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Planton M, Nemmi F, Pages B, Albucher JF, Raposo N, Danet L, Péran P, Pariente J. Galantamine combined with cognitive rehabilitation on post-stroke cognitive impairment: a proof-of-concept study. Brain Inj 2024:1-10. [PMID: 39359162 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2024.2409355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE We conducted a proof-of-concept study to evaluate the effects of galantamine treatment versus placebo combined to cognitive rehabilitation (CR) after stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this 12-week, double blinded, randomized, controlled trial, patients were assigned to either combined approach of galantamine and CR (G-CR) or placebo and CR (P-CR). Primary outcome was the proportion of patients who crossed over from vascular cognitive disorder (VCD) to no-VCD at 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes included changes in cognition, mood, quality of life and the N-back fMRI paradigm, assessed at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks and after an 8-week washout period. RESULTS Ten patients were allocated to G-RC group, 12 to the P-RC group. After 12 weeks, 40.1% of all patients converted to no-VCD with similar proportions between groups. Both groups showed improvements in episodic and working memory, executive and quality of life after 6 weeks of CR. Decreased depression and anxiety were noted, and all benefits persisted after the washout period. An interaction effect was observed in the right parietal lobule during the N-back task. CONCLUSIONS Interventions lead to improved cognition and distinct cortical reorganization without being able to establish correlation between neural changes and behavioral measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Planton
- Department of Neurology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Federico Nemmi
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Berengère Pages
- Department of Neurology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-François Albucher
- Department of Neurology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Raposo
- Department of Neurology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Lola Danet
- Department of Neurology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrice Péran
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jérémie Pariente
- Department of Neurology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
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2
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Yang X, Wu H, Song Y, Chen S, Ge H, Yan Z, Yuan Q, Liang X, Lin X, Chen J. Functional MRI-specific alterations in frontoparietal network in mild cognitive impairment: an ALE meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1165908. [PMID: 37448688 PMCID: PMC10336325 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1165908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) depicts a transitory phase between healthy elderly and the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with worsening cognitive impairment. Some functional MRI (fMRI) research indicated that the frontoparietal network (FPN) could be an essential part of the pathophysiological mechanism of MCI. However, damaged FPN regions were not consistently reported, especially their interactions with other brain networks. We assessed the fMRI-specific anomalies of the FPN in MCI by analyzing brain regions with functional alterations. Methods PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched to screen neuroimaging studies exploring brain function alterations in the FPN in MCI using fMRI-related indexes, including the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation, regional homogeneity, and functional connectivity. We integrated distinctive coordinates by activating likelihood estimation, visualizing abnormal functional regions, and concluding functional alterations of the FPN. Results We selected 29 studies and found specific changes in some brain regions of the FPN. These included the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, insula, precuneus cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, inferior parietal lobule, middle temporal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, and parahippocampal gyrus. Any abnormal alterations in these regions depicted interactions between the FPN and other networks. Conclusion The study demonstrates specific fMRI neuroimaging alterations in brain regions of the FPN in MCI patients. This could provide a new perspective on identifying early-stage patients with targeted treatment programs. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023432042, identifier: CRD42023432042.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huimin Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Honglin Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianqian Yuan
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuhong Liang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingjian Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiu Chen
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical Imaging Center, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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3
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Lista S, Vergallo A, Teipel SJ, Lemercier P, Giorgi FS, Gabelle A, Garaci F, Mercuri NB, Babiloni C, Gaire BP, Koronyo Y, Koronyo-Hamaoui M, Hampel H, Nisticò R. Determinants of approved acetylcholinesterase inhibitor response outcomes in Alzheimer's disease: relevance for precision medicine in neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 84:101819. [PMID: 36526257 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI) are the global standard of care for the symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and show significant positive effects in neurodegenerative diseases with cognitive and behavioral symptoms. Although experimental and large-scale clinical evidence indicates the potential long-term efficacy of ChEI, primary outcomes are generally heterogeneous across outpatient clinics and regional healthcare systems. Sub-optimal dosing or slow tapering, heterogeneous guidelines about the timing for therapy initiation (prodromal versus dementia stages), healthcare providers' ambivalence to treatment, lack of disease awareness, delayed medical consultation, prescription of ChEI in non-AD cognitive disorders, contribute to the negative outcomes. We present an evidence-based overview of determinants, spanning genetic, molecular, and large-scale networks, involved in the response to ChEI in patients with AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. A comprehensive understanding of cerebral and retinal cholinergic system dysfunctions along with ChEI response predictors in AD is crucial since disease-modifying therapies will frequently be prescribed in combination with ChEI. Therapeutic algorithms tailored to genetic, biological, clinical (endo)phenotypes, and disease stages will help leverage inter-drug synergy and attain optimal combined response outcomes, in line with the precision medicine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Lista
- Memory Resources and Research Center (CMRR), Neurology Department, Gui de Chauliac University Hospital, Montpellier, France; School of Pharmacy, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Vergallo
- Sorbonne University, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Stefan J Teipel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Pablo Lemercier
- Sorbonne University, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Filippo Sean Giorgi
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Audrey Gabelle
- Memory Resources and Research Center (CMRR), Neurology Department, Gui de Chauliac University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Francesco Garaci
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; Casa di Cura "San Raffaele Cassino", Cassino, Italy
| | - Nicola B Mercuri
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Babiloni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Hospital San Raffaele Cassino, Cassino, Italy
| | - Bhakta Prasad Gaire
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Applied Cell Biology and Physiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Harald Hampel
- Sorbonne University, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Robert Nisticò
- School of Pharmacy, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, EBRI Rita Levi-Montalcini Foundation, Rome, Italy.
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Turner MP, Zhao Y, Abdelkarim D, Liu P, Spence JS, Hutchison JL, Sivakolundu DK, Thomas BP, Hubbard NA, Xu C, Taneja K, Lu H, Rypma B. Altered linear coupling between stimulus-evoked blood flow and oxygen metabolism in the aging human brain. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:135-151. [PMID: 35388407 PMCID: PMC9758587 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural-vascular coupling (NVC) is the process by which oxygen and nutrients are delivered to metabolically active neurons by blood vessels. Murine models of NVC disruption have revealed its critical role in healthy neural function. We hypothesized that, in humans, aging exerts detrimental effects upon the integrity of the neural-glial-vascular system that underlies NVC. To test this hypothesis, calibrated functional magnetic resonance imaging (cfMRI) was used to characterize age-related changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and oxygen metabolism during visual cortex stimulation. Thirty-three younger and 27 older participants underwent cfMRI scanning during both an attention-controlled visual stimulation task and a hypercapnia paradigm used to calibrate the blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal. Measurement of stimulus-evoked blood flow and oxygen metabolism permitted calculation of the NVC ratio to assess the integrity of neural-vascular communication. Consistent with our hypothesis, we observed monotonic NVC ratio increases with increasing visual stimulation frequency in younger adults but not in older adults. Age-related changes in stimulus-evoked cerebrovascular and neurometabolic signal could not fully explain this disruption; increases in stimulus-evoked neurometabolic activity elicited corresponding increases in stimulus-evoked CBF in younger but not in older adults. These results implicate age-related, demand-dependent failures of the neural-glial-vascular structures that comprise the NVC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monroe P Turner
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA,Center for BrainHealth, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Yuguang Zhao
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA,Center for BrainHealth, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Dema Abdelkarim
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA,Center for BrainHealth, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Peiying Liu
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Spence
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA,Center for BrainHealth, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Joanna L Hutchison
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA,Center for BrainHealth, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Dinesh K Sivakolundu
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Binu P Thomas
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Nicholas A Hubbard
- Department of Psychology, Center for Brain, Biology, and Behavior, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Cuimei Xu
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Kamil Taneja
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Hanzhang Lu
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Bart Rypma
- Corresponding author: School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Center for Brain Health, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
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5
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Baakman AC, Gavan C, van Doeselaar L, de Kam M, Broekhuizen K, Bajenaru O, Camps L, Swart EL, Kalisvaart K, Schoonenboom N, Lemstra E, Scheltens P, Cohen A, van Gerven J, Groeneveld GJ. Acute response to cholinergic challenge predicts long-term response to galantamine treatment in patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 88:2814-2829. [PMID: 34964149 PMCID: PMC9306507 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholinesterase inhibitors (CEIs) have been shown to improve cognitive functioning in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients, but are associated with multiple side effects and only 20-40% of the patients clinically improve. In this study, we aimed to investigate the acute pharmacodynamic (PD) effects of a single dose administration of galantamine on CNS functioning in mild to moderate AD patients and its potential to predict long-term treatment response. METHODS This study consisted of a challenge and treatment phase. In the challenge phase, a single dose of 16 mg galantamine was administered to 50 mild to moderate AD patients in a double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over fashion. Acute PD effects were monitored up to 5 hours after administration with use of the NeuroCart CNS test battery and safety and pharmacokinetics were assessed. In the treatment phase, patients were treated with open-label galantamine according to regular clinical care. After 6 months of galantamine treatment, patients were categorized as either responder or as non-responder based on their MMSE, NPI and DAD scores. An analysis of covariance was performed to study the difference in acute PD effects during the challenge phase between responders and non-responders. RESULTS A single dose of galantamine significantly reduced saccadic reaction time (-0.0099; 95%CI=-0.0195,-0.0003; p=.0430), absolute frontal EEG parameters in alpha (-14.9; 95%CI=-21.0,-8.3; p=.0002), beta (-12.6; 95%CI=-19.4,-5.3; p=.0019) and theta (-17.9; 95%CI=-25.0,-10.0; p=.0001) frequencies. Relative frontal (-1.669; 95%CI=-2.999,-0.339; p=.0156) and occipital (-1.856; 95%CI=-3.339,-0.372; p=.0166) EEG power in theta frequency and relative occipital EEG power in the gamma frequency (1.316; 95%CI=0.158,2.475; p=.0273) also increased significantly compared to placebo. Acute decreases of absolute frontal alpha (-20.4; 95%CI=-31.6,-7.47; p=.0046), beta (-15.7; 95% CI=-28.3,-0.93; p=.0390) and theta (-25.9; 95%CI=-38.4,-10.9; p=.0024) EEG parameters and of relative frontal theta power (-3.27%; 95%CI=-5.96,-0.58; p=.0187) on EEG significantly distinguished responders (n=11) from non-responders (n=32) after 6 months. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that acute PD effects after single dose of galantamine are correlated with long-term treatment effects and that patients who demonstrate a reduction in EEG power in the alpha and theta frequency after a single administration of galantamine 16 mg will most likely respond to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Gavan
- Clinicii de neurologie a Spitalului Universitar de Urgenta, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Marieke de Kam
- Centre for Human Drug Research, CL, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ovidiu Bajenaru
- Clinicii de neurologie a Spitalului Universitar de Urgenta, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laura Camps
- Centre for Human Drug Research, CL, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora L Swart
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Amsterdam UMC, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Kalisvaart
- Department of Neurology, Spaarne Gasthuis, Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | | | - Evelien Lemstra
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adam Cohen
- Centre for Human Drug Research, CL, Leiden, The Netherlands
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6
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Vaucher E, Laliberté G, Higgins MC, Maheux M, Jolicoeur P, Chamoun M. Cholinergic potentiation of visual perception and vision restoration in rodents and humans. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2020; 37:553-569. [PMID: 31839615 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-190947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cholinergic system is a potent neuromodulator system that plays a critical role in cortical plasticity, attention, and learning. Recently, it was found that boosting this system during perceptual learning robustly enhances sensory perception in rodents. In particular, pairing cholinergic activation with visual stimulation increases neuronal responses, cue detection ability, and long-term facilitation in the primary visual cortex. The mechanisms of cholinergic enhancement are closely linked to attentional processes, long-term potentiation, and modulation of the excitatory/inhibitory balance. Some studies currently examine this effect in humans. OBJECTIVE The present article reviews the research from our laboratory, examining whether potentiating the central cholinergic system could help visual perception and restoration. METHODS Electrophysiological or pharmacological enhancement of the cholinergic system are administered during a visual training. Electrophysiological responses and perceptual learning performance are investigated before and after the training in rats and humans. This approach's ability to restore visual capacities following a visual deficit induced by a partial optic nerve crush is also investigated in rats. RESULTS The coupling of visual training to cholinergic stimulation improved visual discrimination and visual acuity in rats, and improved residual vision after a deficit. These changes were due to muscarinic and nicotinic transmissions and were associated with a functional improvement of evoked potentials. In humans, potentiation of cholinergic transmission with 5 mg of donepezil showed improved learning and ocular dominance plasticity, although this treatment was ineffective in augmenting the perceptual threshold and electroencephalography. CONCLUSIONS Potential therapeutic outcomes ought to facilitate vision restoration using commercially available cholinergic agents combined with visual stimulation in order to prevent irreversible vision loss in patients. This approach has the potential to help a large population of visually impaired individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvire Vaucher
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de la Cognition Visuelle, École d'optométrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche en neuropsychologie et cognition (CERNEC), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Laliberté
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de la Cognition Visuelle, École d'optométrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Charlotte Higgins
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de la Cognition Visuelle, École d'optométrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Manon Maheux
- Centre de recherche en neuropsychologie et cognition (CERNEC), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Jolicoeur
- Centre de recherche en neuropsychologie et cognition (CERNEC), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mira Chamoun
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de la Cognition Visuelle, École d'optométrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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7
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Richter N, Beckers N, Onur OA, Dietlein M, Tittgemeyer M, Kracht L, Neumaier B, Fink GR, Kukolja J. Effect of cholinergic treatment depends on cholinergic integrity in early Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2019; 141:903-915. [PMID: 29309600 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In early Alzheimer's disease, which initially presents with progressive loss of short-term memory, neurodegeneration especially affects cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain. Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease therefore often targets the cholinergic system. In contrast, cholinergic pharmacotherapy of mild cognitive impairment is debated since its efficacy to date remains controversial. We here investigated the relationship between cholinergic treatment effects and the integrity of the cholinergic system in mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease. Fourteen patients with high likelihood of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease and 16 age-matched cognitively normal adults performed an episodic memory task during functional magnetic resonance imaging under three conditions: (i) without pharmacotherapy; (ii) with placebo; and (iii) with a single dose of rivastigmine (3 mg). Cortical acetylcholinesterase activity was measured using PET with the tracer 11C-N-methyl-4-piperidyl acetate (MP4A). Cortical acetylcholinesterase activity was significantly decreased in patients relative to controls, especially in the lateral temporal lobes. Without pharmacotherapy, mild cognitive impairment was associated with less memory-related neural activation in the fusiform gyrus and impaired deactivation in the posterior cingulate cortex, relative to controls. These differences were attenuated under cholinergic stimulation with rivastigmine: patients showed increased neural activation in the right fusiform gyrus but enhanced deactivation of the posterior cingulate cortex under rivastigmine, compared to placebo. Conversely, controls showed reduced activation of the fusiform gyrus and reduced deactivation of the posterior cingulate under rivastigmine, compared to placebo. In both groups, the change in neural activation in response to rivastigmine was negatively associated with local acetylcholinesterase activity. At the behavioural level, an analysis of covariance revealed a significant group × treatment interaction in episodic memory performance when accounting for hippocampal grey matter atrophy and function. Our results indicate that rivastigmine differentially affects memory-related neural activity in patients with mild cognitive impairment and cognitively normal, age-matched adults, depending on acetylcholinesterase activity as a marker for the integrity of the cortical cholinergic system. Furthermore, hippocampal integrity showed an independent association with the response of memory performance to acetylcholinesterase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Richter
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for Metabolism Research, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nora Beckers
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Oezguer A Onur
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Markus Dietlein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Marc Tittgemeyer
- Max-Planck-Institute for Metabolism Research, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Lutz Kracht
- Max-Planck-Institute for Metabolism Research, 50937 Cologne, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Nuclear Chemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-5), Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Institute for Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Gereon R Fink
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Juraj Kukolja
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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8
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Sugarman DE, De Aquino JP, Poling J, Sofuoglu M. Feasibility and effects of galantamine on cognition in humans with cannabis use disorder. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 181:86-92. [PMID: 31082417 PMCID: PMC6545124 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As long-term use of medicinal and recreational cannabis becomes more common and concentrations of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in cannabis increase, it is timely to identify strategies to counteract the cognitive effects of cannabinoids. OBJECTIVE Galantamine is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of galantamine administration to individuals with cannabis use disorder (CUD), and the effects of galantamine on cognition. We hypothesized galantamine would be well tolerated and would not have procognitive effects in the absence of acute cannabis intoxication. METHODS Thirty individuals with CUD (73.5% male, 26.5% female) participated in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial. Participants completed a baseline session followed by a 10-day outpatient treatment period, during which they received either 8 mg/day of galantamine orally or placebo. Cognitive assessments were conducted at three time points and self-reported measures that may impact cognitive performance (cannabis withdrawal, craving, and mood) were completed at six time points. RESULTS There were no significant differences in demographic and baseline variables between groups (galantamine vs. placebo). There were no significant adverse effects from galantamine. Cannabis withdrawal and craving continuously decreased over the study. We saw evidence of a modest improvement in cognitive outcomes during the 10-day period, exemplified by a statistically significant increase in measures of response inhibition (increased median reaction time on the Stop Signal Task), and a trend for improvement in measures of attention (increased RVP A'), for both groups. Analyses did not show, however, a significant main effect for treatment or treatment-by-time interactions. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this pilot study support the feasibility of the administration of galantamine for individuals with CUD. Adequately powered, randomized, placebo-controlled trials are required to investigate the potential of galantamine to improve cognitive deficits associated with CUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn E Sugarman
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, 115 Mill Street, McLean Hospital, Belmont 02478, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston 02115, MA, United States.
| | - Joao P De Aquino
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Ave., Bldg. 36/116A4, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George St., New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - James Poling
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George St., New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Mehmet Sofuoglu
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Ave., Bldg. 36/116A4, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George St., New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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Conwell K, von Reutern B, Richter N, Kukolja J, Fink GR, Onur OA. Test-retest variability of resting-state networks in healthy aging and prodromal Alzheimer's disease. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2018; 19:948-962. [PMID: 30003032 PMCID: PMC6039839 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, changes in resting-state networks (RSN), identified by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), have gained increasing attention as potential biomarkers and trackers of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Intersession reliability of RSN is fundamental to this approach. In this study, we investigated the test-retest reliability of three memory related RSN (i.e., the default mode, salience, and executive control network) in 15 young, 15 healthy seniors (HS), and 15 subjects affected by mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with positive biomarkers suggestive of incipient AD (6 females each). FMRI was conducted on three separate occasions. Independent Component Analysis decomposed the resting-state data into RSNs. Comparisons of variation in functional connectivity between groups were made applying different thresholds in an explorative approach. Intersession test-retest reliability was evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) comparisons. To assess the effect of gray matter volume loss, motion, cerebrospinal fluid based biomarkers and the time gap between sessions on intersession variation, the former four were correlated separately with the latter. Data showed that i) young subjects ICCs (relative to HS/MCI-subjects) had higher intersession reliability, ii) stringent statistical thresholds need to be applied to prevent false-positives, iii) both HS and MCI-subjects (relative to young) showed significantly more clusters of intersession variation in all three RSN, iv) while intersession variation was highly correlated with head motion, it was also correlated with biomarkers (especially phospho-tau), the time gap between sessions and local GMV. Results indicate that time gaps between sessions should be kept constant and that head motion must be taken into account when using RSN to assess aging and neurodegeneration. In patients with prodromal AD, re-test reliability may be increased by accouting for overall disease burden by including biomarkers of neuronal injury (especially phospho-tau) in statistical analyses. Local atrophy however, does not seem to play a major role in regards to reliability, but should be used as covariate depending on the research question. Intersession reliability of resting state networks is highest in young subjects. Test-Retest Variability increases with aging and in MCI. Motion and csf-biomarkers correlate with increased variability. Motion and biomarkers should be included as confounders in the statistical models. Stringent statistical thresholds should be applied to prevent type I-errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Conwell
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne 50937, Germany; Department of General, Abdominal, Endocrine and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Academic Hospital Bogenhausen, 81925 Munich, Germany
| | - B von Reutern
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne 50937, Germany; Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | - N Richter
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne 50937, Germany; Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | - J Kukolja
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne 50937, Germany; Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | - G R Fink
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne 50937, Germany; Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | - O A Onur
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne 50937, Germany; Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre, Jülich 52428, Germany.
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10
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Rocca MA, Vacchi L, Rodegher M, Meani A, Martinelli V, Possa F, Comi G, Falini A, Filippi M. Mapping face encoding using functional MRI in multiple sclerosis across disease phenotypes. Brain Imaging Behav 2018; 11:1238-1247. [PMID: 27714550 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Using fMRI during a face encoding (FE) task, we investigated the behavioral and fMRI correlates of FE in patients with relapse-onset multiple sclerosis (MS) at different stages of the disease and their relation with attentive-executive performance and structural MRI measures of disease-related damage. A fMRI FE task was administered to 75 MS patients (11 clinically isolated syndromes - CIS, 40 relapsing-remitting - RRMS - and 24 secondary progressive - SPMS) and 22 healthy controls (HC). fMRI activity during the face encoding condition was correlated with behavioral, clinical, neuropsychological and structural MRI variables. All study subjects activated brain regions belonging to face perception and encoding network, and deactivated areas of the default-mode network. Compared to HC, MS patients had the concomitant presence of areas of increased and decreased activations as well as increased and decreased deactivations. Compared to HC or RRMS, CIS patients experienced an increased recruitment of posterior-visual areas. Thalami, para-hippocampal gyri and right anterior cingulum were more activated in RRMS vs CIS or SPMS patients, while an increased recruitment of frontal areas was observed in SPMS vs RRMS. Areas of abnormal activations were significantly correlated with clinical, cognitive-behavioral and structural MRI measures. Abnormalities of FE network occur in MS and vary across disease clinical phenotypes. Early in the disease, an increased recruitment of areas typically devoted to face perception and encoding occurs. In SPMS patients, abnormal functional recruitment of frontal lobe areas might contribute to the severity of clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Vacchi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariaemma Rodegher
- Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Meani
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Vittorio Martinelli
- Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Possa
- Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Falini
- Department of Neuroradiology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
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11
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Guo H, Grajauskas L, Habash B, D'Arcy RCN, Song X. Functional MRI technologies in the study of medication treatment effect on Alzheimer's disease. Aging Med (Milton) 2018; 1:75-95. [PMID: 31942484 PMCID: PMC6880690 DOI: 10.1002/agm2.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of late-life dementia. Characterized by progressive neurodegeneration, the disease is expressed as gradual memory loss together with decline in cognitive abilities and other brain functions. Despite extensive research over the past decade, the cause and cure of AD both remain largely unknown. Several AD-associated deficits have been targeted for interventions, including those based on amyloid-beta, tau, and inflammation hypotheses. Only 2 types of medications-cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine-have been approved, to control the cognitive symptoms of AD such as the loss of memory, language, and executive function. Noninvasive in vivo functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technologies, including the blood oxygen level-dependent functional MRI, arterial spin labeling-based perfusion MRI, and the proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy have been used to study the effect of ChEIs and memantine in the brain. Most of these studies have demonstrated increased functional activation and connectivity, increased regional brain blood flow and volume post-treatment, and positive responses of critical brain metabolites reflecting neuronal status and functionality in patients with AD and mild cognitive impairment. The findings have contributed to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the medication treatments and support the crucial role of functional MRI technologies in the development and refinement of AD medication therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Guo
- SFU ImageTech LaboratorySurrey Memorial HospitalSurreyBCCanada
- Health Sciences and InnovationSurrey Memorial HospitalFraser HealthSurreyBCCanada
- Department of Diagnostic ImagingTianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Lukas Grajauskas
- SFU ImageTech LaboratorySurrey Memorial HospitalSurreyBCCanada
- Health Sciences and InnovationSurrey Memorial HospitalFraser HealthSurreyBCCanada
| | - Baraa Habash
- SFU ImageTech LaboratorySurrey Memorial HospitalSurreyBCCanada
- Department of Engineering ScienceSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
| | - Ryan CN D'Arcy
- SFU ImageTech LaboratorySurrey Memorial HospitalSurreyBCCanada
- Health Sciences and InnovationSurrey Memorial HospitalFraser HealthSurreyBCCanada
- Department of Engineering ScienceSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
- Department of Computing ScienceSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
| | - Xiaowei Song
- SFU ImageTech LaboratorySurrey Memorial HospitalSurreyBCCanada
- Health Sciences and InnovationSurrey Memorial HospitalFraser HealthSurreyBCCanada
- Department of Engineering ScienceSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
- Department of Computing ScienceSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
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12
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Canu E, Sarasso E, Filippi M, Agosta F. Effects of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments on brain functional magnetic resonance imaging in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: a critical review. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2018; 10:21. [PMID: 29458420 PMCID: PMC5819240 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-018-0347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing number of pharmacological and nonpharmacological trials have been performed to test the efficacy of approved or experimental treatments in Alzheimer disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). In this context, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) may be a good candidate to detect brain changes after a short period of treatment. MAIN BODY This critical review aimed to identify and discuss the available studies that have tested the efficacy of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments in AD and MCI cases using task-based or resting-state fMRI measures as primary outcomes. A PubMed-based literature search was performed with the use of the three macro-areas: 'disease', 'type of MRI', and 'type of treatment'. Each contribution was individually reviewed according to the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias. Study limitations were systematically detected and critically discussed. We selected 34 pharmacological and 13 nonpharmacological articles. According to the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias, 40% of these studies were randomized but only a few described clearly the randomization procedure, 36% declared the blindness of participants and personnel, and only 21% reported the blindness of outcome assessment. In addition, 28% of the studies presented more than 20% drop-outs at short- and/or long-term assessments. Additional common shortcomings of the reviewed works were related to study design, patient selection, sample size, choice of outcome measures, management of drop-out cases, and fMRI methods. CONCLUSION There is an urgent need to obtain efficient treatments for AD and MCI. fMRI is powerful enough to detect even subtle changes over a short period of treatment; however, the soundness of methods should be improved to enable meaningful data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Canu
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Sarasso
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Movement Analysis, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Agosta
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study constitutes the first randomized controlled trial to investigate the relation of lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) to brain function using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). It was hypothesized that L and Z supplementation in older adults would enhance neural efficiency (i.e., reduce activation) and cognitive performance on a verbal learning task relative to placebo. METHODS A total of 44 community-dwelling older adults (mean age=72 years) were randomly assigned to receive either placebo or L+Z supplementation (12 mg/daily) for 1 year. Neurocognitive performance was assessed at baseline and post-intervention on an fMRI-adapted task involving learning and recalling word pairs. Imaging contrasts of blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal were created by subtracting active control trials from learning and recall trials. A flexible factorial model was employed to investigate the expected group (placebo vs. supplement) by time (baseline vs. post-intervention) interaction in pre-specified regions-of-interest. RESULTS L and Z appeared to buffer cognitive decline on the verbal learning task (Cohen's d=.84). Significant interactions during learning were observed in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex (p < .05, family-wise-error corrected). However, these effects were in the direction of increased rather than decreased BOLD signal. Although the omnibus interaction was not significant during recall, within-group contrasts revealed significant increases in left prefrontal activation in the supplement group only. CONCLUSIONS L and Z supplementation appears to benefit neurocognitive function by enhancing cerebral perfusion, even if consumed for a discrete period of time in late life. (JINS, 2018, 24, 77-90).
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14
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Serotonergic and cholinergic modulation of functional brain connectivity: A comparison between young and older adults. Neuroimage 2017; 169:312-322. [PMID: 29258890 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by changes in neurotransmission. To advance our understanding of how aging modifies specific neural circuitries, we examined serotonergic and cholinergic stimulation with resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI) in young and older adults. The instant response to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram (30 mg) and the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor galantamine (8 mg) was measured in 12 young and 17 older volunteers during a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. A powerful dataset consisting of 522 RS-fMRI scans was obtained by acquiring multiple scans per subject before and after drug administration. Group × treatment interaction effects on voxelwise connectivity with ten functional networks were investigated (p < .05, FWE-corrected) using a non-parametric multivariate analysis technique with cerebrospinal fluid, white matter, heart rate and baseline measurements as covariates. Both groups showed a decrease in sensorimotor network connectivity after citalopram administration. The comparable findings after citalopram intake are possibly due to relatively similar serotonergic systems in the young and older subjects. Galantamine altered connectivity between the occipital visual network and regions that are implicated in learning and memory in the young subjects. The lack of a cholinergic response in the elderly might relate to the well-known association between cognitive and cholinergic deterioration at older age.
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15
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Brayet P, Petit D, Baril AA, Gosselin N, Gagnon JF, Soucy JP, Gauthier S, Kergoat MJ, Carrier J, Rouleau I, Montplaisir J. Brain perfusion during rapid-eye-movement sleep successfully identifies amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Sleep Med 2017; 34:134-140. [PMID: 28522082 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prodromal markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been derived from wakefulness. However, brain perfusion during rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep could be a sensitive marker of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), as activation of REM sleep relies more on the cholinergic system. METHODS Eight subjects with aMCI, and 16 controls, underwent two single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans with tracer injected during REM sleep then wakefulness. RESULTS Perfusion in the anterior cingulate cortex was significantly decreased in aMCI cases compared to controls for both conditions. That defect was much larger and more severe in REM sleep (1795 voxels) compared to wakefulness (398 voxels), and extended to the middle cingulate cortex and the olfactory cortex. Hypoperfusion in the anterior cingulate cortex during REM sleep allowed better classification than hypoperfusion found in wakefulness (93.8 vs 81.3%). CONCLUSION REM sleep imaging is a valuable tool with which to identify individuals at risk of developing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Brayet
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Dominique Petit
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Andrée-Ann Baril
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Nadia Gosselin
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jean-François Gagnon
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jean-Paul Soucy
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada; PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Serge Gauthier
- McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Douglas Hospital, Verdun, Canada
| | - Marie-Jeanne Kergoat
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Research Center, Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Julie Carrier
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Isabelle Rouleau
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Neurology Service, Hôpital Notre-Dame du CHUM, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jacques Montplaisir
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
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16
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Klaassens BL, Rombouts SARB, Winkler AM, van Gorsel HC, van der Grond J, van Gerven JMA. Time related effects on functional brain connectivity after serotonergic and cholinergic neuromodulation. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 38:308-325. [PMID: 27622387 PMCID: PMC5215384 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychopharmacological research, if properly designed, may offer insight into both timing and area of effect, increasing our understanding of the brain's neurotransmitter systems. For that purpose, the acute influence of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram (30 mg) and the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor galantamine (8 mg) was repeatedly measured in 12 healthy young volunteers with resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS‐fMRI). Eighteen RS‐fMRI scans were acquired per subject during this randomized, double blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover study. Within‐group comparisons of voxelwise functional connectivity with 10 functional networks were examined (P < 0.05, FWE‐corrected) using a non‐parametric multivariate approach with cerebrospinal fluid, white matter, heart rate, and baseline measurements as covariates. Although both compounds did not change cognitive performance on several tests, significant effects were found on connectivity with multiple resting state networks. Serotonergic stimulation primarily reduced connectivity with the sensorimotor network and structures that are related to self‐referential mechanisms, whereas galantamine affected networks and regions that are more involved in learning, memory, and visual perception and processing. These results are consistent with the serotonergic and cholinergic trajectories and their functional relevance. In addition, this study demonstrates the power of using repeated measures after drug administration, which offers the chance to explore both combined and time specific effects. Hum Brain Mapp 38:308–325, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadet L Klaassens
- Leiden University, Institute of Psychology, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Leiden University, Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Serge A R B Rombouts
- Leiden University, Institute of Psychology, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Leiden University, Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anderson M Winkler
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helene C van Gorsel
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Leiden University, Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van der Grond
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Bokde ALW, Cavedo E, Lopez-Bayo P, Lista S, Meindl T, Born C, Galluzzi S, Faltraco F, Dubois B, Teipel SJ, Reiser M, Möller HJ, Hampel H. Effects of rivastigmine on visual attention in subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: A serial functional MRI activation pilot-study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2016; 249:84-90. [PMID: 26851974 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A pilot study to investigate the effects of rivastigmine on the brain activation pattern due to visual attention tasks in a group of amnestic Mild Cognitive Impaired patients (aMCI). The design was an initial three-month double blind period with a rivastigmine and placebo arms, followed by a nine-month open-label period. All patients underwent serial functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at baseline, and after three and six months of follow-up. Primary endpoint was the effect of rivastigmine on functional brain changes during visual attention (face and location matching) tasks. There were five in the rivastigmine arm and two in the placebo arm. The face matching task showed higher activation of visual areas after three months of treatment but no differences compared to baseline at six months. The location matching task showed a higher activation along the dorsal visual pathway at both three and six months follow ups. Treatment with rivastigmine demonstrates a significant effect on brain activation of the dorsal visual pathway during a location matching task in patients with aMCI. Our data support the potential use of task fMRI to map specific treatment effects of cholinergic drugs during prodromal stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience (TCIN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Enrica Cavedo
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A) & Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France; CATI Multicenter Neuroimaging Platform, France; Unità di Neuroimmagine e Epidemiologia Alzheimer, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Italy
| | - Patricia Lopez-Bayo
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Lista
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A) & Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France; AXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Meindl
- Institute for Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Born
- Institute for Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Samantha Galluzzi
- Unità di Neuroimmagine e Epidemiologia Alzheimer, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Italy
| | - Frank Faltraco
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Immanuel Clinic Rüdersdorf, Medical School Brandenburg, Seebad 82/83, 15562 Rüdersdorf bei Berlin, Germany
| | - Bruno Dubois
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A) & Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Stefan J Teipel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock, Germany
| | - Maximilian Reiser
- Institute for Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Möller
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Harald Hampel
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A) & Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France; AXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair, Paris, France
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18
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fMRI in Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Scientific Insights to Clinical Applications. NEUROMETHODS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-5611-1_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Metzger FG, Ehlis AC, Haeussinger FB, Fallgatter AJ, Hagen K. Effects of cholinesterase inhibitor on brain activation in Alzheimer's patients measured with functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:4383-91. [PMID: 26359227 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4066-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Neurobiological effects of neuropsychiatric medication can contribute to the understanding of mechanisms of action and to the evaluation of target medication effects. Cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI) have been used in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) for years with only small knowledge about the underlying neurobiological effects. The measurement of brain activation links neurobiological and functional aspects but is challenging in the group of demented patients; here, an alternative method, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), is introduced to measure those medication effects. OBJECTIVES The current study investigated the influence of ChEI on cortical activation of patients with AD measured using fNIRS during a verbal fluency task (VFT). METHODS In this study, 24 probable AD patients were investigated three times using fNIRS: before medication with rivastigmine was given (t0), when the medication was at the target dose after 4 weeks (t1), and after the target dose was kept constant for a further 8 weeks (t2). RESULTS The results show a concentration increase of oxygenated hemoglobin as measured with fNIRS from t0 to t2 in speech relevant areas and a general decrease in prefrontal areas. Behaviorally, an improvement was found for the VFT used to measure cortical activation during fNIRS. In the neuropsychological test battery, no significant changes were found, yet high effect sizes for the mini mental status examination, immediate and delayed word list recall were found. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate a positive effect of ChEI on cognitive function. The underlying cortical changes can be imaged using fNIRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian G Metzger
- Psychophysiology and Optical Imaging; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 14, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
- Geriatric Center, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 14, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany.
| | - Ann-Christine Ehlis
- Psychophysiology and Optical Imaging; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 14, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Florian B Haeussinger
- Psychophysiology and Optical Imaging; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 14, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- Graduate School of Neural Information Processing, University of Tuebingen, Oesterbergstr. 3, Tuebingen, 72074, Germany
| | - Andreas J Fallgatter
- Psychophysiology and Optical Imaging; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 14, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- Center of Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), Cluster of Excellence, University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Katja Hagen
- Psychophysiology and Optical Imaging; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 14, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
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Medhi B, Misra S, Avti PK, Kumar P, Kumar H, Singh B. Role of neuroimaging in drug development. Rev Neurosci 2014; 25:663-73. [PMID: 24960151 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2014-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of new molecular imaging techniques has bridged the gap between preclinical and clinical research. During the last decade, the developments in imaging strategies have taken a great leap by the advancements in new imaging scanners, development of pharmaceutical drugs, diagnostic agents, and new therapeutic regimens that made significant improvements in health care. The knowledge gained from imaging techniques in preclinical research can be applicable to the patients. Similarly, the problems from clinical studies with humans can be tested and studied in preclinical studies. The appropriate application of molecular imaging to drug discovery and development can markedly reduce costs and the time required for new drug development. Some imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), reveal anatomical images, and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), SPECT/positron emission tomography (PET), and PET show functional images. These developing molecular or neuroimaging methods provide increasingly detailed structural and functional information about the nervous system. The basic principles of each technique are described followed by examples of the current applications to cutting-edge neuroscience research. In summary, it is shown that neuroimaging continues to grow and evolve, embracing new technologies and advancing to address ever more complex and important neuroscience questions.
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Relkin NR. Beyond symptomatic therapy: a re-examination of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 7:735-48. [PMID: 17561789 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.7.6.735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) are generally regarded as palliative treatments for Alzheimer's disease that slow the progression of dementia symptoms without altering Alzheimer's disease's underlying pathogenic mechanisms. This concept is based on inference rather than evidence, and has limited the scope and persistence of AChEI use in clinical practice. Recent preclinical studies demonstrate that AChEIs exhibit a number of biological effects in addition to cholinesterase inhibition. A broader understanding of the possible mechanisms of action of AChEIs in Alzheimer's disease could result in more effective use and assist in the development of new and improved therapies. The available evidence brings into question the prevailing view that AChEIs are exclusively symptomatic treatments and supports the use of these agents persistently throughout the course of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman R Relkin
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 428 East 72nd Street, Suite 500, NY 10017, USA.
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Pa J, Berry AS, Compagnone M, Boccanfuso J, Greenhouse I, Rubens MT, Johnson JK, Gazzaley A. Cholinergic enhancement of functional networks in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Ann Neurol 2013; 73:762-73. [PMID: 23447373 DOI: 10.1002/ana.23874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The importance of the cholinergic system for cognitive function has been well documented in animal and human studies. The objective of this study was to elucidate the cognitive and functional connectivity changes associated with enhanced acetylcholine levels. We hypothesized that older adults with mild memory deficits would show behavioral and functional network enhancements with an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor treatment (donepezil) when compared to a placebo control group. METHODS We conducted a 3-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of donepezil in 27 older adults with mild memory deficits. Participants completed a delayed recognition memory task. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans were collected at baseline prior to treatment and at 3-month follow-up while subjects were on a 10mg daily dose of donepezil or placebo. RESULTS Donepezil treatment significantly enhanced the response time for face and scene memory probes when compared to the placebo group. A group-by-visit interaction was identified for the functional network connectivity of the left fusiform face area (FFA) with the hippocampus and inferior frontal junction, such that the treatment group showed increased connectivity over time when compared to the placebo group. Additionally, the enhanced functional network connectivity of the FFA and hippocampus significantly predicted memory response time at 3-month follow-up in the treatment group. INTERPRETATION These findings suggest that increased cholinergic transmission improves goal-directed neural processing and cognitive ability and may serve to facilitate communication across functionally-connected attention and memory networks. Longitudinal fMRI is a useful method for elucidating the neural changes associated with pharmacological modulation and is a potential tool for monitoring intervention efficacy in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Pa
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Johnson KA, Fox NC, Sperling RA, Klunk WE. Brain imaging in Alzheimer disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 2:a006213. [PMID: 22474610 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Imaging has played a variety of roles in the study of Alzheimer disease (AD) over the past four decades. Initially, computed tomography (CT) and then magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used diagnostically to rule out other causes of dementia. More recently, a variety of imaging modalities including structural and functional MRI and positron emission tomography (PET) studies of cerebral metabolism with fluoro-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG) and amyloid tracers such as Pittsburgh Compound-B (PiB) have shown characteristic changes in the brains of patients with AD, and in prodromal and even presymptomatic states that can help rule-in the AD pathophysiological process. No one imaging modality can serve all purposes as each have unique strengths and weaknesses. These modalities and their particular utilities are discussed in this article. The challenge for the future will be to combine imaging biomarkers to most efficiently facilitate diagnosis, disease staging, and, most importantly, development of effective disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Johnson
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Alzheimer's disease biomarkers: correspondence between human studies and animal models. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 56:116-30. [PMID: 23631871 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents an escalating global threat as life expectancy and disease prevalence continue to increase. There is a considerable need for earlier diagnoses to improve clinical outcomes. Fluid biomarkers measured from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood, or imaging biomarkers have considerable potential to assist in the diagnosis and management of AD. An additional important utility of biomarkers is in novel therapeutic development and clinical trials to assess efficacy and side effects of therapeutic interventions. Because many biomarkers are initially examined in animal models, the extent to which markers translate from animals to humans is an important issue. The current review highlights many existing and pipeline biomarker approaches, focusing on the degree of correspondence between AD patients and animal models. The review also highlights the need for greater translational correspondence between human and animal biomarkers.
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Wang L, Li H, Liang Y, Zhang J, Li X, Shu N, Wang YY, Zhang Z. Amnestic mild cognitive impairment: topological reorganization of the default-mode network. Radiology 2013; 268:501-14. [PMID: 23481166 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.13121573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the topologic reorganization of the default-mode network (DMN) in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and whether, relative to healthy control subjects, patients with MCI would be more likely to show disrupted functional connectivity and altered topological configuration of the DMN during the memory task compared with that observed during the resting state. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was approved by the institutional review board of Beijing Normal University Imaging Center for Brain Research. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant. Healthy control subjects (n = 26) and patients with amnestic MCI (aMCI) (n = 25) performed an episodic memory task and also rested while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. Task-induced deactivations were identified and parcellated into different regions associated with the DMN. Functional connectivity across all pairs of regions was computed to construct the DMN architecture. Graph theoretical approaches were used to characterize topological properties of this network. RESULTS Patients with aMCI showed similar deactivation in the DMN to that observed in healthy control subjects (P > .05) but showed significantly decreased anterior-to-posterior functional connectivity only during the task (P < .05). Significant increases in local efficiency (P < .05), but not in global efficiency (P > .05), were observed in aMCI only during the task. Decreased functional connectivity was predictive of increased local efficiency (r = -0.35, P = .015). Significant correlations between these network measures and cognitive performance (P < .05) indicated their potential use as early markers to assess the risk of Alzheimer disease (AD). CONCLUSION This study suggests the early onset functional reorganization of the DMN toward a nonoptimized regularity configuration in aMCI and expands the understanding of dynamic functional reorganization in brain networks along the continuum from normal aging to AD dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai St, Beijing 100875, P.R. China
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Risacher SL, Wang Y, Wishart HA, Rabin LA, Flashman LA, McDonald BC, West JD, Santulli RB, Saykin AJ. Cholinergic Enhancement of Brain Activation in Mild Cognitive Impairment during Episodic Memory Encoding. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:105. [PMID: 24062699 PMCID: PMC3775540 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the physiological impact of treatment with donepezil (Aricept) on neural circuitry supporting episodic memory encoding in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). METHODS Eighteen patients with MCI and 20 age-matched healthy controls (HC) were scanned twice while performing an event-related verbal episodic encoding task. MCI participants were scanned before treatment and after approximately 3 months on donepezil; HC were untreated but rescanned at the same interval. Voxel-level analyses assessed treatment effects on activation profiles in MCI patients relative to retest changes in non-treated HC. Changes in task-related connectivity in medial temporal circuitry were also evaluated, as were associations between brain activation, task-related functional connectivity, task performance, and clinical measures of cognition. RESULTS At baseline, the MCI group showed reduced activation during encoding relative to HC in the right medial temporal lobe (MTL; hippocampal/parahippocampal) and additional regions, as well as attenuated task-related deactivation, relative to rest, in a medial parietal lobe cluster. After treatment, the MCI group showed normalized MTL activation and improved parietal deactivation. These changes were associated with cognitive performance. After treatment, the MCI group also demonstrated increased task-related functional connectivity from the right MTL cluster seed region to a network of other sites including the basal nucleus/caudate and bilateral frontal lobes. Increased functional connectivity was associated with improved task performance. CONCLUSION Pharmacologic enhancement of cholinergic function in amnestic MCI is associated with changes in brain activation and functional connectivity during episodic memory processing which are in turn related to increased cognitive performance. fMRI is a promising biomarker for assessing treatment related changes in brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L Risacher
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN , USA ; Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN , USA
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Niu HJ, Li X, Chen YJ, Ma C, Zhang JY, Zhang ZJ. Reduced frontal activation during a working memory task in mild cognitive impairment: a non-invasive near-infrared spectroscopy study. CNS Neurosci Ther 2012; 19:125-31. [PMID: 23279823 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Working memory (WM) impairments are considered to be a main feature of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Functional brain imaging studies have revealed evidence of alterations in the frontal and temporal cortices associated with WM in MCI patients. However, some imaging methods are too expensive for routine clinical use and have a low temporal resolution. METHODS Using a newly developed near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) system, we studied the spatiotemporal dynamics of oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) during a WM task in eight patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 16 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. RESULTS We performed temporal and spatial correlation analyses on each group during their WM tasks. These results consistently demonstrated that, when compared with the healthy controls, the MCI patients exhibited significantly decreased activation in the left frontal, right superior frontal and left temporal lobes. We found evidence of altered frontal and temporal processing during WM tasks in the MCI patients. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm the functional deficits in the frontal and temporal cortices and the impairment of WM and cognitive abilities in MCI patients and suggest that fNIRS may be a useful tool for evaluating brain activation in cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jing Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, China
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Cholinergic blockade under working memory demands encountered by increased rehearsal strategies: evidence from fMRI in healthy subjects. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2012; 262:329-39. [PMID: 22006639 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-011-0267-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The connection between cholinergic transmission and cognitive performance has been established in behavioural studies. The specific contribution of the muscarinic receptor system on cognitive performance and brain activation, however, has not been evaluated satisfyingly. To investigate the specific contribution of the muscarinic transmission on neural correlates of working memory, we examined the effects of scopolamine, an antagonist of the muscarinic receptors, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Fifteen healthy male, non-smoking subjects performed a fMRI scanning session following the application of scopolamine (0.4 mg, i.v.) or saline in a placebo-controlled, repeated measure, pseudo-randomized, single-blind design. Working memory was probed using an n-back task. Compared to placebo, challenging the cholinergic transmission with scopolamine resulted in hypoactivations in parietal, occipital and cerebellar areas and hyperactivations in frontal and prefrontal areas. These alterations are interpreted as compensatory strategies used to account for downregulation due to muscarinic acetylcholine blockade in parietal and cerebral storage systems by increased activation in frontal and prefrontal areas related to working memory rehearsal. Our results further underline the importance of cholinergic transmission to working memory performance and determine the specific contribution of muscarinic transmission on cerebral activation associated with executive functioning.
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Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a relative newcomer in the field of biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD). fMRI has several potential advantages, particularly for clinical trials, as it is a noninvasive imaging technique that does not require the injection of contrast agent or radiation exposure and thus can be repeated many times during a longitudinal study. fMRI has relatively high spatial and reasonable temporal resolution, and can be acquired in the same session as structural magnetic resonance imaging. Perhaps most importantly, fMRI may provide useful information about the functional integrity of brain networks supporting memory and other cognitive domains, including the neural correlates of specific behavioral events, such as successful versus failed memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reisa Sperling
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Jacobs HI, Van Boxtel MP, Jolles J, Verhey FR, Uylings HB. Parietal cortex matters in Alzheimer's disease: An overview of structural, functional and metabolic findings. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:297-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Recent developments of functional magnetic resonance imaging research for drug development in Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 95:570-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Short latency afferent inhibition differs among the subtypes of mild cognitive impairment. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 119:463-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-011-0725-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Goveas JS, Xie C, Ward BD, Wu Z, Li W, Franczak M, Jones JL, Antuono PG, Li SJ. Recovery of hippocampal network connectivity correlates with cognitive improvement in mild Alzheimer's disease patients treated with donepezil assessed by resting-state fMRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2011; 34:764-73. [PMID: 21769962 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.22662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the neural correlates of cognitive improvement in mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) subjects following 12 weeks of donepezil treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (R-fMRI) was used to measure the hippocampal functional connectivity (HFC) in 14 mild AD and 18 age-matched normal (CN) subjects. AD subjects were scanned at baseline and after donepezil treatment. CN subjects were scanned only at baseline as a reference to identify regions correlated or anticorrelated to the hippocampus. Before each scan, participants underwent cognitive, behavioral, and functional assessments. RESULTS After donepezil treatment, neural correlates of cognitive improvement measured by Mini-Mental State Examination scores were identified in the left parahippocampus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and inferior frontal gyrus. Improvement in AD Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale scores correlated with the HFC changes in the left DLPFC and middle frontal gyrus. Stronger recovery in the network connectivity was associated with cognitive improvement. CONCLUSION R-fMRI may provide novel insights into the brain's responses to AD treatment in clinical pharmacological trials, and also may predict clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Goveas
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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Atri A, O'Brien JL, Sreenivasan A, Rastegar S, Salisbury S, DeLuca AN, O'Keefe KM, LaViolette PS, Rentz DM, Locascio JJ, Sperling RA. Test-retest reliability of memory task functional magnetic resonance imaging in Alzheimer disease clinical trials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 68:599-606. [PMID: 21555634 DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2011.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the feasibility and test-retest reliability of encoding-task functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in mild Alzheimer disease (AD). DESIGN Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. SETTING Memory clinical trials unit. PARTICIPANTS We studied 12 patients with mild AD (mean [SEM] Mini-Mental State Examination score, 24.0 [0.7]; mean Clinical Dementia Rating score, 1.0) who had been taking donepezil hydrochloride for more than 6 months from the placebo arm of a larger 24-week study (n = 24, 4 scans on weeks 0, 6, 12, and 24, respectively). INTERVENTIONS Placebo and 3 face-name, paired-associate encoding, block-design blood oxygenation level-dependent fMRI scans in 12 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We performed whole-brain t maps (P < .001, 5 contiguous voxels) and hippocampal regions-of-interest analyses of extent (percentage of active voxels) and magnitude (percentage of signal change) for novel-greater-than-repeated face-name contrasts. We also calculated intraclass correlation coefficients and power estimates for hippocampal regions of interest. RESULTS Task tolerability and data yield were high (95 of 96 scans yielded favorable-quality data). Whole-brain maps were stable. Right and left hippocampal regions-of-interest intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.59 to 0.87 and 0.67 to 0.74, respectively. To detect 25.0% to 50.0% changes in week-0 to week-12 hippocampal activity using left-right extent or right magnitude with 80.0% power (2-sided α = .05) requires 14 to 51 patients. Using left magnitude requires 125 patients because of relatively small signal to variance ratios. CONCLUSIONS Encoding-task fMRI was successfully implemented in a single-site, 24-week, AD randomized controlled trial. Week 0 to 12 whole-brain t maps were stable, and test-retest reliability of hippocampal fMRI measures ranged from moderate to substantial. Right hippocampal magnitude may be the most promising of these candidate measures in a leveraged context. These initial estimates of test-retest reliability and power justify evaluation of encoding-task fMRI as a potential biomarker for signal of effect in exploratory and proof-of-concept trials in mild AD. Validation of these results with larger sample sizes and assessment in multisite studies is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Atri
- Memory Disorders Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Wang Ambulatory Care Center 715, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Cholinergic modulation of cognition: insights from human pharmacological functional neuroimaging. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 94:360-88. [PMID: 21708219 PMCID: PMC3382716 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from lesion and cortical-slice studies implicate the neocortical cholinergic system in the modulation of sensory, attentional and memory processing. In this review we consider findings from sixty-three healthy human cholinergic functional neuroimaging studies that probe interactions of cholinergic drugs with brain activation profiles, and relate these to contemporary neurobiological models. Consistent patterns that emerge are: (1) the direction of cholinergic modulation of sensory cortex activations depends upon top-down influences; (2) cholinergic hyperstimulation reduces top-down selective modulation of sensory cortices; (3) cholinergic hyperstimulation interacts with task-specific frontoparietal activations according to one of several patterns, including: suppression of parietal-mediated reorienting; decreasing ‘effort’-associated activations in prefrontal regions; and deactivation of a ‘resting-state network’ in medial cortex, with reciprocal recruitment of dorsolateral frontoparietal regions during performance-challenging conditions; (4) encoding-related activations in both neocortical and hippocampal regions are disrupted by cholinergic blockade, or enhanced with cholinergic stimulation, while the opposite profile is observed during retrieval; (5) many examples exist of an ‘inverted-U shaped’ pattern of cholinergic influences by which the direction of functional neural activation (and performance) depends upon both task (e.g. relative difficulty) and subject (e.g. age) factors. Overall, human cholinergic functional neuroimaging studies both corroborate and extend physiological accounts of cholinergic function arising from other experimental contexts, while providing mechanistic insights into cholinergic-acting drugs and their potential clinical applications.
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Jehna M, Langkammer C, Wallner-Blazek M, Neuper C, Loitfelder M, Ropele S, Fuchs S, Khalil M, Pluta-Fuerst A, Fazekas F, Enzinger C. Cognitively preserved MS patients demonstrate functional differences in processing neutral and emotional faces. Brain Imaging Behav 2011; 5:241-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-011-9128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Venneri A, Shanks MF. Using MRI neuroimaging methods to detect treatment responses in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/nmt.11.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY The rapid development of neuroimaging outcome measures for monitoring treatment effects and disease progression in neurological disorders presents both opportunities and hazards. An overview of functional MRI studies of regional brain activation using cognitive activation and resting state paradigms in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease indicates that this method can detect group treatment responses in the absence of overt behavioral change, as well as the kinetic and dynamic effects of the available symptomatic treatment compounds. Structural and spectroscopic MRI methods offer the prospect of objective and clinically meaningful assessment of progressive neuropathological changes and their modification through intervention. Including imaging parameters adequately powers small group studies of drug effects with additional advantages for more robust patient characterization and staging. These techniques should play an increasingly important role at an earlier stage of treatment evaluation, but the need for expert implementation and analysis means that clinical applications in individual cases are still in development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael F Shanks
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, UK
- NHS Highland, UK and Clinical Neuroscience Centre, University of Hull, UK
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Alterations in the cholinergic system after frontal cortical infarction in rat brain: pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging of muscarinic receptor responsiveness and stereological analysis of cholinergic forebrain neurons. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 43:625-34. [PMID: 21640824 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular cognitive impairment has been related to dysfunction of the central cholinergic system. Studies exploring the putative relationship between vascular cognitive impairment and cholinergic dysfunction have largely been aimed at symptomatic cholinergic treatment rather than focusing on etiological and pathological factors. The present study characterizes chronic responses of the cholinergic system to focal cerebral infarction. Two separate experiments investigated changes in receptor responsiveness versus changes in cell number after photothrombotic infarction of the frontal cortex in rat brain. First, we conducted pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI) together with pilocarpine injection to assess relative cerebral blood volume (CBV) responses related to cholinergic muscarinic receptor activation. PhMRI was conducted at 1 and 3 weeks after photothrombotic infarction of either the left or right frontal cortex. Second, stereological assessment was performed on choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunostained sections to determine cholinergic cell body count in several basal forebrain nuclei at 4 weeks after infarction. Significant reductions in relative CBV responses were observed both inside the ischemic area at 1 and 3 weeks, and in areas distant from the lesion at 3 weeks after right-sided frontal cortical infarction. In contrast, cholinergic cell number remained unchanged. These results demonstrate that cholinergic receptor responsiveness may be significantly altered following cerebral infarction, while projecting cholinergic cells are preserved.
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Dumas JA, Newhouse PA. The cholinergic hypothesis of cognitive aging revisited again: cholinergic functional compensation. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 99:254-61. [PMID: 21382398 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It is now possible to reevaluate the cholinergic hypothesis of age-related cognitive dysfunction based on a synthesis of new evidence from cholinergic stimulation studies and cognitive models. We propose that a change of functional circuitry that can be observed through a combination of pharmacologic challenge and functional neuroimaging is associated with age-related changes in cholinergic system functioning. Psychopharmacological manipulations using cholinergic agonists and antagonists have been consistent in replicating patterns of aging seen in functional imaging studies. In addition, studies of anticholinesterase drugs in patients with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment show support for the proposal that cholinergic compensation causes alterations in task-related brain activity. Thus, the cholinergic hypothesis of age-related cognitive dysfunction deserves further consideration as new methodologies for evaluating its validity are increasingly being used. Future directions for testing hypotheses generated from this model are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Dumas
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit and Brain Imaging Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05401, USA.
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Sofuoglu M, Waters AJ, Poling J, Carroll KM. Galantamine improves sustained attention in chronic cocaine users. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2011; 19:11-9. [PMID: 21341919 PMCID: PMC3350372 DOI: 10.1037/a0022213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cocaine users are known to have cognitive deficits that are predictive of poor treatment response. Whether these deficits improve with medications targeting specific cognitive functions has not been examined in previous studies. The goal of this study was to evaluate galantamine's efficacy on selected cognitive outcomes, including measures of sustained attention, response inhibition, and attentional bias in recently abstinent cocaine users. Galantamine, a reversible and competitive inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, is used clinically in the treatment of Alzheimer's dementia. In a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study, 34 participants were randomized to galantamine (8 mg/day) or placebo treatment for 10 days. Cognitive and self-report mood measures were obtained at baseline and on Days 5 and 10 after the initiation of treatment. Galantamine treatment, compared to placebo, improved the reaction time, F(2, 50) = 8.6, p < .01, detection sensitivity (A'), F(2, 50) = 4.9, p < .03, number of hits, F(2, 50) = 4.2, p < .04, and number of correct rejections, F(2, 50) = 5.6, p < .02, on the Rapid Visual Information Processing task. With the exception of speeding the reaction time on the Stroop, galantamine did not affect performance on other tasks, (p > .05). These results demonstrate that medications can enhance cognitive function (e.g., sustained attention) in abstinent cocaine users. The potential efficacy of galantamine as a treatment for cocaine abuse needs to be further evaluated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Sofuoglu
- Yale University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Avenue, Bldg. 36/116A4, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
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Schuff N, Suhy J, Goldman R, Xu Y, Sun Y, Truran-Sacrey D, Murthy A. An MRI substudy of a donepezil clinical trial in mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 32:2318.e31-41. [PMID: 20541841 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study was conducted as part of an intervention study in subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) to assess donepezil's treatment effect on brain atrophy. Adults with aMCI were randomly assigned to double-blind treatment with 10 mg/day donepezil hydrochloride or placebo for 48 weeks. Brain MRI scans were acquired at baseline and endpoint. The primary outcome measure was annualized percentage change (APC) in hippocampal volume; the main secondary outcome measure was APC in whole brain volumes. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) model including terms for treatment, site, and age was used to compare the treatment groups. APCs for hippocampal volumes were not significantly different between treatment groups. There were significant differences favoring the donepezil group for total (p = 0.001), ventricular region (p = 0.0002), and cortical region (p = 0.003) whole brain volumes. Although the primary MRI outcome measure was negative, the main secondary MRI outcome measure showed a positive result. These findings suggest a treatment effect of donepezil on brain atrophy in aMCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Schuff
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Disease, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 114M, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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43
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Clément F, Belleville S. Test-retest reliability of fMRI verbal episodic memory paradigms in healthy older adults and in persons with mild cognitive impairment. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 30:4033-47. [PMID: 19492301 PMCID: PMC6871015 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated test-retest functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) reproducibility in 10 healthy older adults and in 10 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) persons using a two-condition (encoding and retrieval) verbal episodic memory task as well as a two-condition (with and without a motor response) phonological processing task. Reproducibility measures included an overlap ratio with four different thresholds, statistical comparisons of the condition contrasts across sessions (test-retest contrasts), ANCOVAs, and intraclass correlation (ICC) on selected regions of interests (ROIs). In all four conditions and for all reproducibility measures, MCI individuals showed fMRI test-retest reproducibility indices that were comparable to those of healthy older adults. At the group level, the comparison of the test-retest condition contrasts yielded very few differences in the areas and level of activation and those differences tended to show a slight reduction of activation in the second session. In addition, the results from the ANCOVAs showed that the fMRI signal measured at the group level does not vary significantly from one session to another. Overlap ratios, however, showed that the fMRI signal failed to produce a reliable pattern of significantly activated voxels across sessions. ICC analyses on selected ROIs indicated that there is high within-subject variability, suggesting reduced reliability at the individual level. Overall, these findings indicate that MCI individuals show fMRI test-retest reproducibility comparable to those of healthy controls and hence that MCI do not alter fMRI reproducibility. Furthermore, they indicate that monitoring treatment effects is reliable when comparing groups but reduced when comparing single individuals. These results have precise implications for the design of longitudinal studies relying on fMRI measures in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Clément
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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44
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Grothe M, Zaborszky L, Atienza M, Gil-Neciga E, Rodriguez-Romero R, Teipel SJ, Amunts K, Suarez-Gonzalez A, Cantero JL. Reduction of basal forebrain cholinergic system parallels cognitive impairment in patients at high risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. Cereb Cortex 2009; 20:1685-95. [PMID: 19889714 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhp232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathological studies suggest that the basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS) is affected in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but there is no in vivo evidence of early damage to this system in subjects at high risk of developing AD. Here, we found that mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients exhibited significant volume reduction of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NbM) using recently developed probabilistic maps of the BFCS space. In addition, volumes of different magnocellular compartments varied significantly with regional gray matter atrophy in regions known to be affected by AD and were found to correlate with cognitive decline in MCI patients. Bilateral reductions of the horizontal nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca (Ch3) and frontal lobe (medial frontal, orbital, subcallosal gyrus, anterior cingulate, and middle frontal gyrus) were significantly associated with a global decline in cognitive status, whereas volume reduction of the posterior compartment of Ch4 (NbM) and temporal lobe (including hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and amygdala) were associated with impaired delayed recall in MCI patients. These findings establish, for the first time, a link between degeneration of specific cholinergic compartments of the BFCS and cognitive-related deficits in subjects at high risk of developing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Grothe
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, Spanish Network of Excellence in Neurodegenerative Diseases, CIBERNED, University Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
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Bentley P, Driver J, Dolan R. Modulation of fusiform cortex activity by cholinesterase inhibition predicts effects on subsequent memory. Brain 2009; 132:2356-71. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Machulda MM, Senjem ML, Weigand SD, Smith GE, Ivnik RJ, Boeve BF, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Jack CR. Functional magnetic resonance imaging changes in amnestic and nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment during encoding and recognition tasks. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2009; 15:372-82. [PMID: 19402923 PMCID: PMC2762430 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617709090523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) shows changes in multiple regions in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). The concept of MCI recently evolved to include nonamnestic syndromes, so little is known about fMRI changes in these individuals. This study investigated activation during visual complex scene encoding and recognition in 29 cognitively normal (CN) elderly, 19 individuals with aMCI, and 12 individuals with nonamnestic MCI (naMCI). During encoding, CN activated an extensive network that included bilateral occipital-parietal-temporal cortex; precuneus; posterior cingulate; thalamus; insula; and medial, anterior, and lateral frontal regions. Amnestic MCI activated an anatomic subset of these regions. Non-amnestic MCI activated an even smaller anatomic subset. During recognition, CN activated the same regions observed during encoding except the precuneus. Both MCI groups again activated a subset of the regions activated by CN. During encoding, CN had greater activation than aMCI and naMCI in bilateral temporoparietal and frontal regions. During recognition, CN had greater activation than aMCI in predominantly temporoparietal regions bilaterally, while CN had greater activation than naMCI in larger areas involving bilateral temporoparietal and frontal regions. The diminished parietal and frontal activation in naMCI may reflect compromised ability to perform nonmemory (i.e., attention/executive, visuospatial function) components of the task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Machulda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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Decreased activation along the dorsal visual pathway after a 3-month treatment with galantamine in mild Alzheimer disease: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2009; 29:147-56. [PMID: 19512976 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0b013e31819a8f2e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Visual perception has been shown to be altered in Alzheimer disease (AD) patients, and it is associated with decreased cognitive function. Galantamine is an active cholinergic agent, which has been shown to lead to improved cognition in mild to moderate AD patients. This study examined brain activation in a group of mild AD patients after a 3-month open-label treatment with galantamine. The objective was to examine the changes in brain activation due to treatment. There were 2 tasks to visual perception. The first task was a face-matching task to test the activation along the ventral visual pathway, and the second task was a location-matching task to test neuronal function along the dorsal pathway. Brain activation was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging. There were 5 mild AD patients in the study. There were no differences in the task performance and in the cognitive scores of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease battery before and after treatment. In the location-matching task, we found a statistically significant decrease in activation along the dorsal visual pathway after galantamine treatment. A previous study found that AD patients had higher activation in the location-matching task compared with healthy controls. There were no differences in activation for the face-matching task after treatment. Our data indicate that treatment with galantamine leads to more efficient visual processing of stimuli or changes the compensatory mechanism in the AD patients. A visual perception task recruiting the dorsal visual system may be useful as a biomarker of treatment effects.
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Rombouts SARB, Damoiseaux JS, Goekoop R, Barkhof F, Scheltens P, Smith SM, Beckmann CF. Model-free group analysis shows altered BOLD FMRI networks in dementia. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 30:256-66. [PMID: 18041738 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
FMRI research in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) typically is aimed at determining regional changes in brain function, most commonly by creating a model of the expected BOLD-response and estimating its magnitude using a general linear model (GLM) analysis. This crucially depends on the suitability of the temporal assumptions of the model and on assumptions about normality of group distributions. Exploratory data analysis techniques such as independent component analysis (ICA) do not depend on these assumptions and are able to detect unknown, yet structured spatiotemporal processes in neuroimaging data. Tensorial probabilistic ICA (T-PICA) is a model free technique that can be used for analyzing multiple subjects and groups, extracting signals of interest (components) in the spatial, temporal, and also subject domain of FMRI data. We applied T-PICA and model-based GLM to study FMRI signal during face encoding in 18 AD, 28 MCI patients, and 41 healthy elderly controls. T-PICA showed activation in regions associated with motor, visual, and cognitive processing, and deactivation in the default mode network. Six networks showed a significantly decreased response in patients. For two networks the T-PICA technique was significantly more sensitive to detect group differences than the standard model-based technique. We conclude that T-PICA is a promising tool to identify and detect differences in (de)activated brain networks in elderly controls and dementia patients. The technique is more sensitive than the commonly applied model-based method. Consistent with other research, we show that networks of activation and deactivation show decreased reactivity in dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge A R B Rombouts
- Department of Physics & Medical Technology, Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Kim J, Horwitz B. How well does structural equation modeling reveal abnormal brain anatomical connections? An fMRI simulation study. Neuroimage 2009; 45:1190-8. [PMID: 19349234 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Revised: 12/31/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many brain disorders result from alterations in the strength of anatomical connectivity between different brain regions. This study investigates whether such alterations can be revealed by examining differences in interregional effective connectivity between patient and normal subjects. We applied one prominent effective connectivity method - Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) - to simulated functional MRI (fMRI) timeseries from a neurobiologically realistic network model in which the anatomical connectivity is known and can be manipulated. These timeseries were simulated for two task conditions, a delayed match-to-sample (DMS) task and passive-viewing, and for "normal subjects" and "patients" who had one weakened anatomical connection in the neural network model. SEM results were compared between task conditions as well as between groups. A significantly reduced effective connectivity corresponding to the weakened anatomical connection during the DMS task was found. We also obtained a significantly reduced set of effective connections in the patient networks for anatomical connections "downstream" from the weakened linkage. However, some "upstream" effective connections were significantly larger in the patient group relative to normals. Finally, we found that of the SEM model measures we examined, the total error variance was the best at distinguishing a patient network from a normal network. These results suggest that caution is necessary in applying effective connectivity methods to fMRI data obtained from non-normal populations, and emphasize that functional interactions among network elements can appear as abnormal even if only part of a network is damaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Kim
- Brain Imaging and Modeling Section, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, Bldg. 10, Rm. 8S235, MSC 1407, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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