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Naoi N, Minagawa Y, Yamamoto JI, Kojima S. Infants' Prefrontal Hemodynamic Responses and Functional Connectivity During Joint Attention in an Interactive-Live Setting. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:821248. [PMID: 35782576 PMCID: PMC9240356 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2022.821248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined cerebral hemodynamic responses and functional connectivity during joint attention either initiated by infants (Initiating Joint Attention, IJA condition) or by their partner (Responding to Joint Attention, RJA condition). To capture responses to natural social cues in infants aged 7–12 months using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), we employed an interactive-live paradigm for IJA and RJA. During the measurement, an adult sat facing an infant, and objects, such as small stuffed animals, paired with sound toys were presented to the right or left side of the screen. In the RJA condition, the adult gazed at the infants' eyes and then to the objects to encourage the infants to follow the adult's gaze. On the other hand, in the IJA condition, the adult followed the infant's gaze as it shifted to the presented object. Our results indicate that the concentration of oxy-Hb in the bilateral ventral prefrontal region had significantly decreased, then followed by an increase in the right dorsal prefrontal region in the RJA. In addition, a selective activation in the bilateral dorsal prefrontal region was seen in the IJA condition. Moreover, the infants exhibited increased functional connectivity especially within the right ventral prefrontal region during RJA condition when compared with IJA conditions. These findings suggest that RJA and IJA recruit specific brain networks localized in the prefrontal cortex of infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Naoi
- Department of Psychology and Linguistics, International Christian University, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Nozomi Naoi
| | - Yasuyo Minagawa
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Letters, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Human Relations, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Yamamoto
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Letters, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Human Relations, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shozo Kojima
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Letters, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
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Shan Y, Wang Z, Song S, Xue Q, Ge Q, Yang H, Cui B, Zhang M, Zhou Y, Lu J. Integrated Positron Emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Resting-State Functional and Metabolic Imaging in Human Brain: What Is Correlated and What Is Impacted. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:824152. [PMID: 35310105 PMCID: PMC8926297 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.824152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrated positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could simultaneously obtain both functional MRI (fMRI) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET and thus provide multiparametric information for the analysis of brain metabolism. In this study, we aimed to, for the first time, investigate the interplay of simultaneous fMRI and FDG PET scan using a randomized self-control protocol. In total, 24 healthy volunteers underwent PET/MRI scan for 30–40 min after the injection of FDG. A 22-min brain scan was separated into MRI-off mode (without fMRI pulsing) and MRI-on mode (with fMRI pulsing), with each one lasting for 11 min. We calculated the voxel-wise fMRI metrics (regional homogeneity, amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations, fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations, and degree centrality), resting networks, relative standardized uptake value ratios (SUVr), SUVr slope, and regional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (rCMRGlu) maps. Paired two-sample t-tests were applied to assess the statistical differences between SUVr, SUVr slope, correlation coefficients of fMRI metrics, and rCMRGlu between MRI-off and MRI-on modes, respectively. The voxel-wise whole-brain SUVr revealed no statistical difference (P > 0.05), while the SUVr slope was significantly elevated in sensorimotor, dorsal attention, ventral attention, control, default, and auditory networks (P < 0.05) during fMRI scan. The task-based group independent-component analysis revealed that the most active network components derived from the combined MRI-off and MRI-on static PET images were frontal pole, superior frontal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, and occipital pole. High correlation coefficients were found among fMRI metrics with rCMRGlu in both MRI-off and MRI-on mode (P < 0.05). Our results systematically evaluated the impact of simultaneous fMRI scan on the quantification of human brain metabolism from an integrated PET/MRI system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shan
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Central Research Institute, United Imaging Healthcare Group, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuangshuang Song
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoyi Xue
- Central Research Institute, United Imaging Healthcare Group, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Ge
- Central Research Institute, United Imaging Healthcare Group, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China
| | - Bixiao Cui
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Central Research Institute, United Imaging Healthcare Group, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China
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Yoo SH, Santosa H, Kim CS, Hong KS. Decoding Multiple Sound-Categories in the Auditory Cortex by Neural Networks: An fNIRS Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:636191. [PMID: 33994978 PMCID: PMC8113416 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.636191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to decode the hemodynamic responses (HRs) evoked by multiple sound-categories using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). The six different sounds were given as stimuli (English, non-English, annoying, nature, music, and gunshot). The oxy-hemoglobin (HbO) concentration changes are measured in both hemispheres of the auditory cortex while 18 healthy subjects listen to 10-s blocks of six sound-categories. Long short-term memory (LSTM) networks were used as a classifier. The classification accuracy was 20.38 ± 4.63% with six class classification. Though LSTM networks' performance was a little higher than chance levels, it is noteworthy that we could classify the data subject-wise without feature selections.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Hyeon Yoo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hendrik Santosa
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Chang-Seok Kim
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Keum-Shik Hong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
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Hong KS, Santosa H. Decoding four different sound-categories in the auditory cortex using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Hear Res 2016; 333:157-166. [PMID: 26828741 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The ability of the auditory cortex in the brain to distinguish different sounds is important in daily life. This study investigated whether activations in the auditory cortex caused by different sounds can be distinguished using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). The hemodynamic responses (HRs) in both hemispheres using fNIRS were measured in 18 subjects while exposing them to four sound categories (English-speech, non-English-speech, annoying sounds, and nature sounds). As features for classifying the different signals, the mean, slope, and skewness of the oxy-hemoglobin (HbO) signal were used. With regard to the language-related stimuli, the HRs evoked by understandable speech (English) were observed in a broader brain region than were those evoked by non-English speech. Also, the magnitudes of the HbO signals evoked by English-speech were higher than those of non-English speech. The ratio of the peak values of non-English and English speech was 72.5%. Also, the brain region evoked by annoying sounds was wider than that by nature sounds. However, the signal strength for nature sounds was stronger than that for annoying sounds. Finally, for brain-computer interface (BCI) purposes, the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and support vector machine (SVM) classifiers were applied to the four sound categories. The overall classification performance for the left hemisphere was higher than that for the right hemisphere. Therefore, for decoding of auditory commands, the left hemisphere is recommended. Also, in two-class classification, the annoying vs. nature sounds comparison provides a higher classification accuracy than the English vs. non-English speech comparison. Finally, LDA performs better than SVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keum-Shik Hong
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hendrik Santosa
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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Yakunina N, Kang EK, Kim TS, Min JH, Kim SS, Nam EC. Effects of scanner acoustic noise on intrinsic brain activity during auditory stimulation. Neuroradiology 2015; 57:1063-73. [PMID: 26193957 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-015-1561-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although the effects of scanner background noise (SBN) during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have been extensively investigated for the brain regions involved in auditory processing, its impact on other types of intrinsic brain activity has largely been neglected. The present study evaluated the influence of SBN on a number of intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) during auditory stimulation by comparing the results obtained using sparse temporal acquisition (STA) with those using continuous acquisition (CA). METHODS Fourteen healthy subjects were presented with classical music pieces in a block paradigm during two sessions of STA and CA. A volume-matched CA dataset (CAm) was generated by subsampling the CA dataset to temporally match it with the STA data. Independent component analysis was performed on the concatenated STA-CAm datasets, and voxel data, time courses, power spectra, and functional connectivity were compared. RESULTS The ICA revealed 19 ICNs; the auditory, default mode, salience, and frontoparietal networks showed greater activity in the STA. The spectral peaks in 17 networks corresponded to the stimulation cycles in the STA, while only five networks displayed this correspondence in the CA. The dorsal default mode and salience networks exhibited stronger correlations with the stimulus waveform in the STA. CONCLUSIONS SBN appeared to influence not only the areas of auditory response but also the majority of other ICNs, including attention and sensory networks. Therefore, SBN should be regarded as a serious nuisance factor during fMRI studies investigating intrinsic brain activity under external stimulation or task loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Yakunina
- Institute of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyoung Kang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Su Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Otolaryngology, Kangwon National University, School of Medicine, Kangwondaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Min
- Department of Biopsychology, Cognition, and Neuroscience, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sam Soo Kim
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Radiology, Kangwon National University, School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Nam
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Otolaryngology, Kangwon National University, School of Medicine, Kangwondaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
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Santosa H, Hong MJ, Hong KS. Lateralization of music processing with noises in the auditory cortex: an fNIRS study. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:418. [PMID: 25538583 PMCID: PMC4260509 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study is to determine the effects of background noise on the hemispheric lateralization in music processing by exposing 14 subjects to four different auditory environments: music segments only, noise segments only, music + noise segments, and the entire music interfered by noise segments. The hemodynamic responses in both hemispheres caused by the perception of music in 10 different conditions were measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. As a feature to distinguish stimulus-evoked hemodynamics, the difference between the mean and the minimum value of the hemodynamic response for a given stimulus was used. The right-hemispheric lateralization in music processing was about 75% (instead of continuous music, only music segments were heard). If the stimuli were only noises, the lateralization was about 65%. But, if the music was mixed with noises, the right-hemispheric lateralization has increased. Particularly, if the noise was a little bit lower than the music (i.e., music level 10~15%, noise level 10%), the entire subjects showed the right-hemispheric lateralization: This is due to the subjects' effort to hear the music in the presence of noises. However, too much noise has reduced the subjects' discerning efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Santosa
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University Busan, South Korea
| | - Melissa Jiyoun Hong
- Department of Education Policy and Social Analysis, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
| | - Keum-Shik Hong
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University Busan, South Korea ; School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University Busan, South Korea
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Langers DRM, Sanchez-Panchuelo RM, Francis ST, Krumbholz K, Hall DA. Neuroimaging paradigms for tonotopic mapping (II): the influence of acquisition protocol. Neuroimage 2014; 100:663-75. [PMID: 25067814 PMCID: PMC5546393 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies on the tonotopic organisation of auditory cortex in humans have employed a wide range of neuroimaging protocols to assess cortical frequency tuning. In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we made a systematic comparison between acquisition protocols with variable levels of interference from acoustic scanner noise. Using sweep stimuli to evoke travelling waves of activation, we measured sound-evoked response signals using sparse, clustered, and continuous imaging protocols that were characterised by inter-scan intervals of 8.8, 2.2, or 0.0 s, respectively. With regard to sensitivity to sound-evoked activation, the sparse and clustered protocols performed similarly, and both detected more activation than the continuous method. Qualitatively, tonotopic maps in activated areas proved highly similar, in the sense that the overall pattern of tonotopic gradients was reproducible across all three protocols. However, quantitatively, we observed substantial reductions in response amplitudes to moderately low stimulus frequencies that coincided with regions of strong energy in the scanner noise spectrum for the clustered and continuous protocols compared to the sparse protocol. At the same time, extreme frequencies became over-represented for these two protocols, and high best frequencies became relatively more abundant. Our results indicate that although all three scanning protocols are suitable to determine the layout of tonotopic fields, an exact quantitative assessment of the representation of various sound frequencies is substantially confounded by the presence of scanner noise. In addition, we noticed anomalous signal dynamics in response to our travelling wave paradigm that suggest that the assessment of frequency-dependent tuning is non-trivially influenced by time-dependent (hemo)dynamics when using sweep stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave R M Langers
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Hearing Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Otology and Hearing Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Rosa M Sanchez-Panchuelo
- Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Susan T Francis
- Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Deborah A Hall
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Hearing Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Otology and Hearing Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Naoi N, Fuchino Y, Shibata M, Niwa F, Kawai M, Konishi Y, Okanoya K, Myowa-Yamakoshi M. Decreased right temporal activation and increased interhemispheric connectivity in response to speech in preterm infants at term-equivalent age. Front Psychol 2013; 4:94. [PMID: 23459601 PMCID: PMC3585712 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm infants are at increased risk of language-related problems later in life; however, few studies have examined the effects of preterm birth on cerebral responses to speech at very early developmental stages. This study examined cerebral activation and functional connectivity in response to infant-directed speech (IDS) and adult-directed speech (ADS) in full-term neonates and preterm infants at term-equivalent age using 94-channel near-infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that compared with ADS, IDS increased activity in larger brain areas such as the bilateral frontotemporal, temporal, and temporoparietal regions, both in full-term and preterm infants. Preterm infants exhibited decreased activity in response to speech stimuli in the right temporal region compared with full-term infants, although the significance was low. Moreover, preterm infants exhibited increased interhemispheric connectivity compared with full-term controls, especially in the temporal and temporoparietal regions. These differences suggest that preterm infants may follow different developmental trajectories from those born at term owing to differences in intrauterine and extrauterine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Naoi
- Okanoya Emotional Information Project, The Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology, Japan Agency of Science and Technology Saitama, Japan ; Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
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Santosa H, Hong KS. Asymmetry brain function in auditory cortex: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2013; 2013:1784-1786. [PMID: 24110054 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2013.6609867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) can measure the change of hemodynamic response, it enables to determine the concentration changes of oxy-hemoglobin and deoxy-hemoglobin. The aim in this paper is to investigate the forms of lateralization or asymmetry brain function in auditory cortex using fNIRS. This technique shows good promise for assessment of asymmetry functions in the auditory cortex.
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Naoi N, Minagawa-Kawai Y, Kobayashi A, Takeuchi K, Nakamura K, Yamamoto JI, Kojima S. Cerebral responses to infant-directed speech and the effect of talker familiarity. Neuroimage 2011; 59:1735-44. [PMID: 21867764 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of behavioral studies suggest that infant-directed speech (IDS) plays a more important role in facilitating both: a) speech perception, and b) adult-infant social interactions than does adult-directed speech (ADS), and hence that IDS contributes to subsequent social and language development. However neural substrates that may underlie these IDS functions have not been examined. The present study examined cerebral hemodynamic responses to IDS in 48 infants (4-13 months of age) using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Japanese sentences uttered by the infants' own mothers and by unfamiliar mothers were used to record activations in temporal and frontal area separately. Increased activations were observed predominantly in infants' left and right temporal areas when they listened to IDS rather than to ADS when both involved voices of their own and unfamiliar mothers. In contrast, significantly greater activations were observed in the frontal area when infants listened to IDS produced by their own mothers, not when IDS arose from unfamiliar mothers. Furthermore, the present results indicate that responses to IDS do vary as a function of the infant's age and the talker familiarity. These findings suggest a differential function for frontal and temporal areas in processing infant-directed speech by the different speakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Naoi
- Department of Psychology, Keio University, 2-15-45 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8345, Japan.
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Langers DRM, van Dijk P. Robustness of intrinsic connectivity networks in the human brain to the presence of acoustic scanner noise. Neuroimage 2011; 55:1617-32. [PMID: 21255663 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Evoked responses in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are affected by the presence of acoustic scanner noise (ASN). Particularly, stimulus-related activation of the auditory system and deactivation of the default mode network have repeatedly been shown to diminish. In contrast, little is known about the influence of ASN on the spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity that are crucial for network-related neuroimaging methods like independent component analysis (ICA) or functional and effective connectivity analysis (ECA). The present study assessed the robustness of intrinsic connectivity networks in the human brain to the presence of ASN by comparing 'silent' (sparse) and 'noisy' (continuous) acquisition schemes, both during task performance and during rest. In agreement with existing literature, ASN strongly diminished conventional evoked response levels. In contrast, ICA and ECA robustly identified similar functional networks regardless of the scanning method. ASN affected the strength of only few independent components, and effective connectivity was hardly sensitive to ASN overall. However, unexpectedly, ICA revealed notable differences in the underlying neurodynamics. In particular, low-frequency network oscillations dominated in the commonly used continuous scanning environment, but signal spectra were significantly flatter during the less noisy sparse scanning runs. We tentatively attribute these differences to the ubiquitous influence of ASN on alertness and arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave R M Langers
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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