich and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sandro Romanzetti
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; JARA-Brain Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging (INM-11), Research Centre Jülich and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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2
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Lu T, Ding L, Zheng X, Li Y, Wei W, Liu W, Tao J, Xue X. Alisol A Exerts Neuroprotective Effects Against HFD-Induced Pathological Brain Aging via the SIRT3-NF-κB/MAPK Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:753-771. [PMID: 37659035 PMCID: PMC10861652 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) has profound effects on brain aging, which is mainly characterized by cognitive decline, inflammatory responses, and neurovascular damage. Alisol A (AA) is a triterpenoid with therapeutic potential for metabolic diseases, but whether it has a neuroprotective effect against brain aging caused by a HFD has not been investigated. Six-month-old male C57BL6/J mice were exposed to a HFD with or without AA treatment for 12 weeks. Behavioral tasks were used to assess the cognitive abilities of the mice. Neuroinflammation and changes in neurovascular structure in the brains were examined. We further assessed the mechanism by which AA exerts neuroprotective effects against HFD-induced pathological brain aging in vitro and in vivo. Behavioral tests showed that cognitive function was improved in AA-treated animals. AA treatment reduced microglia activation and inflammatory cytokine release induced by a HFD. Furthermore, AA treatment increased the number of hippocampal neurons, the density of dendritic spines, and the expression of tight junction proteins. We also demonstrated that AA attenuated microglial activation by targeting the SIRT3-NF-κB/MAPK pathway and ameliorated microglial activation-induced tight junction degeneration in endothelial cells and apoptosis in hippocampal neurons. The results of this study show that AA may be a promising agent for the treatment of HFD-induced brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Lu
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350112, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Techniques, Cognitive Rehabilitation, Fuzhou, 350112, China
| | - Linlin Ding
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350112, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zheng
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350112, China
| | - Yongxu Li
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350112, China
- The Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No 13, Hudongzhi Road, Fuzhou City, 350003, Fujian Province, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Techniques, Cognitive Rehabilitation, Fuzhou, 350112, China
- The Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No 13, Hudongzhi Road, Fuzhou City, 350003, Fujian Province, China
| | - Weilin Liu
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350112, China
| | - Jing Tao
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350112, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Techniques, Cognitive Rehabilitation, Fuzhou, 350112, China
| | - Xiehua Xue
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Techniques, Cognitive Rehabilitation, Fuzhou, 350112, China.
- The Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No 13, Hudongzhi Road, Fuzhou City, 350003, Fujian Province, China.
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Gudmundson AT, Koo A, Virovka A, Amirault AL, Soo M, Cho JH, Oeltzschner G, Edden RAE, Stark CEL. Meta-analysis and open-source database for in vivo brain Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy in health and disease. Anal Biochem 2023; 676:115227. [PMID: 37423487 PMCID: PMC10561665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Proton (1H) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive tool capable of quantifying brain metabolite concentrations in vivo. Prioritization of standardization and accessibility in the field has led to the development of universal pulse sequences, methodological consensus recommendations, and the development of open-source analysis software packages. One on-going challenge is methodological validation with ground-truth data. As ground-truths are rarely available for in vivo measurements, data simulations have become an important tool. The diverse literature of metabolite measurements has made it challenging to define ranges to be used within simulations. Especially for the development of deep learning and machine learning algorithms, simulations must be able to produce accurate spectra capturing all the nuances of in vivo data. Therefore, we sought to determine the physiological ranges and relaxation rates of brain metabolites which can be used both in data simulations and as reference estimates. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we've identified relevant MRS research articles and created an open-source database containing methods, results, and other article information as a resource. Using this database, expectation values and ranges for metabolite concentrations and T2 relaxation times are established based upon a meta-analyses of healthy and diseased brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T Gudmundson
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Annie Koo
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Anna Virovka
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alyssa L Amirault
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Madelene Soo
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jocelyn H Cho
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Georg Oeltzschner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Craig E L Stark
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Rasooli A, Adab HZ, Van Ruitenbeek P, Weerasekera A, Chalavi S, Cuypers K, Levin O, Dhollander T, Peeters R, Sunaert S, Mantini D, Swinnen SP. White matter and neurochemical mechanisms underlying age-related differences in motor processing speed. iScience 2023; 26:106794. [PMID: 37255665 PMCID: PMC10225899 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with changes in the central nervous system and leads to reduced life quality. Here, we investigated the age-related differences in the CNS underlying motor performance deficits using magnetic resonance spectroscopy and diffusion MRI. MRS measured N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), and creatine (Cr) concentrations in the sensorimotor and occipital cortex, whereas dMRI quantified apparent fiber density (FD) in the same voxels to evaluate white matter microstructural organization. We found that aging was associated with increased reaction time and reduced FD and NAA concentration in the sensorimotor voxel. Both FD and NAA mediated the association between age and reaction time. The NAA concentration was found to mediate the association between age and FD in the sensorimotor voxel. We propose that the age-related decrease in NAA concentration may result in reduced axonal fiber density in the sensorimotor cortex which may ultimately account for the response slowness of older participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Rasooli
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hamed Zivari Adab
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Ruitenbeek
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Akila Weerasekera
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sima Chalavi
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Cuypers
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Oron Levin
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thijs Dhollander
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ronald Peeters
- KU Leuven, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Sunaert
- KU Leuven, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dante Mantini
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan P. Swinnen
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Gudmundson AT, Koo A, Virovka A, Amirault AL, Soo M, Cho JH, Oeltzschner G, Edden RA, Stark C. Meta-analysis and Open-source Database for In Vivo Brain Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Health and Disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.10.528046. [PMID: 37205343 PMCID: PMC10187197 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.10.528046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Proton ( 1 H) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive tool capable of quantifying brain metabolite concentrations in vivo . Prioritization of standardization and accessibility in the field has led to the development of universal pulse sequences, methodological consensus recommendations, and the development of open-source analysis software packages. One on-going challenge is methodological validation with ground-truth data. As ground-truths are rarely available for in vivo measurements, data simulations have become an important tool. The diverse literature of metabolite measurements has made it challenging to define ranges to be used within simulations. Especially for the development of deep learning and machine learning algorithms, simulations must be able to produce accurate spectra capturing all the nuances of in vivo data. Therefore, we sought to determine the physiological ranges and relaxation rates of brain metabolites which can be used both in data simulations and as reference estimates. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we've identified relevant MRS research articles and created an open-source database containing methods, results, and other article information as a resource. Using this database, expectation values and ranges for metabolite concentrations and T 2 relaxation times are established based upon a meta-analyses of healthy and diseased brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T. Gudmundson
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
| | - Annie Koo
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Anna Virovka
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Alyssa L. Amirault
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Madelene Soo
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Jocelyn H. Cho
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Georg Oeltzschner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
| | - Richard A.E. Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
| | - Craig Stark
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
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6
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Ott K, Heikkinen T, Lehtimäki KK, Paldanius K, Puoliväli J, Pussinen R, Andriambeloson E, Huyard B, Wagner S, Schnack C, Wahler A, von Einem B, von Arnim CAF, Burmeister Y, Weyer K, Seilheimer B. Vertigoheel promotes rodent cognitive performance in multiple memory tests. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1183023. [PMID: 37325043 PMCID: PMC10264630 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1183023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cognitive impairment associated with old age or various brain disorders may be very disabling for affected individuals, placing their carers and public health services under considerable stress. The standard-of-care drugs produce only transient improvement of cognitive impairment in older people, so the search for novel, safe and effective therapeutics that would help to reverse or delay cognitive impairment is warranted. Repurposing pharmacological therapies with well-established safety record for additional indications is a promising recent trend in drug development. Vertigoheel (VH-04), a multicomponent drug made of Ambra grisea, Anamirta cocculus L., Conium maculatum, and Petroleum rectificatum, has been successfully used for several decades in the treatment of vertigo. Here, we investigated effects of VH-04 on cognitive performance in standard behavioral tests assessing different types of memory and explored cellular and molecular underpinnings of VH-04's biological activity. Methods In the majority of behavioral experiments, namely in the spontaneous and rewarded alternation tests, passive avoidance test, contextual/cued fear conditioning, and social transmission of food preference, we examined the ability of single and repeated intraperitoneal administrations of VH-04 to improve cognitive parameters of mice and rats disrupted by the application of the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine. In addition, we also assessed how VH-04 affected novel object recognition and influenced performance of aged animals in Morris water maze. Furthermore, we also studied the effects of VH-04 on primary hippocampal neurons in vitro and mRNA expression of synaptophysin in the hippocampus. Results Administration of VH-04 positively influenced visual recognition memory in the novel object recognition test and alleviated the impairments in spatial working memory and olfactory memory caused by the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine in the spontaneous alternation and social transmission of food preference tests. In addition, VH-04 improved retention of the spatial orientation memory of old rats in the Morris water maze. In contrast, VH-04 did not have significant effects on scopolamine-induced impairments in tests of fear-aggravated memory or rewarded alternation. Experiments in vitro showed that VH-04 stimulated neurite growth and possibly reversed the age-dependent decrease in hippocampal synaptophysin mRNA expression, which implies that VH-04 may preserve synaptic integrity in the aging brain. Discussion Our findings allow a cautious conclusion that in addition to its ability to alleviate manifestations of vertigo, VH-04 may be also used as a cognitive enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anke Wahler
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Christine A. F. von Arnim
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Geriatrics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Kwon KJ, Byun JY. Asymmetry of Gray- and White-Matter Volume and Metabolites in the Central-Vestibular System in Healthy Individuals. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041272. [PMID: 36835808 PMCID: PMC9967821 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to determine whether there was an asymmetry of structure and neurochemical activity of the interhemispheric vestibular-cortical system between healthy individuals and patients with vestibular failure. Previous studies have identified differences in gray-matter-volume (GMV) and white-matter-volume (WMV) asymmetry in the central-vestibular system and in concentrations of brain metabolites in the parietal lobe 2 (PO2) between patients with vestibulopathy and healthy controls. However, a comparison of the left and right sides in the healthy controls has not been made conclusively. This study included 23 healthy right-handed volunteers, and was carried out between March 2016 and March 2020. A three-dimensional T1-weighted image was used to calculate the GMV and WMV of the central-vestibular network on both sides, and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H1MRS) was employed to analyze the brain metabolites in the PO2 area. The relative ratios of N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/tCr, tNAA/tCr, glycerophosphocholine (GPC)/tCr, Glx/tCr, and myo-inositol/tCr were quantified from the proton-MRS data. GMV and WMV differed significantly between the right and left vestibular-cortical regions. The GMVs of the right PO2, caudate, insula, and precuneus were significantly higher than those of the same locations on the left side; however, in the Rolandic operculum, the GMV on the left was significantly higher than on the right. In the PO2, Rolandic operculum, thalamus, and insula, the WMV on the left side was higher than on the right side of the corresponding location. However, the right caudate and precuneus WMV were higher than the left at the same location. In the H1MRS study, the Glx/tCr and GPC/tCr ratios on the left side were significantly higher than on the right. In comparison, the NAA/tCr and tNAA/tCr ratios showed contrasting results. The NAA/tCr ratio (r = -0.478, p = 0.021), tNAA/tCr ratio (r = -0.537, p = 0.008), and Glx/tCr ratio (r = -0.514, p = 0.012) on the right side showed a significant negative correlation with the participants' age. There was no relationship between GMV and metabolites on either side. Brain structure and concentrations of brain metabolites related to the vestibular system may differ between the two hemispheres in healthy individuals. Therefore, the asymmetry of the central-vestibular system should be considered when performing imaging.
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Harris AD, Amiri H, Bento M, Cohen R, Ching CRK, Cudalbu C, Dennis EL, Doose A, Ehrlich S, Kirov II, Mekle R, Oeltzschner G, Porges E, Souza R, Tam FI, Taylor B, Thompson PM, Quidé Y, Wilde EA, Williamson J, Lin AP, Bartnik-Olson B. Harmonization of multi-scanner in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy: ENIGMA consortium task group considerations. Front Neurol 2023; 13:1045678. [PMID: 36686533 PMCID: PMC9845632 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1045678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a powerful, non-invasive, quantitative imaging technique that allows for the measurement of brain metabolites that has demonstrated utility in diagnosing and characterizing a broad range of neurological diseases. Its impact, however, has been limited due to small sample sizes and methodological variability in addition to intrinsic limitations of the method itself such as its sensitivity to motion. The lack of standardization from a data acquisition and data processing perspective makes it difficult to pool multiple studies and/or conduct multisite studies that are necessary for supporting clinically relevant findings. Based on the experience of the ENIGMA MRS work group and a review of the literature, this manuscript provides an overview of the current state of MRS data harmonization. Key factors that need to be taken into consideration when conducting both retrospective and prospective studies are described. These include (1) MRS acquisition issues such as pulse sequence, RF and B0 calibrations, echo time, and SNR; (2) data processing issues such as pre-processing steps, modeling, and quantitation; and (3) biological factors such as voxel location, age, sex, and pathology. Various approaches to MRS data harmonization are then described including meta-analysis, mega-analysis, linear modeling, ComBat and artificial intelligence approaches. The goal is to provide both novice and experienced readers with the necessary knowledge for conducting MRS data harmonization studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley D. Harris
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Houshang Amiri
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mariana Bento
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ronald Cohen
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Christopher R. K. Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christina Cudalbu
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland,Animal Imaging and Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emily L. Dennis
- TBI and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Arne Doose
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ivan I. Kirov
- Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ralf Mekle
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Oeltzschner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Eric Porges
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Roberto Souza
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Department of Electrical and Software Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Friederike I. Tam
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Brian Taylor
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yann Quidé
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Elisabeth A. Wilde
- TBI and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - John Williamson
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Alexander P. Lin
- Center for Clinical Spectroscopy, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Brenda Bartnik-Olson
- Department of Radiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Brenda Bartnik-Olson ✉
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Bresilla D, Habisch H, Pritišanac I, Zarse K, Parichatikanond W, Ristow M, Madl T, Madreiter-Sokolowski CT. The sex-specific metabolic signature of C57BL/6NRj mice during aging. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21050. [PMID: 36473898 PMCID: PMC9726821 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to intact reactive oxygen species homeostasis and glucose metabolism, C57BL/6NRj mice are especially suitable to study cellular alterations in metabolism. We applied Nuclear Magnetic resonance spectroscopy to analyze five different tissues of this mouse strain during aging and included female and male mice aged 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. Metabolite signatures allowed separation between the age groups in all tissues, and we identified the most prominently changing metabolites in female and male tissues. A refined analysis of individual metabolite levels during aging revealed an early onset of age-related changes at 6 months, sex-specific differences in the liver, and a biphasic pattern for various metabolites in the brain, heart, liver, and lung. In contrast, a linear decrease of amino acids was apparent in muscle tissues. Based on these results, we assume that age-related metabolic alterations happen at a comparably early aging state and are potentially associated with a metabolic switch. Moreover, identified differences between female and male tissues stress the importance of distinguishing between sexes when studying age-related changes and developing new treatment approaches. Besides, metabolomic features seem to be highly dependent on the genetic background of mouse strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doruntina Bresilla
- grid.11598.340000 0000 8988 2476Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/VI, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Hansjoerg Habisch
- grid.11598.340000 0000 8988 2476Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/VI, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Iva Pritišanac
- grid.11598.340000 0000 8988 2476Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/VI, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kim Zarse
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Laboratory of Energy Metabolism, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Translational Medicine, ETH Zurich, Schorenstrasse 16, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Warisara Parichatikanond
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand ,grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Faculty of Pharmacy, Center of Biopharmaceutical Science for Healthy Ageing (BSHA), Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Michael Ristow
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Laboratory of Energy Metabolism, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Translational Medicine, ETH Zurich, Schorenstrasse 16, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Madl
- grid.11598.340000 0000 8988 2476Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/VI, 8010 Graz, Austria ,grid.452216.6BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Corina T. Madreiter-Sokolowski
- grid.11598.340000 0000 8988 2476Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/VI, 8010 Graz, Austria ,grid.452216.6BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
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10
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Gong T, Hui SCN, Zöllner HJ, Britton M, Song Y, Chen Y, Gudmundson AT, Hupfeld KE, Davies-Jenkins CW, Murali-Manohar S, Porges EC, Oeltzschner G, Chen W, Wang G, Edden RAE. Neurometabolic timecourse of healthy aging. Neuroimage 2022; 264:119740. [PMID: 36356822 PMCID: PMC9902072 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The neurometabolic timecourse of healthy aging is not well-established, in part due to diversity of quantification methodology. In this study, a large structured cross-sectional cohort of male and female subjects throughout adulthood was recruited to investigate neurometabolic changes as a function of age, using consensus-recommended magnetic resonance spectroscopy quantification methods. METHODS 102 healthy volunteers, with approximately equal numbers of male and female participants in each decade of age from the 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s, and 60s, were recruited with IRB approval. MR spectroscopic data were acquired on a 3T MRI scanner. Metabolite spectra were acquired using PRESS localization (TE=30 ms; 96 transients) in the centrum semiovale (CSO) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). Water-suppressed spectra were modeled using the Osprey algorithm, employing a basis set of 18 simulated metabolite basis functions and a cohort-mean measured macromolecular spectrum. Pearson correlations were conducted to assess relationships between metabolite concentrations and age for each voxel; Spearman correlations were conducted where metabolite distributions were non-normal. Paired t-tests were run to determine whether metabolite concentrations differed between the PCC and CSO. Finally, robust linear regressions were conducted to assess both age and sex as predictors of metabolite concentrations in the PCC and CSO and separately, to assess age, signal-noise ratio, and full width half maximum (FWHM) linewidth as predictors of metabolite concentrations. RESULTS Data from four voxels were excluded (2 ethanol; 2 unacceptably large lipid signal). Statistically-significant age*metabolite Pearson correlations were observed for tCho (r(98)=0.33, p<0.001), tCr (r(98)=0.60, p<0.001), and mI (r(98)=0.32, p=0.001) in the CSO and for NAAG (r(98)=0.26, p=0.008), tCho(r(98)=0.33, p<0.001), tCr (r(98)=0.39, p<0.001), and Gln (r(98)=0.21, p=0.034) in the PCC. Spearman correlations for non-normal variables revealed a statistically significant correlation between sI and age in the CSO (r(86)=0.26, p=0.013). No significant correlations were seen between age and tNAA, NAA, Glx, Glu, GSH, PE, Lac, or Asp in either region (all p>0.20). Age associations for tCho, tCr, mI and sI in the CSO and for NAAG, tCho, and tCr in the PCC remained when controlling for sex in robust regressions. CSO NAAG and Asp, as well as PCC tNAA, sI, and Lac were higher in women; PCC Gln was higher in men. When including an age*sex interaction term in robust regression models, a significant age*sex interaction was seen for tCho (F(1,96)=11.53, p=0.001) and GSH (F(1,96)=7.15, p=0.009) in the CSO and tCho (F(1,96)=9.17, p=0.003), tCr (F(1,96)=9.59, p=0.003), mI (F(1,96)=6.48, p=0.012), and Lac (F(1,78)=6.50, p=0.016) in the PCC. In all significant interactions, metabolite levels increased with age in females, but not males. There was a significant positive correlation between linewidth and age. Age relationships with tCho, tCr, and mI in the CSO and tCho, tCr, mI, and sI in the PCC were significant after controlling for linewidth and FWHM in robust regressions. CONCLUSION The primary (correlation) results indicated age relationships for tCho, tCr, mI, and sI in the CSO and for NAAG, tCho, tCr, and Gln in the PCC, while no age correlations were found for tNAA, NAA, Glx, Glu, GSH, PE, Lac, or Asp in either region. Our results provide a normative foundation for future work investigating the neurometabolic time course of healthy aging using MRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Gong
- Departments of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Departments of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Steve C N Hui
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Helge J Zöllner
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Mark Britton
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America; McKnight Brain Research Foundation, University of Florida, FL, United States of America; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Yulu Song
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Yufan Chen
- Departments of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Aaron T Gudmundson
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Kathleen E Hupfeld
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Christopher W Davies-Jenkins
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Saipavitra Murali-Manohar
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Eric C Porges
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America; McKnight Brain Research Foundation, University of Florida, FL, United States of America; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Georg Oeltzschner
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | | | - Guangbin Wang
- Departments of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Departments of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China.
| | - Richard A E Edden
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
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11
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Yan YH, Huang ZH, Xiong QP, Song YW, Li SY, Yang BW, Sun L, Zhang MY, Ji Y. Effects of Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Hér. ex Vent. fruits water extract on hippocampal neurogenesis in the treatment of APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1056614. [DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1056614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Adult neurogenesis plays an important role in repairing damaged neurons and improving cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). B. Papyrifera (L.) L'Hér. ex Vent. fruits (BL), a traditional Chinese medicine for tonifying the kidney, has been reported to improve cognitive function in AD mice, but the underlying mechanisms have not been clearly illuminated. This study aimed to provide an overview of the differential compounds in the brain of APP/PS1 mice after BL water extract (BLWE) treatment through metabolomics technology and to elucidate whether the therapeutic effect and mechanism are through the enhancement of neurogenesis.Methods: APP/PS1 transgenic mice were treated with different doses of BLWE. After 6 weeks of intragastric injection, the therapeutic effects of BLWE on APP/PS1 transgenic mice were determined by the Morris water maze test, immunohistochemistry, hematoxylin & eosin and Nissl staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining. Subsequently, metabolomics technology was used to analyze the regulatory effect of BLWE on differential compounds in the brain of APP/PS1 mice, and on this basis, its molecular mechanism of BLWE was screened. Finally, the protein expression of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was detected by Western blotting.Results: After BLWE treatment, the learning and memory function of APP/PS1 mice were significantly improved, which was related to the increase in the number of Nestin+/BrdU+ and NeuN+/BrdU+ cells, and the decrease in the number of apoptotic cells in the hippocampus. BLWE treatment could also up-regulate the expression of synapse-associated proteins. Moreover, BLWE could modulate endogenous metabolic compounds in the brains of AD mice, including N-acetyl-aspartate, glutamine, etc. Furthermore, BLWE inhibited the phosphorylation of Tyr216-GSK-3β and β-catenin protein while increased CyclinD1 protein expression.Conclusion: We demonstrated that BLWE can enhance neural stem cells proliferation and improve neurogenesis, thereby efficiently repairing damaged neurons in the hippocampus and ameliorating cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. The mechanism is at least partly through activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Circulating N-Acetylaspartate does not track brain NAA concentrations, cognitive function or features of small vessel disease in humans. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11530. [PMID: 35798828 PMCID: PMC9262942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15670-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
N-acetylaspartate (NAA) is the second most abundant metabolite in the human brain; although it is assumed to be a proxy for a neuronal marker, its function is not fully elucidated. NAA is also detectable in plasma, but its relation to cerebral NAA levels, cognitive performance, or features of cerebral disease has not been investigated. To study whether circulating NAA tracks cerebral NAA levels, and whether circulating NAA correlates with cognitive function and features of cerebral small vessel disease (SVD). Two datasets were analyzed. In dataset 1, structural MRI was acquired in 533 subjects to assess four features of cerebral SVD. Cognitive function was evaluated with standardized test scores (N = 824). In dataset 2, brain 1H-MRS from the occipital region was acquired (N = 49). In all subjects, fasting circulating NAA was measured with mass spectrometry. Dataset 1: in univariate and adjusted for confounders models, we found no correlation between circulating NAA and the examined features of cerebral SVD. In univariate analysis, circulating NAA levels were associated inversely with the speed in information processing and the executive function score, however these associations were lost after accounting for confounders. In line with the negative findings of dataset 1, in dataset 2 there was no correlation between circulating and central NAA or total NAA levels. This study indicates that circulating NAA levels do not reflect central (occipital) NAA levels, cognitive function, or cerebral small vessel disease in man.
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Solana-Manrique C, Sanz FJ, Torregrosa I, Palomino-Schätzlein M, Hernández-Oliver C, Pineda-Lucena A, Paricio N. Metabolic Alterations in a Drosophila Model of Parkinson's Disease Based on DJ-1 Deficiency. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030331. [PMID: 35159141 PMCID: PMC8834223 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative disorder, whose physiopathology is still unclear. Moreover, there is an urgent need to discover new biomarkers and therapeutic targets to facilitate its diagnosis and treatment. Previous studies performed in PD models and samples from PD patients already demonstrated that metabolic alterations are associated with this disease. In this context, the aim of this study is to provide a better understanding of metabolic disturbances underlying PD pathogenesis. To achieve this goal, we used a Drosophila PD model based on inactivation of the DJ-1β gene (ortholog of human DJ-1). Metabolomic analyses were performed in 1-day-old and 15-day-old DJ-1β mutants and control flies using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, combined with expression and enzymatic activity assays of proteins implicated in altered pathways. Our results showed that the PD model flies exhibited protein metabolism alterations, a shift fromthe tricarboxylic acid cycle to glycolytic pathway to obtain ATP, together with an increase in the expression of some urea cycle enzymes. Thus, these metabolic changes could contribute to PD pathogenesis and might constitute possible therapeutic targets and/or biomarkers for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Solana-Manrique
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (C.S.-M.); (F.J.S.); (I.T.)
| | - Francisco José Sanz
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (C.S.-M.); (F.J.S.); (I.T.)
| | - Isabel Torregrosa
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (C.S.-M.); (F.J.S.); (I.T.)
| | | | - Carolina Hernández-Oliver
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.H.-O.); (A.P.-L.)
| | - Antonio Pineda-Lucena
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.H.-O.); (A.P.-L.)
- Programa de Terapias Moleculares, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nuria Paricio
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (C.S.-M.); (F.J.S.); (I.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-96-354-3005; Fax: +34-96-354-3029
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