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Gilli F, Ceccarelli A. Magnetic resonance imaging approaches for studying mouse models of multiple sclerosis: A mini review. J Neurosci Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gilli
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth Lebanon New Hampshire USA
| | - Antonia Ceccarelli
- Department of Neurology EpiCURA Centre Hospitalier Ath Belgium
- Hearthrhythmanagement, UZB Brussels Belgium
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2
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Rahiman N, Mohammadi M, Alavizadeh SH, Arabi L, Badiee A, Jaafari MR. Recent advancements in nanoparticle-mediated approaches for restoration of multiple sclerosis. J Control Release 2022; 343:620-644. [PMID: 35176392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease with complicated immunopathology which necessitates considering multifactorial aspects for its management. Nano-sized pharmaceutical carriers named nanoparticles (NPs) can support impressive management of disease not only in early detection and prognosis level but also in a therapeutic manner. The most prominent initiator of MS is the domination of cellular immunity to humoral immunity and increment of inflammatory cytokines. The administration of several platforms of NPs for MS management holds great promise so far. The efforts for MS management through in vitro and in vivo (experimental animal models) evaluations, pave a new way to a highly efficient therapeutic means and aiding its translation to the clinic in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Rahiman
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Marzieh Mohammadi
- Department of pharmaceutics, School of pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Hoda Alavizadeh
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Arabi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Badiee
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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3
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Zhuang L, Kong Y, Yang S, Lu F, Gong Z, Zhan S, Liu M. Dynamic changes of inflammation and apoptosis in cerebral ischemia‑reperfusion injury in mice investigated by ferumoxytol‑enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:282. [PMID: 33604682 PMCID: PMC7905325 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.11921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response and apoptosis are key factors in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. The severity of the inflammatory reaction and apoptosis has an important impact on the prognosis of stroke. The ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide particle has provided an effective magnetic resonance molecular imaging method for dynamic observation of the cell infiltration process in vivo. The aims of the present study were to investigate the inflammatory response of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice using ferumoxytol-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, and to observe the dynamic changes of inflammatory response and apoptosis. In the present study a C57BL/6n mouse cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model was established by blocking the right middle cerebral artery with an occluding suture. Subsequently, the mice were injected with ferumoxytol via the tail vein, and magnetic resonance scanning was performed at corresponding time points to observe the signal changes. Furthermore, blood samples were used to measure the level of serum inflammatory factors, and histological staining was performed to assess the number of iron-swallowing microglial cells and apoptotic cells. The present results suggested that there was no significant difference in the serum inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 1β between the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and MCAO + ferumoxytol groups injected with ferumoxytol and physiological saline. The lowest signal ratio in the negative enhancement region was decreased 24 h after reperfusion in mice injected with ferumoxytol. The proportion of iron-swallowing microglial cells and TUNEL-positive cells were the highest at 24 h after reperfusion, and decreased gradually at 48 and 72 h after reperfusion. Therefore, the present results indicated that ferumoxytol injection of 18 mg Fe/kg does not affect the inflammatory response in the acute phase of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Ferumoxytol-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging can be used as an effective means to monitor the inflammatory response in the acute phase of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Furthermore, it was found that activation of the inflammatory response and apoptosis in the acute stage of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury is consistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Zhuang
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Yingnan Kong
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Shuohui Yang
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Fang Lu
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Gong
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Songhua Zhan
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Mengxiao Liu
- MR Scientific Marketing, Siemens Healthcare, Shanghai 201318, P.R. China
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging Agents. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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5
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Coda AR, Anzilotti S, Boscia F, Greco A, Panico M, Gargiulo S, Gramanzini M, Zannetti A, Albanese S, Pignataro G, Annunziato L, Salvatore M, Brunetti A, De Berardinis P, Quarantelli M, Palma G, Pappatà S. In vivo imaging of CNS microglial activation/macrophage infiltration with combined [ 18F]DPA-714-PET and SPIO-MRI in a mouse model of relapsing remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2020; 48:40-52. [PMID: 32378022 PMCID: PMC7835304 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-020-04842-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the feasibility and sensitivity of multimodality PET/CT and MRI imaging for non-invasive characterization of brain microglial/macrophage activation occurring during the acute phase in a mouse model of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RR-MS) using [18F]DPA-714, a selective radioligand for the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO), superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIO), and ex vivo immunohistochemistry. Methods Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in female SJL/J mice by immunization with PLP139–151. Seven symptomatic EAE mice and five controls underwent both PET/CT and MRI studies between 11 and 14 days post-immunization. SPIO was injected i.v. in the same animals immediately after [18F]DPA-714 and MRI acquisition was performed after 24 h. Regional brain volumes were defined according to a mouse brain atlas on co-registered PET and SPIO-MRI images. [18F]DPA-714 standardized uptake value (SUV) ratios (SUVR), with unaffected neocortex as reference, and SPIO fractional volumes (SPIO-Vol) were generated. Both SUVR and SPIO-Vol values were correlated with the clinical score (CS) and among them. Five EAE and four control mice underwent immunohistochemical analysis with the aim of identifying activated microglia/macrophage and TSPO expressions. Results SUVR and SPIO-Vol values were significantly increased in EAE compared with controls in the hippocampus (p < 0.01; p < 0.02, respectively), thalamus (p < 0.02; p < 0.05, respectively), and cerebellum and brainstem (p < 0.02), while only SPIO-Vol was significantly increased in the caudate/putamen (p < 0.05). Both SUVR and SPIO-Vol values were positively significantly correlated with CS and among them in the same regions. TSPO/Iba1 and F4/80/Prussian blue staining immunohistochemistry suggests that increased activated microglia/macrophages underlay TSPO expression and SPIO uptake in symptomatic EAE mice. Conclusions These preliminary results suggest that both activated microglia and infiltrated macrophages are present in vulnerable brain regions during the acute phase of PLP-EAE and contribute to disease severity. Both [18F]DPA-714-PET and SPIO-MRI appear suitable modalities for preclinical study of neuroinflammation in MS mice models.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Coda
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Via T. De Amicis 95, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - S Anzilotti
- IRCCS SDN, Via E. Gianturco 113, 80143, Naples, Italy
| | - F Boscia
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, University "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - A Greco
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate s. c. a. r. l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - M Panico
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Via T. De Amicis 95, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - S Gargiulo
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Via T. De Amicis 95, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - M Gramanzini
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Via T. De Amicis 95, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - A Zannetti
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Via T. De Amicis 95, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - S Albanese
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Via T. De Amicis 95, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - G Pignataro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, University "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - L Annunziato
- IRCCS SDN, Via E. Gianturco 113, 80143, Naples, Italy
| | - M Salvatore
- IRCCS SDN, Via E. Gianturco 113, 80143, Naples, Italy
| | - A Brunetti
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - P De Berardinis
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Quarantelli
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Via T. De Amicis 95, 80145, Naples, Italy.
| | - G Palma
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Via T. De Amicis 95, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Sabina Pappatà
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Via T. De Amicis 95, 80145, Naples, Italy.
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Melero-Jerez C, Alonso-Gómez A, Moñivas E, Lebrón-Galán R, Machín-Díaz I, de Castro F, Clemente D. The proportion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the spleen is related to the severity of the clinical course and tissue damage extent in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 140:104869. [PMID: 32278882 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the second cause of paraplegia among young adults, after all types of CNS traumatic lesions. In its most frequent relapsing-remitting form, the severity of the disease course is very heterogeneous, and its reliable evaluation remains a key issue for clinicians. Myeloid-Derived sSuppressor Cells (MDSCs) are immature myeloid cells that suppress the inflammatory response, a phenomenon related to the resolution or recovery of the clinical symptoms associated with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most common model for MS. Here, we establish the severity index as a new parameter for the clinical assessment in EAE. It is derived from the relationship between the maximal clinical score and the time elapsed since disease onset. Moreover, we relate this new index with several histopathological hallmarks in EAE and with the peripheral content of MDSCs. Based on this new parameter, we show that the splenic MDSC content is related to the evolution of the clinical course of EAE, ranging from mild to severe. Indeed, when the severity index indicates a severe disease course, EAE mice display more intense lymphocyte infiltration, demyelination and axonal damage. A direct correlation was drawn between the MDSC population in the peripheral immune system, and the preservation of myelin and axons, which was also correlated with T cell apoptosis within the CNS (being these cells the main target for MDSC suppression). The data presented clearly indicated that the severity index is a suitable tool to analyze disease severity in EAE. Moreover, our data suggest a clear relationship between circulating MDSC enrichment and disease outcome, opening new perspectives for the future targeting of this population as an indicator of MS severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Melero-Jerez
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain; Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aitana Alonso-Gómez
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Esther Moñivas
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Rafael Lebrón-Galán
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Isabel Machín-Díaz
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Fernando de Castro
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Diego Clemente
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain.
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Millward JM, Ariza de Schellenberger A, Berndt D, Hanke-Vela L, Schellenberger E, Waiczies S, Taupitz M, Kobayashi Y, Wagner S, Infante-Duarte C. Application of Europium-Doped Very Small Iron Oxide Nanoparticles to Visualize Neuroinflammation with MRI and Fluorescence Microscopy. Neuroscience 2019; 403:136-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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8
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Mohanty S, Yerneni K, Theruvath JL, Graef CM, Nejadnik H, Lenkov O, Pisani L, Rosenberg J, Mitra S, Cordero AS, Cheshier S, Daldrup-Link HE. Nanoparticle enhanced MRI can monitor macrophage response to CD47 mAb immunotherapy in osteosarcoma. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:36. [PMID: 30674867 PMCID: PMC6367456 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD47 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) activate tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in sarcomas to phagocytose and eliminate cancer cells. Though CD47 mAbs have entered clinical trials, diagnostic tests for monitoring therapy response in vivo are currently lacking. Ferumoxytol is an FDA-approved iron supplement which can be used "off label" as a contrast agent: the nanoparticle-based drug is phagocytosed by TAM and can be detected with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We evaluated if ferumoxytol-enhanced MRI can monitor TAM response to CD47 mAb therapy in osteosarcomas. Forty-eight osteosarcoma-bearing mice were treated with CD47 mAb or control IgG and underwent pre- and post-treatment ferumoxytol-MRI scans. Tumor enhancement, quantified as T2 relaxation times, was compared with the quantity of TAMs as determined by immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Quantitative data were compared between experimental groups using exact two-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Compared to IgG-treated controls, CD47 mAb-treated tumors demonstrated significantly shortened T2 relaxation times on ferumoxytol-MRI scans (p < 0.01) and significantly increased F4/80+CD80+ M1 macrophages on histopathology (p < 0.01). CD47 mAb-treated F4/80+ macrophages demonstrated significantly augmented phagocytosis of ferumoxytol nanoparticles (p < 0.01). Thus, we conclude that ferumoxytol-MRI can detect TAM response to CD47 mAb in mouse models of osteosarcoma. The ferumoxytol-MRI imaging test could be immediately applied to monitor CD47 mAb therapies in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchismita Mohanty
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ketan Yerneni
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | - Claus Moritz Graef
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hossein Nejadnik
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Olga Lenkov
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Laura Pisani
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jarrett Rosenberg
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Siddhartha Mitra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alejandro Sweet Cordero
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Samuel Cheshier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Heike E Daldrup-Link
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Kopec BM, Ulapane KR, Moral MEG, Siahaan TJ. Methods of Delivering Molecules Through the Blood-Brain Barrier for Brain Diagnostics and Therapeutics. BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8946-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Ugga L, Romeo V, Tedeschi E, Brunetti A, Quarantelli M. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanocolloids in MRI studies of neuroinflammation. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 310:12-23. [PMID: 29913184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxide (IO) nanocolloids are being increasingly used to image cellular contribution to neuroinflammation using MRI, as these particles are capable of labeling circulating cells with phagocytic activity, allowing to assess cell trafficking from the blood to neuroinflammation sites. The use of IOs relies on the natural phagocytic properties of immune cells, allowing their labeling either in vitro or directly in vivo, following intravenous injection. Despite concerns on the specificity of the latter approach, the widespread availability and relatively low cost of these techniques, coupled to a sensitivity that allows to reach single cell detection, have promoted their use in several preclinical and clinical studies. In this review, we discuss the results of currently available preclinical and clinical IO-enhanced MRI studies of immune cell trafficking in neuroinflammation, examining the specificity of the existing findings, in view of the different possible mechanisms underlying IO accumulation in the brain. From this standpoint, we assess the implications of the temporal and spatial differences in the enhancement pattern of IOs, compared to gadolinium-based contrast agents, a clinically established MRI marker blood-brain barrier breakdown. While concerns on the specificity of cell labeling obtained using the in-vivo labeling approach still need to be fully addressed, these techniques have indeed proved able to provide additional information on neuroinflammatory phenomena, as compared to conventional Gadolinium-enhanced MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Ugga
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Romeo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Enrico Tedeschi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Arturo Brunetti
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Quarantelli
- Biostructure and Bioimaging Institute, National Research Council, Naples, Italy.
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Kerbrat A, Combès B, Commowick O, Maarouf A, Bannier E, Ferré JC, Tourbah A, Ranjeva JP, Barillot C, Edan G. USPIO-positive MS lesions are associated with greater tissue damage than gadolinium-positive-only lesions during 3-year follow-up. Mult Scler 2017; 24:1852-1861. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458517736148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Identifying in vivo the processes that determine lesion severity in multiple sclerosis (MS) remains a challenge. Objectives: To describe the dynamics of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) enhancement in MS lesions and the relationship between USPIO enhancement and microstructural changes over 3 years. Methods: Lesion development was assessed at baseline, Months 3, 6, and 9, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium and USPIO. Microstructural changes were assessed at baseline, Months 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 36, using relaxometry, magnetization transfer, and diffusion-weighted imaging. Results: We included 15 patients with clinically isolated syndrome. In the 52 MRI scans acquired with USPIO, 22 lesions were USPIO and gadolinium positive, and 44 were USPIO negative but gadolinium positive. Lesions no longer exhibited sustained USPIO enhancement 3 months later. At baseline, lesions that were both USPIO and gadolinium positive had lower magnetization transfer ratio values (common language effect size = 0.84, p = 0.0005) and lower fractional anisotropy values (0.83, p = 0.001) than gadolinium-positive-only lesions. USPIO-positive lesions remained associated with greater damage than gadolinium-positive-only lesions throughout the 3-year follow-up. Conclusion: USPIO enhancement, mainly reflecting monocyte infiltration, is transient and is associated with persistent tissue damage after 3 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kerbrat
- Department of Neurology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France/VisAGeS team, INRIA (INSERM, CNRS, Rennes 1 University), Rennes, France/CHU Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
| | - Benoit Combès
- VisAGeS team, INRIA (INSERM, CNRS, Rennes 1 University), Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Commowick
- VisAGeS team, INRIA (INSERM, CNRS, Rennes 1 University), Rennes, France
| | - Adil Maarouf
- CEMEREM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France/CNRS and Center for Magnetic Resonance in Biology and Medicine (CRMBM—UMR 7339), Aix-Marseille University and CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Elise Bannier
- VisAGeS team, INRIA (INSERM, CNRS, Rennes 1 University), Rennes, France/Department of Radiology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Jean Christophe Ferré
- VisAGeS team, INRIA (INSERM, CNRS, Rennes 1 University), Rennes, France/Department of Radiology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Ayman Tourbah
- Department of Neurology, Reims University Hospital, Reims, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Ranjeva
- CNRS and Center for Magnetic Resonance in Biology and Medicine (CRMBM—UMR 7339), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | | | - Gilles Edan
- Department of Neurology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France/VisAGeS team, INRIA (INSERM, CNRS, Rennes 1 University), Rennes, France/Plurithematic Clinical Investigation Center (CIC-P 1414), INSERM, Rennes, France
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Inflammation-induced brain endothelial activation leads to uptake of electrostatically stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles via sulfated glycosaminoglycans. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 13:1411-1421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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McConnell HL, Schwartz DL, Richardson BE, Woltjer RL, Muldoon LL, Neuwelt EA. Ferumoxytol nanoparticle uptake in brain during acute neuroinflammation is cell-specific. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:1535-42. [PMID: 27071335 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ferumoxytol ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles can enhance contrast between neuroinflamed and normal-appearing brain tissue when used as a contrast agent for high-sensitivity magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Here we used an anti-dextran antibody (Dx1) that binds the nanoparticle's carboxymethyldextran coating to differentiate ferumoxytol from endogenous iron and localize it unequivocally in brain tissue. Intravenous injection of ferumoxytol into immune-competent rats that harbored human tumor xenograft-induced inflammatory brain lesions resulted in heterogeneous and lesion-specific signal enhancement on MRI scans in vivo. We used Dx1 immunolocalization and electron microscopy to identify ferumoxytol in affected tissue post-MRI. We found that ferumoxytol nanoparticles were taken up by astrocyte endfeet surrounding cerebral vessels, astrocyte processes, and CD163(+)/CD68(+) macrophages, but not by tumor cells. These results provide a biological basis for the delayed imaging changes seen with ferumoxytol and indicate that ferumoxytol-MRI can be used to assess the inflammatory component of brain lesions in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L McConnell
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Daniel L Schwartz
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Brian E Richardson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Randall L Woltjer
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Leslie L Muldoon
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Edward A Neuwelt
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA.
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14
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Maarouf A, Ferré JC, Zaaraoui W, Le Troter A, Bannier E, Berry I, Guye M, Pierot L, Barillot C, Pelletier J, Tourbah A, Edan G, Audoin B, Ranjeva JP. Ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide enhancement is associated with higher loss of brain tissue structure in clinically isolated syndrome. Mult Scler 2015; 22:1032-9. [PMID: 26453679 DOI: 10.1177/1352458515607649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages are important components of inflammatory processes in multiple sclerosis, closely linked to axonal loss, and can now be observed in vivo using ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO). In the present 1-year longitudinal study, we aimed to determine the prevalence and the impact on tissue injury of macrophage infiltration in patients after the first clinical event of multiple sclerosis. METHODS Thirty-five patients, 32 years mean age, were imaged in a mean of 66 days after their first event using conventional magnetic resonance imaging, gadolinium (Gd) to probe blood-brain barrier integrity, USPIO to study macrophage infiltration and magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) to assess tissue structure integrity. Statistics were performed using two-group repeated-measures ANOVA. Any patient received treatment at baseline. RESULTS At baseline, patients showed 17 USPIO-positive lesions reflecting infiltration of macrophages present from the onset. This infiltration was associated with local higher loss of tissue structure as emphasized by significant lower MTRnorm values (p<0.03) in USPIO(+)/Gd(+) lesions (n=16; MTRnormUSPIO(+)/Gd(+)=0.78 at baseline, MTRnormUSPIO(+)/Gd(+)=0.81 at M12) relative to USPIO(-)/Gd(+) lesions (n=67; MTRnormUSPIO(-)/Gd(+)=0.82 at baseline, MTRnormUSPIO(-)/Gd(+)=0.85 at M12). No interaction in MTR values was observed during the 12 months follow-up (lesion type × time). CONCLUSION Infiltration of activated macrophages evidenced by USPIO enhancement, is present at the onset of multiple sclerosis and is associated with higher and persistent local loss of tissue structure. Macrophage infiltration affects more tissue structure while tissue recovery during the following year has a similar pattern for USPIO and Gd-enhanced lesions, leading to relative higher persistent local loss of tissue structure in lesions showing USPIO enhancement at baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Maarouf
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Université de Reims Champagne Ardennes, Service de Neurologie, Reims, France/Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, Marseille, France/APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle d'Imagerie Médicale, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Ferré
- CHU Rennes, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Service de Radiologie, Rennes, France/INRIA Rennes - VisAGeS Team, Rennes, France
| | - Wafaa Zaaraoui
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, Marseille, France
| | - Arnaud Le Troter
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Maxime Guye
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, Marseille, France/APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle d'Imagerie Médicale, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Pierot
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Université de Reims Champagne Ardennes, Service de Radiologie, Reims, France
| | | | - Jean Pelletier
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, Marseille, France/APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France
| | - Ayman Tourbah
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Université de Reims Champagne Ardennes, Service de Neurologie, Reims, France/Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et de Neuropsychologie, EA 2027 Université Paris VIII, Saint-Denis Cedex, France
| | - Gilles Edan
- CHU Rennes, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Service de Neurologie, Rennes, France
| | - Bertrand Audoin
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, Marseille, France/APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, Marseille, France
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15
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MRI/MRS in neuroinflammation: methodology and applications. Clin Transl Imaging 2015; 3:475-489. [PMID: 26705534 PMCID: PMC4679099 DOI: 10.1007/s40336-015-0142-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation encompasses a wide range of humoral and cellular responses, not only enabling the CNS to fight various noxious events, including infections and trauma, but also playing a critical role in autoimmune as well as in neurodegenerative diseases. The complex interactions of immune, endothelial, and neuronal cells that take place during inflammation require an equivalent complexity of imaging approaches to be appropriately explored in vivo. Magnetic Resonance provides several complementary techniques that allow to study most mechanisms underlying the brain/immune interaction. In this review, we discuss the MR approaches to the study of endothelial activation, blood-brain barrier permeability alterations, intercellular compartment modifications, immune cell trafficking, and of metabolic alterations linked to immune cell activity. The main advantages and limitations of these techniques are assessed, in view of their exploitation in the clinical arena, where the complementarity of the information that can be obtained has the potential to change our way of studying neuroinflammation, with implications for the management of several CNS diseases.
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16
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Patel SK, Beaino W, Anderson CJ, Janjic JM. Theranostic nanoemulsions for macrophage COX-2 inhibition in a murine inflammation model. Clin Immunol 2015; 160:59-70. [PMID: 25959685 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Targeting macrophages for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes is an attractive approach applicable to multiple diseases. Here, we present a theranostic nanoemulsion platform for simultaneous delivery of an anti-inflammatory drug (celecoxib) to macrophages and monitoring of macrophage migration patterns by optical imaging, as measurement of changes in inflammation. The anti-inflammatory effect of the theranostic nanoemulsions was evaluated in a mouse inflammation model induced with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Nanoemulsions showed greater accumulation in the inflamed vs. control paw, with histology confirming their specific localization in CD68 positive macrophages expressing cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) compared to neutrophils. With a single dose administration of the celecoxib-loaded theranostic, we observed a reduction in fluorescence in the paw with time, corresponding to a reduction in macrophage infiltration. Our data strongly suggest that delivery of select agents to infiltrating macrophages can potentially lead to new treatments of inflammatory diseases where macrophage behavior changes are monitored in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravan Kumar Patel
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Wissam Beaino
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Carolyn J Anderson
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Jelena M Janjic
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA.,Chronic Pain Research Consortium, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15218, USA
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17
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Advanced imaging tools to investigate multiple sclerosis pathology. Presse Med 2015; 44:e159-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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18
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Patel SK, Janjic JM. Macrophage targeted theranostics as personalized nanomedicine strategies for inflammatory diseases. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:150-72. [PMID: 25553105 PMCID: PMC4279001 DOI: 10.7150/thno.9476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory disease management poses challenges due to the complexity of inflammation and inherent patient variability, thereby necessitating patient-specific therapeutic interventions. Theranostics, which integrate therapeutic and imaging functionalities, can be used for simultaneous imaging and treatment of inflammatory diseases. Theranostics could facilitate assessment of safety, toxicity and real-time therapeutic efficacy leading to personalized treatment strategies. Macrophages are an important cellular component of inflammatory diseases, participating in varied roles of disease exacerbation and resolution. The inherent phagocytic nature, abundance and disease homing properties of macrophages can be targeted for imaging and therapeutic purposes. This review discusses the utility of theranostics in macrophage ablation, phenotype modulation and inhibition of their inflammatory activity leading to resolution of inflammation in several diseases.
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19
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Gauberti M, Montagne A, Quenault A, Vivien D. Molecular magnetic resonance imaging of brain-immune interactions. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:389. [PMID: 25505871 PMCID: PMC4245913 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was thought to protect the brain from the effects of the immune system, immune cells can nevertheless migrate from the blood to the brain, either as a cause or as a consequence of central nervous system (CNS) diseases, thus contributing to their evolution and outcome. Accordingly, as the interface between the CNS and the peripheral immune system, the BBB is critical during neuroinflammatory processes. In particular, endothelial cells are involved in the brain response to systemic or local inflammatory stimuli by regulating the cellular movement between the circulation and the brain parenchyma. While neuropathological conditions differ in etiology and in the way in which the inflammatory response is mounted and resolved, cellular mechanisms of neuroinflammation are probably similar. Accordingly, neuroinflammation is a hallmark and a decisive player of many CNS diseases. Thus, molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of inflammatory processes is a central theme of research in several neurological disorders focusing on a set of molecules expressed by endothelial cells, such as adhesion molecules (VCAM-1, ICAM-1, P-selectin, E-selectin, …), which emerge as therapeutic targets and biomarkers for neurological diseases. In this review, we will present the most recent advances in the field of preclinical molecular MRI. Moreover, we will discuss the possible translation of molecular MRI to the clinical setting with a particular emphasis on myeloperoxidase imaging, autologous cell tracking, and targeted iron oxide particles (USPIO, MPIO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Gauberti
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie - GIP Cyceron Caen, France
| | - Axel Montagne
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie - GIP Cyceron Caen, France
| | - Aurélien Quenault
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie - GIP Cyceron Caen, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie - GIP Cyceron Caen, France
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20
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Alomair OI, Smith MT, Brereton IM, Galloway GJ, Kurniawan ND. Current developments in MRI for assessing rodent models of multiple sclerosis. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.14.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: MRI is a key radiological imaging technique that plays an important role in the diagnosis and characterization of heterogeneous multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions. Various MRI methodologies such as conventional T 1/T 2 contrast, contrast agent enhancement, diffusion-weighted imaging, magnetization transfer imaging and susceptibility weighted imaging have been developed to determine the severity of MS pathology, including demyelination/remyelination and brain connectivity impairment from axonal loss. The broad spectrum of MS pathology manifests in diverse patient MRI presentations and affects the accuracy of patient diagnosis. To study specific pathological aspects of the disease, rodent models such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, virus-induced and toxin-induced demyelination have been developed. This review aims to present key developments in MRI methodology for better characterization of rodent models of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othman I Alomair
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- College of Applied Medical Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maree T Smith
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ian M Brereton
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Graham J Galloway
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nyoman D Kurniawan
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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21
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Nathoo N, Yong VW, Dunn JF. Understanding disease processes in multiple sclerosis through magnetic resonance imaging studies in animal models. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2014; 4:743-56. [PMID: 24936425 PMCID: PMC4053634 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
There are exciting new advances in multiple sclerosis (MS) resulting in a growing understanding of both the complexity of the disorder and the relative involvement of grey matter, white matter and inflammation. Increasing need for preclinical imaging is anticipated, as animal models provide insights into the pathophysiology of the disease. Magnetic resonance (MR) is the key imaging tool used to diagnose and to monitor disease progression in MS, and thus will be a cornerstone for future research. Although gadolinium-enhancing and T2 lesions on MRI have been useful for detecting MS pathology, they are not correlative of disability. Therefore, new MRI methods are needed. Such methods require validation in animal models. The increasing necessity for MRI of animal models makes it critical and timely to understand what research has been conducted in this area and what potential there is for use of MRI in preclinical models of MS. Here, we provide a review of MRI and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies that have been carried out in animal models of MS that focus on pathology. We compare the MRI phenotypes of animals and patients and provide advice on how best to use animal MR studies to increase our understanding of the linkages between MR and pathology in patients. This review describes how MRI studies of animal models have been, and will continue to be, used in the ongoing effort to understand MS. MRI studies of pathology in various animal models of MS are reviewed. MRI phenotypes in animal models of MS and MS patients are compared. Animal MRI can increase understanding of links between MR and pathology in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeela Nathoo
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - V. Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeff F. Dunn
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Experimental Imaging Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Corresponding author at: Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
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22
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Hamilton AM, Mallett C, Foster PJ. High-resolution MRI and nanoparticles: the future of brain imaging. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.13.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Cellular MRI uses superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles to label cells (in vitro or in vivo) for detection in magnetic resonance images. The infiltration of inflammatory macrophages can be visualized in brain diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, stroke and Alzheimer‘s disease, and correlates with disease severity and responses to treatments. Mesenchymal stromal cells, neural stem cells and immune cells used as cell therapies in CNS diseases can be tracked in vivo over time to determine their migration and dispersion. Tracking labeled cancer cells provides information about metastasis and proliferative status in preclinical tumor models. Ongoing technical improvements come from the development of new particles, the use of fluorine-based contrast agents and the refinement of high-field MRI for cell tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Hamilton
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Christiane Mallett
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Paula J Foster
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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23
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Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a central role in a variety of neurological diseases, including stroke, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and malignant CNS neoplasms, among many other. Different cell types and molecular mediators participate in a cascade of events in the brain that is ultimately aimed at control, regeneration and repair, but leads to damage of brain tissue under pathological conditions. Non-invasive molecular imaging of key players in the inflammation cascade holds promise for identification and quantification of the disease process before it is too late for effective therapeutic intervention. In this review, we focus on molecular imaging techniques that target inflammatory cells and molecules that are of interest in neuroinflammation, especially those with high translational potential. Over the past decade, a plethora of molecular imaging agents have been developed and tested in animal models of (neuro)inflammation, and a few have been translated from bench to bedside. The most promising imaging techniques to visualize neuroinflammation include MRI, positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and optical imaging methods. These techniques enable us to image adhesion molecules to visualize endothelial cell activation, assess leukocyte functions such as oxidative stress, granule release, and phagocytosis, and label a variety of inflammatory cells for cell tracking experiments. In addition, several cell types and their activation can be specifically targeted in vivo, and consequences of neuroinflammation such as neuronal death and demyelination can be quantified. As we continue to make progress in utilizing molecular imaging technology to study and understand neuroinflammation, increasing efforts and investment should be made to bring more of these novel imaging agents from the “bench to bedside.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pulli
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - John W Chen
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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24
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Mardiguian S, Serres S, Ladds E, Campbell SJ, Wilainam P, McFadyen C, McAteer M, Choudhury RP, Smith P, Saunders F, Watt G, Sibson NR, Anthony DC. Anti-IL-17A treatment reduces clinical score and VCAM-1 expression detected by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging in chronic relapsing EAE ABH mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:2071-81. [PMID: 23602647 PMCID: PMC3703548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
IL-17 is argued to play an important role in the multiple sclerosis-like disease experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE). We investigated the therapeutic effects of anti-IL-17A in a chronic relapsing EAE ABH mouse model using conventional scoring, quantitative behavioral outcomes, and a novel vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1)-targeted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent [anti-VCAM-microparticles of iron oxide (MPIO)] to identify conventionally undetectable neuropathology. Mice were administered prophylactic or treatment regimens of anti-IL-17A or IgG and two injections of anti-VCAM-MPIO before undergoing T2*-weighted three-dimensional and gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid T1-weighted MRI. Rotarod, inverted screen, and open field motor function tests were performed, conventional clinical scores calculated, and central IL-17A mRNA expression quantified during acute disease, remission, and relapse. Prophylactic anti-IL-17A prevents acute disease and relapse and is associated with reduced clinical and functional severity. Treatment regimens delay relapse, improve functional scores, and are associated with reduced VCAM-MPIO lesions during remission. No significant alteration was detectable in levels of gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid- or VCAM-MPIO-positive lesions during relapse. Prophylactic and treatment anti-IL-17A were therapeutically effective in chronic relapsing EAE, improving clinical and quantifiable functional outcomes. IL-17A expression seems significant during acute disease but less important chronically. Disease-related immunoneuropathology is more sensitively detected using VCAM-MPIO MRI, which may, therefore, be used to monitor therapy meaningfully.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Brain/metabolism
- Contrast Media
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Female
- Gadolinium DTPA
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Interleukin-17/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-17/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-17/genetics
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods
- Mice
- Mice, Biozzi
- Motor Activity
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Remission Induction
- Secondary Prevention
- Severity of Illness Index
- Treatment Outcome
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvy Mardiguian
- CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sébastien Serres
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Ladds
- Clinical Medical School, Magdalen College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra J. Campbell
- CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Panop Wilainam
- CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Charles McFadyen
- CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martina McAteer
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robin P. Choudhury
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, UCB Pharma S.A., Great Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - Fay Saunders
- Department of Antibody Biology, UCB Pharma S.A., Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Watt
- Department of Pharmacology, UCB Pharma S.A., Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola R. Sibson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel C. Anthony
- CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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25
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Masserini M. Nanoparticles for brain drug delivery. ISRN BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 2013:238428. [PMID: 25937958 PMCID: PMC4392984 DOI: 10.1155/2013/238428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system, one of the most delicate microenvironments of the body, is protected by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) regulating its homeostasis. BBB is a highly complex structure that tightly regulates the movement of ions of a limited number of small molecules and of an even more restricted number of macromolecules from the blood to the brain, protecting it from injuries and diseases. However, the BBB also significantly precludes the delivery of drugs to the brain, thus, preventing the therapy of a number of neurological disorders. As a consequence, several strategies are currently being sought after to enhance the delivery of drugs across the BBB. Within this review, the recently born strategy of brain drug delivery based on the use of nanoparticles, multifunctional drug delivery systems with size in the order of one-billionth of meters, is described. The review also includes a brief description of the structural and physiological features of the barrier and of the most utilized nanoparticles for medical use. Finally, the potential neurotoxicity of nanoparticles is discussed, and future technological approaches are described. The strong efforts to allow the translation from preclinical to concrete clinical applications are worth the economic investments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Masserini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
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26
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Tourdias T, Dousset V. Neuroinflammatory imaging biomarkers: relevance to multiple sclerosis and its therapy. Neurotherapeutics 2013; 10:111-23. [PMID: 23132327 PMCID: PMC3557362 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-012-0155-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging is an established tool in the management of multiple sclerosis (MS). Loss of blood brain barrier integrity assessed by gadolinium (Gd) enhancement is the current standard marker of MS activity. To explore the complex cascade of the inflammatory events, other magnetic resonance imaging, but also positron emission tomographic markers reviewed in this article are being developed to address active neuroinflammation with increased sensitivity and specificity. Alternative magnetic resonance contrast agents, positron emission tomographic tracers and imaging techniques could be more sensitive than Gd to early blood brain barrier alteration, and they could assess the inflammatory cell recruitment and/or the associated edema accumulation. These markers of active neuroinflammation, although some of them are limited to experimental studies, could find great relevance to complete Gd information and thereby increase our understanding of acute lesion pathophysiology and its noninvasive follow-up, especially to monitor treatment efficacy. Furthermore, such accurate markers of inflammation combined with those of neurodegeneration hold promise to provide a more complete picture of MS, which will be of great benefit for future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tourdias
- INSERM Unit 1049 Neuroinflammation, Imagerie et Thérapie de la Sclérose en Plaques, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, F-33076, France.
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Wei X, Wang W, Chen K. Preparation and characterization of ZnS:Tb,Gd and ZnS:Er,Yb,Gd nanoparticles for bimodal magnetic-fluorescent imaging. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:1752-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt31783d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Weise G, Stoll G. Magnetic resonance imaging of blood brain/nerve barrier dysfunction and leukocyte infiltration: closely related or discordant? Front Neurol 2012; 3:178. [PMID: 23267343 PMCID: PMC3527731 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike other organs the nervous system is secluded from the rest of the organism by the blood brain barrier (BBB) or blood nerve barrier (BNB) preventing passive influx of fluids from the circulation. Similarly, leukocyte entry to the nervous system is tightly controlled. Breakdown of these barriers and cellular inflammation are hallmarks of inflammatory as well as ischemic neurological diseases and thus represent potential therapeutic targets. The spatiotemporal relationship between BBB/BNB disruption and leukocyte infiltration has been a matter of debate. We here review contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a non-invasive tool to depict barrier dysfunction and its relation to macrophage infiltration in the central and peripheral nervous system under pathological conditions. Novel experimental contrast agents like Gadofluorine M (Gf) allow more sensitive assessment of BBB dysfunction than conventional Gadolinium (Gd)-DTPA enhanced MRI. In addition, Gf facilitates visualization of functional and transient alterations of the BBB remote from lesions. Cellular contrast agents such as superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIO) and perfluorocarbons enable assessment of leukocyte (mainly macrophage) infiltration by MR technology. Combined use of these MR contrast agents disclosed that leukocytes can enter the nervous system independent from a disturbance of the BBB, and vice versa, a dysfunctional BBB/BNB by itself is not sufficient to attract inflammatory cells from the circulation. We will illustrate these basic imaging findings in animal models of multiple sclerosis, cerebral ischemia, and traumatic nerve injury and review corresponding findings in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesa Weise
- Department of Neurology, University of Wuerzburg Wuerzburg, Germany ; Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology Leipzig, Germany ; Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine Leipzig, Germany
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Tourdias T, Roggerone S, Filippi M, Kanagaki M, Rovaris M, Miller DH, Petry KG, Brochet B, Pruvo JP, Radüe EW, Dousset V. Assessment of disease activity in multiple sclerosis phenotypes with combined gadolinium- and superparamagnetic iron oxide-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 2012; 264:225-33. [PMID: 22723563 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.12111416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions after the administration of a gadolinium-based contrast agent and ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) particles among the clinical phenotypes of MS and over time. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was approved by the local ethics committee, and written informed consent was obtained from all patients. Twenty-four patients with MS (10 with relapsing and 14 with progressive forms) underwent clinical and gadolinium- and USPIO-enhanced MR examinations at baseline and 6-month follow-up. The number of lesions that enhanced with gadolinium alone, USPIO alone, or both was compared with the Pearson χ2 or Fisher exact test, and lesion sizes were compared with the Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney U test. At 6-month follow-up, the lesion signal intensity on precontrast T1-weighted images and the enhancement after repeat injection of the contrast agent were compared with the baseline postcontrast imaging features by using the McNemar test. RESULTS Fifty-six lesions were considered active owing to contrast enhancement at baseline; 37 lesions (66%) in 10 patients enhanced with gadolinium. The use of USPIO helped detect 19 additional lesions (34%), and two additional patients were classified as having active disease. Thus, the use of both agents enabled detection of 51% (19 of 37 lesions) more lesions than with gadolinium alone. Enhanced lesions were more frequently observed in the relapsing compared with the progressive forms of MS (P<.0001). USPIO enhancement, in the form of ringlike patterns, could also be observed on T1-weighted images in patients with progressive MS, enabling the detection of five lesions in addition to the five detected with gadolinium in this phenotype. Lesions that enhanced with both contrast agents at baseline were larger (mean size, 6.5 mm±3.8; P=.001) and were more likely to persistently enhance at 6-month follow-up (seven of 27 lesions, P<.0001) compared with those that enhanced only with gadolinium (mean size, 4.9 mm±2.2; one of nine lesions) or USPIO (mean size, 3.5 mm±1.5; 0 of 17 lesions). CONCLUSION The combination of gadolinium and USPIO in patients with MS can help identify additional active lesions compared with the current standard, the gadolinium-only approach, even in progressive forms of MS. Lesions that enhance with both agents may exhibit a more aggressive evolution than those that enhance with only one contrast agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tourdias
- Department of Neuroradiology and INSERM U1049, CHU de Bordeaux, Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France.
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Schmitt C, Strazielle N, Ghersi-Egea JF. Brain leukocyte infiltration initiated by peripheral inflammation or experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis occurs through pathways connected to the CSF-filled compartments of the forebrain and midbrain. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:187. [PMID: 22870891 PMCID: PMC3458946 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been considered as a preferential pathway of circulation for immune cells during neuroimmune surveillance. In order to evaluate the involvement of CSF-filled spaces in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of multiple sclerosis, we performed a time-course analysis of immune cell association with the CSF-containing ventricles, velae, and cisterns in two active models of this disease. METHODS Guinea-pig spinal cord homogenate-induced EAE in rat and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced EAE in mouse were used. Leukocyte distribution and phenotypes were investigated by immunohistochemistry in serial sections of brain areas of interest, as well as in CSF withdrawn from rat. Immune cells associated with the choroid plexuses were quantified. RESULTS Freund's adjuvant-induced peripheral inflammation in the absence of brain antigen led to a subtle but definite increase in the number of myeloid cells in the extraventricular CSF spaces. In both rats and mice, EAE was characterized by a sustained and initial infiltration of lymphocytes and monocytes within forebrain/midbrain fluid-filled compartments such as the velum interpositum and ambient cisterns, and certain basal cisterns. Leukocytes further infiltrated periventricular and pericisternal parenchymal areas, along perivascular spaces or following a downward CSF-to-tissue gradient. Cells quantified in CSF sampled from rats included lymphocytes and neutrophils. The distinctive pattern of cell distribution suggests that both the choroid plexus and the vessels lying in the velae and cisterns are gates for early leukocyte entry in the central nervous system. B-cell infiltration observed in the mouse model was restricted to CSF-filled extraventricular compartments. CONCLUSION These results identified distinctive velae and cisterns of the forebrain and midbrain as preferential sites of immune cell homing following peripheral and early central inflammation and point to a role of CSF in directing brain invasion by immune cells during EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Schmitt
- Inserm U1028, CNRS NMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neurooncology & Neuroinflammation Team, Lyon 1 University, Faculté de Médecine Laennec, 7 rue G, Paradin, Lyon F-69008, France
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Williams R, Buchheit CL, Berman NEJ, LeVine SM. Pathogenic implications of iron accumulation in multiple sclerosis. J Neurochem 2011; 120:7-25. [PMID: 22004421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Iron, an essential element used for a multitude of biochemical reactions, abnormally accumulates in the CNS of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The mechanisms of abnormal iron deposition in MS are not fully understood, nor do we know whether these deposits have adverse consequences, that is, contribute to pathogenesis. With some exceptions, excess levels of iron are represented concomitantly in multiple deep gray matter structures often with bilateral representation, whereas in white matter, pathological iron deposits are usually located at sites of inflammation that are associated with veins. These distinct spatial patterns suggest disparate mechanisms of iron accumulation between these regions. Iron has been postulated to promote disease activity in MS by various means: (i) iron can amplify the activated state of microglia resulting in the increased production of proinflammatory mediators; (ii) excess intracellular iron deposits could promote mitochondria dysfunction; and (iii) improperly managed iron could catalyze the production of damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS). The pathological consequences of abnormal iron deposits may be dependent on the affected brain region and/or accumulation process. Here, we review putative mechanisms of enhanced iron uptake in MS and address the likely roles of iron in the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Williams
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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Settles M, Etzrodt M, Kosanke K, Schiemann M, Zimmermann A, Meier R, Braren R, Huber A, Rummeny EJ, Weissleder R, Swirski FK, Wildgruber M. Different capacity of monocyte subsets to phagocytose iron-oxide nanoparticles. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25197. [PMID: 21984904 PMCID: PMC3184946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the capacity of human CD14+CD16++ and CD14++CD16- monocytes to phagocyte iron-oxide nanoparticles in vitro. Methods Human monocytes were labeled with four different magnetic nanoparticle preparations (Ferumoxides, SHU 555C, CLIO-680, MION-48) exhibiting distinct properties and cellular uptake was quantitatively assessed by flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, atomic absorption spectrometry and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Additionally we determined whether cellular uptake of the nanoparticles resulted in phenotypic changes of cell surface markers. Results Cellular uptake differed between the four nanoparticle preparations. However for each nanoparticle tested, CD14++CD16- monocytes displayed a significantly higher uptake compared to CD14+CD16++ monocytes, this resulted in significantly lower T1 and T2 relaxation times of these cells. The uptake of iron-oxide nanoparticles further resulted in a remarkable shift of expression of cell surface proteins indicating that the labeling procedure affects the phenotype of CD14+CD16++ and CD14++CD16- monocytes differently. Conclusion Human monocyte subsets internalize different magnetic nanoparticle preparations differently, resulting in variable loading capacities, imaging phenotypes and likely biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Settles
- Institut für Radiologie, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Mueggler T, Pohl H, Baltes C, Riethmacher D, Suter U, Rudin M. MRI signature in a novel mouse model of genetically induced adult oligodendrocyte cell death. Neuroimage 2011; 59:1028-36. [PMID: 21945466 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two general pathological processes contribute to multiple sclerosis (MS): acute inflammation and degeneration. While magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is highly sensitive in detecting abnormalities related to acute inflammation both clinically and in animal models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the correlation of these readouts with acute and future disabilities has been found rather weak. This illustrates the need for imaging techniques addressing neurodegenerative processes associated with MS. In the present work we evaluated the sensitivity of different MRI techniques (T(2) mapping, macrophage tracking based on labeling cells in vivo by ultrasmall particles of iron oxide (USPIO), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and magnetization transfer imaging (MTI)) to detect histopathological changes in a novel animal model making use of intrinsic, temporally and spatially controlled triggering of oligodendrocyte cell death. This mouse model allows studying the MRI signature associated to neurodegenerative processes of MS in the absence of adaptive inflammatory components that appear to be foremost in the EAE models. Our results revealed pronounced T(2) hyperintensities in brain stem and cerebellar structures, which we attribute to structural alteration of white matter by pronounced vacuolation. Brain areas were found devoid of significant macrophage infiltration in line with the absence of a peripheral inflammatory response. The significant decrease in diffusion anisotropy derived from DTI measures in these structures is mainly caused by a pronounced decrease in diffusivity parallel to the fiber indicative of axonal damage. Triggering of oligodendrocyte ablation did not translate into a significant increase in radial diffusivity. Only minor decreases in MT ratio have been observed, which is attributed to inefficient removal of myelin debris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mueggler
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Mikita J, Dubourdieu-Cassagno N, Deloire MS, Vekris A, Biran M, Raffard G, Brochet B, Canron MH, Franconi JM, Boiziau C, Petry KG. Altered M1/M2 activation patterns of monocytes in severe relapsing experimental rat model of multiple sclerosis. Amelioration of clinical status by M2 activated monocyte administration. Mult Scler 2010; 17:2-15. [PMID: 20813772 DOI: 10.1177/1352458510379243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated proinflammatory M1 and immunomodulatory M2 activation profiles of circulating monocytes in relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis, and tested whether altered M1/M2 equilibrium promotes CNS inflammation. RESULTS Approaches of MRI macrophage tracking with USPIO nanoparticles and expression patterns of M1/M2 macrophages and microglia in brain and M1/M2 monocytes in blood samples at various disease stages revealed that M1/M2 equilibrium in blood and CNS favors mild EAE, while imbalance towards M1 promotes relapsing EAE. We consequently investigated whether M2 activated monocyte restoration in peripheral blood could cure acute clinical EAE disease. Administration of ex vivo activated M2 monocytes both suppressed ongoing severe EAE and increased immunomodulatory expression pattern in lesions, confirming their role in the induction of recovery. CONCLUSION We conclude that imbalance of monocyte activation profiles and impaired M2 expression, are key factors in development of relapses. Our study opens new perspectives for therapeutic applications in MS.
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Inflammation induced neurological handicap processes in multiple sclerosis: new insights from preclinical studies. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 117:907-17. [PMID: 20571836 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is described as originating from incompletely explained neuroinflammatory processes, dysfunction of neuronal repair mechanisms and chronicity of inflammation events. Blood-borne immune cell infiltration and microglia activation are causing both neuronal destruction and myelin loss, which are responsible for progressive motor deficiencies, organic and cognitive dysfunctions. MRI as a non-invasive imaging method offers various ways to visualise de- and remyelination, neuronal loss, leukocyte infiltration, blood-brain barrier modification and new sensors are emerging to detect inflammatory lesions at an early stage. We describe studies performed on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal models of MS that shed new light on mechanisms of functional impairments to understand the neurological handicap in MS. We focus on examples of neuroinflammation-mediated inhibition of CNS repair involving adult neurogenesis in the sub-ventricular zone and hippocampus and such experimentally observed inhibitions could reflect deficient plasticity and activation of compensatory mechanisms in MS. In parallel with cognitive decline, organic deficits such as bladder dysfunction are described in most of MS patients. Neuropharmacological interventions, electrical stimulation of nerves, MRI and histopathology follow-up studies helped in understanding the operating events to remodel the neurological networks and to compensate the inflammatory lesions both in spinal cord and in cortical regions. At the molecular level, the local production of reactive products is a well-described phenomenon: oxidative species disturb cellular physiology and generate new molecular epitopes that could further promote immune reactions. The translational research from EAE animal models to MS patient cohorts helps in understanding the mechanisms of the neurological handicap and in development of new therapeutic concepts in MS.
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Monitoring Lipids Uptake in Neurodegenerative Disorders By SECARS Microscopy. E-JOURNAL OF SURFACE SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2010.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging and potential therapeutic applications in neurooncology and central nervous system inflammatory pathologies, a review. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30:15-35. [PMID: 19756021 PMCID: PMC2949106 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have diverse diagnostic and potential therapeutic applications in the central nervous system (CNS). They are useful as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents to evaluate: areas of blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction related to tumors and other neuroinflammatory pathologies, the cerebrovasculature using perfusion-weighted MRI sequences, and in vivo cellular tracking in CNS disease or injury. Novel, targeted, nanoparticle synthesis strategies will allow for a rapidly expanding range of applications in patients with brain tumors, cerebral ischemia or stroke, carotid atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, and epilepsy. These strategies may ultimately improve disease detection, therapeutic monitoring, and treatment efficacy especially in the context of antiangiogenic chemotherapy and antiinflammatory medications. The purpose of this review is to outline the current status of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in the context of biomedical nanotechnology as they apply to diagnostic MRI and potential therapeutic applications in neurooncology and other CNS inflammatory conditions.
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Hueber AJ, Stevenson R, Stokes RJ, Graham D, Garside P, McInnes IB. Imaging inflammation in real time--future of nanoparticles. Autoimmunity 2009; 42:368-72. [PMID: 19811304 DOI: 10.1080/08916930902832298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The detection of subclinical early inflammation in autoimmune diseases is an important but currently technically demanding approach to direct initial diagnosis and subsequent choice of therapy. Recent advances in imaging using NP provides the potential to detect cellular recruitment, vascular activation or leakage at a subclinically stage of disease and may provide predictive "biomarkers" of future pathogenesis. The NP used are either untargeted and taken up by phagocytic cells, or are linked to a ligand, targeting localisation to the site of inflammation. Techniques, varying from MRI and fluorescence to Raman spectroscopy are being employed. In this short review, we summarise many of the recent developments in the field of NP imaging related to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel J Hueber
- Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
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Winkeler A, Boisgard R, Martin A, Tavitian B. Radioisotopic imaging of neuroinflammation. J Nucl Med 2009; 51:1-4. [PMID: 20008995 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.109.065680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory responses are closely associated with many neurologic disorders and influence their outcome. In vivo imaging can document events accompanying neuroinflammation, such as changes in blood flow, vascular permeability, tightness of the blood-to-brain barrier, local metabolic activity, and expression of specific molecular targets. Here, we briefly review current methods for imaging neuroinflammation, with special emphasis on nuclear imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Winkeler
- CEA, I(2)BM, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, LIME, INSERM U803, 91400 Orsay, France
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McAteer MA, Choudhury RP. Chapter 4 - Applications of nanotechnology in molecular imaging of the brain. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2009; 180:72-96. [PMID: 20302829 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)80004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Rapid advances in the field of nanotechnology promise revolutionary improvements in the diagnosis and therapy of neuroinflammatory disorders. An array of iron oxide nano- and microparticle agents have been developed for in vivo molecular magnetic resonance imaging (mMRI) of cerebrovascular endothelial targets, such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), E-selectin, and the glycoprotein receptor GP IIb/IIIa expressed on activated platelets. Molecular markers of glioma cells, such as matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and markers for brain tumor angiogenesis, such as alpha (v) beta (3) integrin (alpha(v)beta(3)), have also been successfully targeted using nanoparticle imaging probes. This chapter provides an overview of targeted, iron oxide nano- and microparticles that have been applied for in vivo mMRI of the brain in experimental models of multiple sclerosis (MS), brain ischemia, cerebral malaria (CM), brain cancer, and Alzheimer's disease. The potential of targeted nanoparticle agents for application in clinical imaging is also discussed, including multimodal and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina A McAteer
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK.
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Robinson KM, Njus JM, Phillips DA, Proctor TM, Rooney WD, Jones RE. MR imaging of inflammation during myelin-specific T cell-mediated autoimmune attack in the EAE mouse spinal cord. Mol Imaging Biol 2009; 12:240-9. [PMID: 19949987 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-009-0272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to detect myelin-specific T cells, key pathological mediators in early multiple sclerosis, and the corresponding animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), in the mouse spinal cord. PROCEDURES T cells were labeled with the iron-based, magnetic resonance (MR) contrast reagent, Feridex, and the transfection reagent, protamine sulfate, resulting in approximately 100% iron-labeling efficiency. Feridex-labeling did not alter the induction of EAE by T cells, and recipients were imaged by a 12-T MR instrument. RESULTS Focal hypointense lesions were resolvable to gray or white matter of the lumbar spinal cord in T(2)-weighted images of the recipients of Feridex-labeled T cells. Lesions corresponded to histological evidence of inflammatory lesions and iron-labeled cells in eight-of-eight mice. In contrast, hypointense lesions were not observed eight-of-eight recipients of unlabeled T cells. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate and provide methodologies for labeling, detecting, and extracting MRI-detectable foci of iron-labeled cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine M Robinson
- V.A. Medical Center, VA R&D 23, Bldg 101, 3710 SW US Veteran's Hospital Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Boelen A, Mikita J, Boiziau C, Chassande O, Fliers E, Petry KG. Type 3 deiodinase expression in inflammatory spinal cord lesions in rat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Thyroid 2009; 19:1401-6. [PMID: 19916870 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2009.0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have shown substantial expression of type 3 deiodinase (D3, a major enzyme involved in the inactivation of thyroid hormone) in infiltrating leukocytes in several models of inflammation. Recently, thyroid hormone has been shown to improve remyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis. As induction of D3 may play an important role in decreasing local bioavailability of thyroid hormone at inflammation sites, we hypothesized that D3 is induced in spinal cord inflammatory lesions in EAE. METHODS The aim of the study was to evaluate D3 expression in spinal cord inflammatory lesions of EAE Dark Agouti rats and to investigate D3 induction in activated monocytes. RESULTS Here, we show marked expression of D3 by granulocytes and macrophages in spinal cord inflammatory lesions of EAE rats. We further confirm induction of D3 expression in vitro in monocytes that were activated toward proinflammatory or immunomodulatory phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS We observed increased D3 expression both in spinal cord inflammatory lesions during EAE and in activated monocytes. Although increased D3 expression theoretically results in decreased triiodothyronine availability, it is unknown at present whether reduced local triiodothyronine concentrations are involved in impaired remyelination as observed during EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Boelen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Ulbrich W, Lamprecht A. Targeted drug-delivery approaches by nanoparticulate carriers in the therapy of inflammatory diseases. J R Soc Interface 2009; 7 Suppl 1:S55-66. [PMID: 19940000 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2009.0285.focus] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Limitations in therapy induced by adverse effects due to unselective drug availability and therefore the use of potentially too high doses are a common problem. One prominent example for this dilemma are inflammatory diseases. Colloidal carriers allow one to improve delivery of drugs to the site of action and appear promising to overcome this general therapeutic drawback. Specific uptake of nanoparticles by immune-related cells in inflamed barriers offers selective drug targeting to the inflamed tissue. Here we focus on nanocarrier-based drug delivery strategies for the treatment of common inflammatory disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, uveitis or inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Ulbrich
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Spatial diversity of blood-brain barrier alteration and macrophage invasion in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a comparative MRI study. Exp Neurol 2009; 220:207-11. [PMID: 19733560 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2009] [Revised: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a central role in the development of numerous disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) such as multiple sclerosis (MS). For a long time it was assumed that recruitment of macrophages into the CNS and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are closely linked. In the present study we challenge this concept. We used small superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIO)-enhanced T2-weighted (T2-w) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on a routine 1.5 T MRI unit to follow macrophage infiltration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of MS. After an initial SPIO-enhanced MRI, gadofluorine M (Gf), an experimental contrast agent which proved to be more sensitive in detecting BBB leakage than gadolinium (Gd)-DTPA (Bendszus, M., Ladewig, G., Jestaedt, L., Misselwitz, B., Solymosi, L., Toyka, K.V., Stoll, G., Gadofluorine-M enhancement allows more sensitive detection of inflammatory CNS lesions than T2-w imaging: a quantitative MRI study. Brain 2008; 1-12), was applied to the same animals followed by a second scan. Areas with SPIO-induced signal loss on T2-w MRI indicative of recent macrophage infiltration were matched with areas showing Gf enhancement as a measure of BBB disturbance. Overall 87 EAE lesions showed iron-related signal loss, while 57 lesions showed Gf enhancement. By direct comparison we could detect concomitant SPIO-induced signal loss and Gf enhancement only in a small minority of lesions. In conclusion, our findings show macrophage infiltration in the CNS during EAE in areas with a closed BBB for humoral factors. This holds true despite the use of a more sensitive MR contrast agent for BBB disruption than Gd-DTPA. Our experimental observations may have implications for disease monitoring in MS patients by MRI which guides treatment decisions.
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45
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Tourdias T, Brochet B, Petry KG, Dousset V. [Magnetic resonance imaging of central nervous system inflammation]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2009; 165 Suppl 3:S77-87. [PMID: 19524099 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-3787(09)73952-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely used to explore central nervous system inflammatory disorders, especially multiple sclerosis (MS). Advanced MRI methods are bringing more sensitive and specific tools for each step of the inflammatory process. In this review, we discuss the different MRI approaches for inflammatory disorders exploration, especially MS. We give particular emphasize on sensibility and specificity of each MRI approach and we also discuss the current knowledge concerning biological and histopathological substratum that could explain MRI signal with each modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tourdias
- Service de Neuroradiologie diagnostique et thérapeutique, CHU de Bordeaux, Place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
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Shubayev VI, Pisanic TR, Jin S. Magnetic nanoparticles for theragnostics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:467-77. [PMID: 19389434 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 593] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Engineered magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) represent a cutting-edge tool in medicine because they can be simultaneously functionalized and guided by a magnetic field. Use of MNPs has advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), guided drug and gene delivery, magnetic hyperthermia cancer therapy, tissue engineering, cell tracking and bioseparation. Integrative therapeutic and diagnostic (i.e., theragnostic) applications have emerged with MNP use, such as MRI-guided cell replacement therapy or MRI-based imaging of cancer-specific gene delivery. However, mounting evidence suggests that certain properties of nanoparticles (e.g., enhanced reactive area, ability to cross cell and tissue barriers, resistance to biodegradation) amplify their cytotoxic potential relative to molecular or bulk counterparts. Oxidative stress, a 3-tier paradigm of nanotoxicity, manifests in activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (tier I), followed by a proinflammatory response (tier II) and DNA damage leading to cellular apoptosis and mutagenesis (tier III). Invivo administered MNPs are quickly challenged by macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system (RES), resulting in not only neutralization of potential MNP toxicity but also reduced circulation time necessary for MNP efficacy. We discuss the role of MNP size, composition and surface chemistry in their intracellular uptake, biodistribution, macrophage recognition and cytotoxicity, and review current studies on MNP toxicity, caveats of nanotoxicity assessments and engineering strategies to optimize MNPs for biomedical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica I Shubayev
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0629, USA.
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47
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Systemic inflammatory response reactivates immune-mediated lesions in rat brain. J Neurosci 2009; 29:4820-8. [PMID: 19369550 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0406-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential association between microbial infection and reactivation of a multiple sclerosis (MS) lesion is an important issue that remains unresolved, primarily because of the absence of suitable animal models and imaging techniques. Here, we have evaluated this question in an empirical manner using immunohistochemistry and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), before and after the induction of a systemic inflammatory response in two distinct models of MS. In a pattern-II-type focal myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model, systemic endotoxin injection caused an increase in regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) around the lesion site after 6 h, together with a reduction in the magnetization transfer ratio of the lesioned corpus callosum. These changes were followed by an increase in the diffusion of tissue water within the lesion 24 h after endotoxin challenge and new leukocyte recruitment as revealed both immunohistochemically and by MRI tracking of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide-labeled macrophages. Importantly, we detected in vivo expression of E- and P-selectin in quiescent lesions by MRI-detectable glyconanoparticles conjugated to sialyl Lewis(X). This finding may explain, at least in part, the ability of quiescent MS lesions to rapidly reinitiate the cell recruitment processes. In a pattern-I-type delayed-type hypersensitivity response model, a similar effect of endotoxin challenge on rCBV was observed, together with delayed breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, showing that systemic infection can alter the pathogenesis of MS-like lesions regardless of lesion etiology. These findings will have important implications for the management and monitoring of individuals with MS.
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48
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Distinct spatiotemporal pattern of CNS lesions revealed by USPIO-enhanced MRI in MOG-induced EAE rats implicates the involvement of spino-olivocerebellar pathways. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 211:49-55. [PMID: 19346009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
USPIO-enhanced MRI allows non-invasive visualization of mononuclear cell infiltration into CNS lesions in MS and EAE. Herein, we show a distinct spatiotemporal pattern of CNS lesions that reveals the involvement of spino-olivocerebellar pathways in MOG-induced EAE rats using USPIO-enhanced MRI. Specifically, lesions of the inferior olives were observed primarily in the acute phase whereas lesions of cerebellum or spinal cord/brainstem were observed during the relapse phase. Further, behavioral deficits observed from these animals are consistent with the functional role of spino-olivocerebellar pathways in coordination and movement. Collectively, our results provide new insights into the pathophysiology of this animal model of MS.
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MacKay AL, Vavasour IM, Rauscher A, Kolind SH, Mädler B, Moore GRW, Traboulsee AL, Li DKB, Laule C. MR relaxation in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2009; 19:1-26. [PMID: 19064196 DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of relaxation times and their application to normal brain and brain and cord affected by multiple sclerosis. The goal is to provide readers with an intuitive understanding of what influences relaxation times, how relaxation times can be accurately measured, and how they provide specific information about the pathology of MS. The article summarizes significant results from relaxation time studies in the normal human brain and cord and from people who have multiple sclerosis. It also reports on studies that have compared relaxation time results with results from other MR techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L MacKay
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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50
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Beckmann N, Cannet C, Babin AL, Blé F, Zurbruegg S, Kneuer R, Dousset V. In vivo
visualization of macrophage infiltration and activity in inflammation using magnetic resonance imaging. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 1:272-98. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolau Beckmann
- Global Imaging Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH‐4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Cannet
- Global Imaging Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH‐4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Louise Babin
- Global Imaging Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH‐4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Respiratory Diseases Department, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH‐4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, King's College, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - François‐Xavier Blé
- Respiratory Diseases Department, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH‐4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Canada M5T 3H7
| | - Stefan Zurbruegg
- Global Imaging Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH‐4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Kneuer
- Global Imaging Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH‐4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Dousset
- University Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, EA 2966 Neurobiology of Myelin Disease Laboratory, CHU de Bordeaux, F‐33076 Bordeaux, France
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