1
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Wang Y, Zhao Q, Shan X, Lu Y. Coping strategies and brain activity in table tennis players faced with discrepancies between predicted and actual outcomes. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:665-675. [PMID: 38780523 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2358291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Prior studies have shown that experts possess an excellent ability for action anticipation. However, it is not clear how experts process the discrepancies between predicted outcomes and actual outcomes. Based on Bayesian theory, Experiment 1 in the current study explored this question by categorizing unexpected outcomes into gradually increasing discrepancies and comparing the performance of experts and novices on a congruence discrimination task. Our behavioral analysis revealed that experts outperformed novices significantly in detecting these discrepancies. The following electroencephalogram study in Experiment 2 was conducted focused exclusively on experts to examine the role of theta wave oscillations within the mid-frontal cortex in processing varying levels of discrepancy. The results showed that reaction time and theta oscillations gradually increased as the magnitude of discrepancy increased. These findings indicate that compared to the novices, experts have a better ability to perceptual the discrepancy. Also, the magnitude of discrepancies induced an increase in mid-frontal theta in experts, providing greater flexibility in their response strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyue Wang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiwei Zhao
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Shan
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingzhi Lu
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Sports Cognition Assessment and Regulation of the General Administration of Sport of China, Shanghai, China
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2
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Zucchini E, Borzelli D, Casile A. Representational momentum of biological motion in full-body, point-light and single-dot displays. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10488. [PMID: 37380666 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36870-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Observing the actions of others triggers, in our brain, an internal and automatic simulation of its unfolding in time. Here, we investigated whether the instantaneous internal representation of an observed action is modulated by the point of view under which an action is observed and the stimulus type. To this end, we motion captured the elliptical arm movement of a human actor and used these trajectories to animate a photorealistic avatar, a point-light stimulus or a single dot rendered either from an egocentric or an allocentric point of view. Crucially, the underlying physical characteristics of the movement were the same in all conditions. In a representational momentum paradigm, we then asked subjects to report the perceived last position of an observed movement at the moment in which the stimulus was randomly stopped. In all conditions, subjects tended to misremember the last configuration of the observed stimulus as being further forward than the veridical last showed position. This misrepresentation was however significantly smaller for full-body stimuli compared to point-light and single dot displays and it was not modulated by the point of view. It was also smaller when first-person full body stimuli were compared with a stimulus consisting of a solid shape moving with the same physical motion. We interpret these findings as evidence that full-body stimuli elicit a simulation process that is closer to the instantaneous veridical configuration of the observed movements while impoverished displays (both point-light and single-dot) elicit a prediction that is further forward in time. This simulation process seems to be independent from the point of view under which the actions are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zucchini
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication (CTNSC), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Ferrara, Italy
| | - Daniele Borzelli
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Casile
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication (CTNSC), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Ferrara, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
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3
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Le Besnerais A, Prigent E, Grynszpan O. Agency and social affordance shape visual perception. Cognition 2023; 233:105361. [PMID: 36563643 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Research on the sense of agency has shown that being the author of an action changes the way we estimate the timing and the intensity of the action-effect. Yet, there is a dearth of attempts to assess the influence of agency on perception per se. The present study used the Representational Momentum paradigm to measure participants' visual anticipation of movement while manipulating their agency. In line with previous literature emphasizing the impact of social factors on visual anticipation and on the sense of agency, we additionally investigated the modulating power of social affordances on the relationship between agency and visual anticipation. We conducted two experiments where participants viewed a virtual agent directing a handshake gesture toward a second virtual agent. In a first experiment, we addressed the role of agency on visual anticipation by comparing a condition in which participants triggered the virtual agent's gesture with a condition where the computer triggered the gesture. Results showed greater forward movement anticipation when participants triggered the gesture. The second experiment investigated how altering social interaction parameters (interindividual distance and body posture) modulated the relationship between agency and visual anticipation. The outcome contrasted with the first experiment, with participants anticipating a backward movement of the hand when the computer triggered the gesture and displaying a null anticipation when participants triggered the gesture. Those two experiments highlighted how active involvement and environmental affordance interact to shape perception and allowed us to propose an updated model of agency processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Le Besnerais
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Sciences du Numérique, 91400 Orsay, France.
| | - Elise Prigent
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Sciences du Numérique, 91400 Orsay, France.
| | - Ouriel Grynszpan
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Sciences du Numérique, 91400 Orsay, France.
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4
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McDonough KL, Bach P. Expectations of efficient actions bias social perception: a pre-registered online replication. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:220889. [PMID: 36844804 PMCID: PMC9943882 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Humans take a teleological stance when observing others' actions, interpreting them as intentional and goal directed. In predictive processing accounts of social perception, this teleological stance would be mediated by a perceptual prediction of an ideal energy-efficient reference trajectory with which a rational actor would achieve their goals within the current environmental constraints. Hudson and colleagues (2018 Proc. R. Soc. B 285, 20180638. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.0638)) tested this hypothesis in a series of experiments in which participants reported the perceived disappearance points of hands reaching for objects. They found that these judgements were biased towards the expected efficient reference trajectories. Observed straight reaches were reported higher when an obstacle needed to be overcome than if the path was clear. By contrast, unnecessarily high reaches over empty space were perceptually flattened. Moreover, these perceptual biases increased the more the environmental constraints and expected action trajectories were explicitly processed. These findings provide an important advance to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying social perception. The current replication tests the robustness of these findings and whether they uphold in an online setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina L. McDonough
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, King's College, William Guild Building, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK
| | - Patric Bach
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, King's College, William Guild Building, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK
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5
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Bachmann J, Krüger B, Keck J, Munzert J, Zabicki A. When the timing is right: The link between temporal coupling in dyadic interactions and emotion recognition. Cognition 2022; 229:105267. [PMID: 36058018 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Affective states can be understood as dynamic interpersonal processes developing over time and space. When we observe emotional interactions performed by other individuals, our visual system anticipates how the action will unfold. Thus, it has been proposed that the process of emotion perception is not only a simulative but also a predictive process - a phenomenon described as interpersonal predictive coding. The present study investigated whether the recognition of emotions from dyadic interactions depends on a fixed spatiotemporal coupling of the agents. We used an emotion recognition task to manipulate the actions of two interacting point-light figures by implementing different temporal offsets that delayed the onset of one of the agent's actions (+0 ms, +500 ms, +1000 ms or + 2000 ms). Participants had to determine both the subjective valence and the emotion category (happiness, anger, sadness, affection) of the interaction. Results showed that temporal decoupling had a critical effect on both emotion recognition and the subjective impression of valence intensity: Both measures decreased with increasing temporal offset. However, these effects were dependent on which emotion was displayed. Whereas affection and anger sequences were impacted by the temporal manipulation, happiness and sadness were not. To further investigate these effects, we conducted post-hoc exploratory analyses of interpersonal movement parameters. Our findings complement and extend previous evidence by showing that the complex, noncoincidental coordination of actions within dyadic interactions results in a meaningful movement pattern and might serve as a fundamental factor in both detecting and understanding complex actions during human interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bachmann
- Neuromotor Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Sport Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Britta Krüger
- Neuromotor Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Sport Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Johannes Keck
- Neuromotor Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Sport Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jörn Munzert
- Neuromotor Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Sport Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Philipps University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Adam Zabicki
- Neuromotor Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Sport Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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6
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The pleasantness and unpleasantness of an object distinctively drives its grasping prediction: behavioral evidence. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022; 87:1491-1500. [PMID: 36346479 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-022-01765-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Action and perception share a common sensorimotor network permitting a functional action-perception coupling. This coupling would permit to predict the outcome of others' actions. Moreover, recent findings suggest that action-perception linkage could be sensitive to emotional content of the visual scene. The present study sought to address how emotion inherent to an object (pleasantness and unpleasantness) affects action prediction processing. To this end, we compared the participants' temporal estimative of the hand contact with emotional objects in occlusion and full vision conditions. We found that the emotion strongly interfered in the prediction of its grasping. Indeed, the participants highly anticipated the touch instant for unpleasant valence compared to pleasant and neutral ones. Moreover, the visual conditions (i.e., occlusion and full vision) affect the magnitude of the predictive error except to unpleasant object. Accordingly, the present results unveil that pleasantness and unpleasantness of an object distinctively drive the prediction of its touch instant.
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7
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Gowen E, Poliakoff E, Shepherd H, Stadler W. Measuring the prediction of observed actions using an occlusion paradigm: Comparing autistic and non-autistic adults. Autism Res 2022; 15:1636-1648. [PMID: 35385218 PMCID: PMC9543210 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Action prediction involves observing and predicting the actions of others and plays an important role in social cognition and interacting with others. It is thought to use simulation, whereby the observers use their own motor system to predict the observed actions. As individuals diagnosed with autism are characterized by difficulties understanding the actions of others and motor coordination issues, it is possible that action prediction ability is altered in this population. This study compared action prediction ability between 20 autistic and 22 non-autistic adults using an occlusion paradigm. Participants watched different videos of a female actor carrying out everyday actions. During each video, the action was transiently occluded by a gray rectangle for 1000 ms. During occlusions, the video was allowed to continue as normal or was moved forward (i.e., appearing to continue too far ahead) or moved backwards (i.e., appearing to continue too far behind). Participants were asked to indicate after each occlusion whether the action continued with the correct timing or was too far ahead/behind. Autistic individuals were less accurate than non-autistic individuals, particularly when the video was too far behind. A trend analysis suggested that autistic participants were more likely to judge too far behind occlusions as being in time. These preliminary results suggest that prediction ability may be altered in autistic adults, potentially due to slower simulation or a delayed onset of these processes. LAY SUMMARY: When we observe other people performing everyday actions, we use their movements to help us understand and predict what they are doing. In this study, we found that autistic compared to non-autistic adults were slightly less accurate at predicting other people's actions. These findings help to unpick the different ways that social understanding is affected in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Gowen
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Ellen Poliakoff
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Hayley Shepherd
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Waltraud Stadler
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Munich, Germany
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8
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Pesquita A, Bernardet U, Richards BE, Jensen O, Shapiro K. Isolating Action Prediction from Action Integration in the Perception of Social Interactions. Brain Sci 2022; 12:432. [PMID: 35447965 PMCID: PMC9031105 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12040432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research suggests that predictive mechanisms are essential in perceiving social interactions. However, these studies did not isolate action prediction (a priori expectations about how partners in an interaction react to one another) from action integration (a posteriori processing of both partner's actions). This study investigated action prediction during social interactions while controlling for integration confounds. Twenty participants viewed 3D animations depicting an action-reaction interaction between two actors. At the start of each action-reaction interaction, one actor performs a social action. Immediately after, instead of presenting the other actor's reaction, a black screen covers the animation for a short time (occlusion duration) until a still frame depicting a precise moment of the reaction is shown (reaction frame). The moment shown in the reaction frame is either temporally aligned with the occlusion duration or deviates by 150 ms or 300 ms. Fifty percent of the action-reaction trials were semantically congruent, and the remaining were incongruent, e.g., one actor offers to shake hands, and the other reciprocally shakes their hand (congruent action-reaction) versus one actor offers to shake hands, and the other leans down (incongruent action-reaction). Participants made fast congruency judgments. We hypothesized that judging the congruency of action-reaction sequences is aided by temporal predictions. The findings supported this hypothesis; linear speed-accuracy scores showed that congruency judgments were facilitated by a temporally aligned occlusion duration, and reaction frames compared to 300 ms deviations, thus suggesting that observers internally simulate the temporal unfolding of an observed social interction. Furthermore, we explored the link between participants with higher autistic traits and their sensitivity to temporal deviations. Overall, the study offers new evidence of prediction mechanisms underpinning the perception of social interactions in isolation from action integration confounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pesquita
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (B.E.R.); (O.J.); (K.S.)
| | - Ulysses Bernardet
- Aston Institute of Urban Technology and the Environment (ASTUTE), Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK;
| | - Bethany E. Richards
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (B.E.R.); (O.J.); (K.S.)
| | - Ole Jensen
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (B.E.R.); (O.J.); (K.S.)
| | - Kimron Shapiro
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (B.E.R.); (O.J.); (K.S.)
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9
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The influence of auditory rhythms on the speed of inferred motion. Atten Percept Psychophys 2021; 84:2360-2383. [PMID: 34435321 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-021-02364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The present research explored the influence of isochronous auditory rhythms on the timing of movement-related prediction in two experiments. In both experiments, participants observed a moving disc that was visible for a predetermined period before disappearing behind a small, medium, or large occluded area for the remainder of its movement. In Experiment 1, the disc was visible for 1 s. During this period, participants were exposed to either a fast or slow auditory rhythm, or they heard nothing. They were instructed to press a key to indicate when they believed the moving disc had reached a specified location on the other side of the occluded area. The procedure measured the (signed) error in participants' estimate of the time it would take for a moving object to contact a stationary one. The principal results of Experiment 1 were main effects of the rate of the auditory rhythm and of the size of the occlusion on participants' judgments. In Experiment 2, the period of visibility was varied with size of the occlusion area to keep the total movement time constant for all three levels of occlusion. The results replicated the main effect of rhythm found in Experiment 1 and showed a small, significant interaction, but indicated no main effect of occlusion size. Overall, the results indicate that exposure to fast isochronous auditory rhythms during an interval of inferred motion can influence the imagined rate of such motion and suggest a possible role of an internal rhythmicity in the maintenance of temporally accurate dynamic mental representations.
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10
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Bidet-Ildei C, Beauprez SA, Badets A. A review of literature on the link between action observation and action language: advancing a shared semantic theory. NEW IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2019.100777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Vesper C, Sevdalis V. Informing, Coordinating, and Performing: A Perspective on Functions of Sensorimotor Communication. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:168. [PMID: 32528263 PMCID: PMC7264104 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensorimotor communication is a form of communication instantiated through body movements that are guided by both instrumental, goal-directed intentions and communicative, social intentions. Depending on the social interaction context, sensorimotor communication can serve different functions. This article aims to disentangle three of these functions: (a) an informing function of body movements, to highlight action intentions for an observer; (b) a coordinating function of body movements, to facilitate real-time action prediction in joint action; and (c) a performing function of body movements, to elicit emotional or aesthetic experiences in an audience. We provide examples of research addressing these different functions as well as some influencing factors, relating to individual differences, task characteristics, and situational demands. The article concludes by discussing the benefits of a closer dialog between separate lines of research on sensorimotor communication across different social contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordula Vesper
- Department of Linguistics, Cognitive Science and Semiotics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Interacting Minds Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vassilis Sevdalis
- Department of Public Health, Sport Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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12
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Conceição A, Costa AM, Silva AJ, Sobreiro P, Louro H. Occlusion technique in swimming: a training method to improve exchange block time in swimming relays. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:957-964. [PMID: 32253897 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10335-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Swimming relay events have the concern regarding a good start is shared between the incoming and outgoing swimmers. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in exchange block time (EBT) for swimming relay events as a result of a four-week training program using the occlusion technique. METHODS Twenty-eight national swimmers, 12 males (age: 17±1.83 years) and 16 females (age: 19.94±5.65 years) participated in this study. Subjects were required to undergo a training program on visual perception in relay swimming over the course of four weeks; they watched videos corresponding to the last movements of a swimmer during a 4×100m freestyle relay event. The videos were presented with temporal occlusion corresponding to predetermined approaching distances (7.5 m, 5.0 m, and 2.5 m). Swimmers were required to simulate a typical position for exiting the block and to estimate the time-to-contact of the incoming swimmer. The EBT was collected during a real 4×100-m freestyle competition before and after the application of the training program. RESULTS Female swimmers showed a decreased in EBT, with an improvement of 1.42%, despite there not being a significant difference (P=0.68). The male swimmers had a higher improvement in EBT after the training, with a decrease of 13.34% (P=0.68). CONCLUSIONS Visual perception practice using video occlusion techniques seems to have a positive effect. On EBT in swimming relay events, particularly in female swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Conceição
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Rio Maior, Portugal - .,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal - .,The Life Quality Research Center (CIEQV), Santarém, Portugal -
| | - Aldo M Costa
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Health Sciences Research Center (CICS-UBI), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - António J Silva
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal.,University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Pedro Sobreiro
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Rio Maior, Portugal.,The Life Quality Research Center (CIEQV), Santarém, Portugal
| | - Hugo Louro
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Rio Maior, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
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13
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Riddell H, Li L, Lappe M. Heading perception from optic flow in the presence of biological motion. J Vis 2019; 19:25. [PMID: 31868898 DOI: 10.1167/19.14.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether biological motion biases heading estimation from optic flow in a similar manner to nonbiological moving objects. In two experiments, observers judged their heading from displays depicting linear translation over a random-dot ground with normal point light walkers, spatially scrambled point light walkers, or laterally moving objects composed of random dots. In Experiment 1, we found that both types of walkers biased heading estimates similarly to moving objects when they obscured the focus of expansion of the background flow. In Experiment 2, we also found that walkers biased heading estimates when they did not obscure the focus of expansion. These results show that both regular and scrambled biological motion affect heading estimation in a similar manner to simple moving objects, and suggest that biological motion is not preferentially processed for the perception of self-motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Riddell
- Institute for Psychology and Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Germany
| | - Li Li
- Faculty of Arts and Science, NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, New York University Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Markus Lappe
- Institute for Psychology and Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Germany
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14
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Lu Y, Yang T, Hatfield BD, Cong F, Zhou C. Influence of cognitive-motor expertise on brain dynamics of anticipatory-based outcome processing. Psychophysiology 2019; 57:e13477. [PMID: 31642529 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Motor experience plays an important role in the ability to anticipate action outcomes, but little is known about the brain processes through which it modulates the preparation for unexpected events. To address this issue, EEG was employed while table tennis players and novices observed videos of serves in order to predict the expected ball direction based on the kinematics of a model's movement. Furthermore, we manipulated the congruency between the model's body kinematics and the subsequent ball trajectory while assessing the cerebral cortical activity of novices and experts to understand how experts respond to unexpected outcomes. Experts were more accurate in predicting the ball trajectories than novices and were further differentiated from novices in the cortical dynamics just prior to ball contact and during the period of observation of the ball trajectories. Consistent with the predicted response-outcome model, experts exhibited elevated theta oscillations during the incongruent relative to the congruent trajectories, while no such differences were observed in the novices. Source estimation for theta activity revealed stronger activation in the middle frontal gyrus for the experts in response to the incongruent trajectories. Collectively, the observed differences in cortical dynamics between the groups suggest that motor experience promotes central neural system adaptations that facilitate preparation for anticipated outcomes and contributes to adaptive cognitive-motor responses in the face of uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhi Lu
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Tiantian Yang
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Bradley D Hatfield
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.,Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Fengyu Cong
- Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.,Faculty of Information Technology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Chenglin Zhou
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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15
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Papenmeier F, Brockhoff A, Huff M. Filling the gap despite full attention: the role of fast backward inferences for event completion. COGNITIVE RESEARCH-PRINCIPLES AND IMPLICATIONS 2019; 4:3. [PMID: 30693396 PMCID: PMC6352563 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-018-0151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The comprehension of dynamic naturalistic events poses at least two challenges to the cognitive system: filtering relevant information with attention and dealing with information that was missing or missed. With four experiments, we studied the completion of missing information despite full attention. Participants watched short soccer video clips and we informed participants that we removed a critical moment of ball contact in half of the clips. We asked participants to detect whether these moments of ball contact were present or absent. In Experiment 1, participants gave their detection responses either directly during an event or delayed after an event. Although participants directed their full attention toward the critical contact moment, they were more likely to indicate seeing the missing ball contact if it was followed by a causally matching scene than if it was followed by an unrelated scene, both for the immediate and delayed responses. Thus, event completion occurs quickly. In Experiment 2, only a causally matching scene but neither a white mask nor an irrelevant scene caused the completion of missing information. This indicates that the completion of missing information is caused by backward inferences rather than predictive perception. In Experiment 3, we showed that event completion occurs directly during a trial and does not depend on expectations built up after seeing the same causality condition multiple times. In Experiment 4, we linked our findings to event cognition by asking participants to perform a natural segmentation task. We conclude that observers complete missing information during coherent events based on a fast backward inference mechanism even when directing their attention toward the missing information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Papenmeier
- Department of Psychology, University of Tübingen, Schleichstr. 4, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Alisa Brockhoff
- Department of Psychology, University of Tübingen, Schleichstr. 4, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Huff
- Department of Research Infrastructures, German Institute for Adult Education, Heinemannstraße 12-14, 53175, Bonn, Germany
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Paracampo R, Montemurro M, de Vega M, Avenanti A. Primary motor cortex crucial for action prediction: A tDCS study. Cortex 2018; 109:287-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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Abstract
The ability to navigate through crowds of moving people accurately, efficiently, and without causing collisions is essential for our day-to-day lives. Vision provides key information about one's own self-motion as well as the motions of other people in the crowd. These two types of information (optic flow and biological motion) have each been investigated extensively; however, surprisingly little research has been dedicated to investigating how they are processed when presented concurrently. Here, we showed that patterns of biological motion have a negative impact on visual-heading estimation when people within the crowd move their limbs but do not move through the scene. Conversely, limb motion facilitates heading estimation when walkers move independently through the scene. Interestingly, this facilitation occurs for crowds containing both regular and perturbed depictions of humans, suggesting that it is likely caused by low-level motion cues inherent in the biological motion of other people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Riddell
- Department of Psychology, Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster
| | - Markus Lappe
- Department of Psychology, Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster
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18
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Zhao Q, Lu Y, Jaquess KJ, Zhou C. Utilization of cues in action anticipation in table tennis players. J Sports Sci 2018; 36:2699-2705. [PMID: 29638198 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1462545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
By manipulating the congruency between body kinematics and subsequent ball trajectory, this study investigated the anticipation capabilities of regional-level, college-level, and novice table tennis players using a full video simulation occluder paradigm. Participants watched footage containing congruent, incongruent, or no ball trajectory information, to predict the landing point of the ball. They were required to choose between two potential locations to make their prediction. Percent accuracy and relevant indexes (d-prime, criterion, effect size) were calculated for each condition. Results indicated that experienced table tennis players (both regional and college players) were superior to novices in the ability to anticipate ball trajectory using kinematic information, but no difference was found between regional-level and college-level players. The findings of this study further demonstrate the superior anticipation ability of experienced table tennis players. Furthermore, the present result suggests that there may be a certain "baseline" level of motor experience in racquet sports for effective action anticipation, while the addition of further motor experience does not appear to assist direction anticipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- a School of Kinesiology , Shanghai University of Sport , Shanghai , China
| | - Yingzhi Lu
- a School of Kinesiology , Shanghai University of Sport , Shanghai , China
| | - Kyle J Jaquess
- b Department of Kinesiology , University of Maryland , College Park , MD , USA
| | - Chenglin Zhou
- a School of Kinesiology , Shanghai University of Sport , Shanghai , China
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Brich LFM, Bächle C, Hermsdörfer J, Stadler W. Real-Time Prediction of Observed Action Requires Integrity of the Dorsal Premotor Cortex: Evidence From Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:101. [PMID: 29628880 PMCID: PMC5876293 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying brain mechanisms underlying the prediction of observed action, the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) has been suggested a key area. The present study probed this notion using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to test whether interference in this area would affect the accuracy in predicting the time course of object directed actions performed with the right hand. Young and healthy participants observed actions in short videos. These were briefly occluded from view for 600 ms and resumed immediately afterwards. The task was to continue the action mentally and to indicate after each occlusion, whether the action was resumed at the right moment (condition in-time) or shifted. In a first run, single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (sTMS) was delivered over the left primary hand-area during occlusion. In the second run, rTMS over the left PMd was applied during occlusion in half of the participants [experimental group (EG)]. The control group (CG) received sham-rTMS over the same area. Under rTMS, the EG predicted less trials correctly than in the sTMS run. Sham-rTMS in the CG had no effects on prediction. The interference in PMd interacted with the type of manipulation applied to the action’s time course occasionally during occlusion. The performance decrease of the EG was most pronounced in conditions in which the continuations after occlusions were too late in the action’s course. The present results extend earlier findings suggesting that real-time action prediction requires the integrity of the PMd. Different functional roles of this area are discussed. Alternative interpretations consider either simulation of specific motor programming functions or the involvement of a feature-unspecific predictor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa F M Brich
- Chair of Human Movement Science, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Bächle
- Chair of Human Movement Science, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim Hermsdörfer
- Chair of Human Movement Science, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Waltraud Stadler
- Chair of Human Movement Science, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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20
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Mineo L, Fetterman A, Concerto C, Warren M, Infortuna C, Freedberg D, Chusid E, Aguglia E, Battaglia F. Motor facilitation during observation of implied motion: Evidence for a role of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Int J Psychophysiol 2018; 128:47-51. [PMID: 29627584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of motor resonance (the increase in motor cortex excitability during observation of actions) has been previously described. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies have demonstrated a similar effect during perception of implied motion (IM). The left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) seems to be activated during action observation. Furthermore, the role of this brain area in motor resonance to IM is yet to be investigated. Fourteen healthy volunteers were enrolled into the study. We used transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to stimulate DLPFC aiming to investigate whether stimulation with different polarities would affect the amplitude of motor evoked potential collected during observation of images with and without IM. The results of our experiment indicated that Cathodal tDCS over the left DLPFC prevented motor resonance during observation of IM. On the contrary, anodal and sham tDCS did not significantly modulate motor resonance to IM. The current study expands the understanding of the neural circuits engaged during observation of IM. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that action understanding requires the interaction of large networks and that the left DLPFC plays a crucial role in generating motor resonance to IM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovico Mineo
- Department of Interprofessional Health Sciences & Health Administration, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Seton Hall University, NJ, USA
| | - Alexander Fetterman
- Pre-clinical Sciences, New York College of Podiatric Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Carmen Concerto
- Department of Interprofessional Health Sciences & Health Administration, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Seton Hall University, NJ, USA
| | - Michael Warren
- Pre-clinical Sciences, New York College of Podiatric Medicine, New York, USA
| | | | - David Freedberg
- Department of Art History Columbia University, and Italian Academy for Advanced Studies, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Eileen Chusid
- Pre-clinical Sciences, New York College of Podiatric Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Eugenio Aguglia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Fortunato Battaglia
- Department of Interprofessional Health Sciences & Health Administration, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Seton Hall University, NJ, USA.
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21
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Richmond LL, Zacks JM. Constructing Experience: Event Models from Perception to Action. Trends Cogn Sci 2017; 21:962-980. [PMID: 28899609 PMCID: PMC5694361 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mental representations of everyday experience are rich, structured, and multimodal. In this article we consider the adaptive pressures that led to human construction of such representations, arguing that structured event representations enable cognitive systems to more effectively predict the trajectory of naturalistic everyday activity. We propose an account of how cortical systems and the hippocampus (HPC) interact to construct, maintain, and update event representations. This analysis throws light on recent research on story comprehension, event segmentation, episodic memory, and action planning. It also suggests how the growing science base can be deployed to diagnose impairments in event perception and memory, and to improve memory for everyday events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L Richmond
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 1 Brookings Drive, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Zacks
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 1 Brookings Drive, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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22
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23
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Predictive joint-action model: A hierarchical predictive approach to human cooperation. Psychon Bull Rev 2017; 25:1751-1769. [DOI: 10.3758/s13423-017-1393-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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24
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Ludolph N, Plöger J, Giese MA, Ilg W. Motor expertise facilitates the accuracy of state extrapolation in perception. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187666. [PMID: 29107970 PMCID: PMC5673241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting the behavior of objects in the environment is an important requirement to overcome latencies in the sensorimotor system and realize precise actions in rapid situations. Internal forward models that were acquired during motor training might not only be used for efficiently controlling fast motor behavior but also to facilitate extrapolation performance in purely perceptual tasks. In this study, we investigated whether preceding virtual cart-pole balancing training facilitates the ability to extrapolate the virtual pole motion. Specifically, subjects had to report the expected pole orientation after an occlusion of the pole of 900ms duration. We compared a group of 10 subjects, proficient in performing the virtual cart-pole balancing task, to 10 naïve subjects without motor experience in cart-pole balancing task. Our results demonstrate that preceding motor training increases the accuracy of pole movement extrapolation, although extrapolation is not trained explicitly. Additionally, we modelled subjects' behaviors and show that the difference in extrapolation performance can be explained by individual differences in the accuracy of internal forward models. When subjects are provided with feedback about the true orientation of the pole after the occlusion in a second phase of the experiment, both groups improve rapidly. The results indicate that the perceptual capability to extrapolate the state of the cart-pole system accurately is implicitly trained during motor learning. We discuss these results in the context of shared representations and action-perception transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ludolph
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Section Computational Sensomotorics, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
- International Max-Planck Research School for Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, Tübingen, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Jannis Plöger
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Section Computational Sensomotorics, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Martin A. Giese
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Section Computational Sensomotorics, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Winfried Ilg
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Section Computational Sensomotorics, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
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25
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Bove M, Strassera L, Faelli E, Biggio M, Bisio A, Avanzino L, Ruggeri P. Sensorimotor Skills Impact on Temporal Expectation: Evidence from Swimmers. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1714. [PMID: 29085314 PMCID: PMC5649184 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of this study was to assess whether the ability to predict the temporal outcome of a sport action was influenced by the sensorimotor skills previously acquired during a specific sport training. Four groups, each of 30 subjects, were enrolled in this study; subjects of three groups practiced different sports disciplines (i.e., swimming, rhythmic gymnastics, and water polo) at competitive level whilst the fourth group consisted of control subjects. Subjects were asked to observe a video showing a swimmer doing two laps in crawl style. This video was shown 36 times, and was occluded after variable intervals, randomized across trials, by a dark window that started 3, 6, and 12 s before the swimmer touched the poolside. During the occluded interval, subjects were asked to indicate when the swimmer touched the edge of the pool by clicking on any button of the laptop keyboard. We found that swimmers were more accurate than subjects performing other sports in temporally predicting the final outcome of the swimming task. Particularly, we observed a significant difference in absolute timing error that was lower in swimmers compared to other groups when they were asked to make a temporal prediction with the occluded interval of short duration (i.e., 3 s). Our findings demonstrate that the ability to extract temporal patterns of a motor action depends largely on the subjective expertise, suggesting that sport-acquired sensorimotor skills impact on the temporal representation of the previously observed action, allowing subjects to predict the time course of the action in absence of visual information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bove
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Strassera
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuela Faelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Monica Biggio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ambra Bisio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Avanzino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Piero Ruggeri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Su J, Lu H. Flash-lag effects in biological motion interact with body orientation and action familiarity. Vision Res 2017; 140:13-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Representational momentum in dynamic facial expressions is modulated by the level of expressed pain: Amplitude and direction effects. Atten Percept Psychophys 2017; 80:82-93. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-017-1422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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29
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Bache C, Springer A, Noack H, Stadler W, Kopp F, Lindenberger U, Werkle-Bergner M. 10-Month-Old Infants Are Sensitive to the Time Course of Perceived Actions: Eye-Tracking and EEG Evidence. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1170. [PMID: 28769831 PMCID: PMC5509954 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has shown that infants are able to track a moving target efficiently - even if it is transiently occluded from sight. This basic ability allows prediction of when and where events happen in everyday life. Yet, it is unclear whether, and how, infants internally represent the time course of ongoing movements to derive predictions. In this study, 10-month-old crawlers observed the video of a same-aged crawling baby that was transiently occluded and reappeared in either a temporally continuous or non-continuous manner (i.e., delayed by 500 ms vs. forwarded by 500 ms relative to the real-time movement). Eye movement and rhythmic neural brain activity (EEG) were measured simultaneously. Eye movement analyses showed that infants were sensitive to slight temporal shifts in movement continuation after occlusion. Furthermore, brain activity associated with sensorimotor processing differed between observation of continuous and non-continuous movements. Early sensitivity to an action's timing may hence be explained within the internal real-time simulation account of action observation. Overall, the results support the hypothesis that 10-month-old infants are well prepared for internal representation of the time course of observed movements that are within the infants' current motor repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen Bache
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human DevelopmentBerlin, Germany
| | - Anne Springer
- Department of Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, University of BaselBasel, Switzerland
| | - Hannes Noack
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Waltraud Stadler
- Department of Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany
- Human Movement Science, Technische Universität MünchenMunich, Germany
| | - Franziska Kopp
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human DevelopmentBerlin, Germany
| | - Ulman Lindenberger
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human DevelopmentBerlin, Germany
- European University InstituteFiesole, Italy
| | - Markus Werkle-Bergner
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human DevelopmentBerlin, Germany
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Bach P, Schenke KC. Predictive social perception: Towards a unifying framework from action observation to person knowledge. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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31
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adaptive interaction with the environment requires the ability to predict both human and non-biological motion trajectories. Prior accounts of the neurocognitive basis for prediction of these two motion classes may generally be divided into those that posit that non-biological motion trajectories are predicted using the same motor planning and/or simulation mechanisms used for human actions, and those that posit distinct mechanisms for each. Using brain lesion patients and healthy controls, this study examined critical neural substrates and behavioral correlates of human and non-biological motion prediction. METHODS Twenty-seven left hemisphere stroke patients and 13 neurologically intact controls performed a visual occlusion task requiring prediction of pantomimed tool use, real tool use, and non-biological motion videos. Patients were also assessed with measures of motor strength and speed, praxis, and action recognition. RESULTS Prediction impairment for both human and non-biological motion was associated with limb apraxia and, weakly, with the severity of motor production deficits, but not with action recognition ability. Furthermore, impairment for human and non-biological motion prediction was equivalently associated with lesions in the left inferior parietal cortex, left dorsal frontal cortex, and the left insula. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that motor planning mechanisms associated with specific loci in the sensorimotor network are critical for prediction of spatiotemporal trajectory information characteristic of both human and non-biological motions. (JINS, 2017, 23, 171-184).
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Human biological and nonbiological point-light movements: Creation and validation of the dataset. Behav Res Methods 2016; 49:2083-2092. [DOI: 10.3758/s13428-016-0843-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Predictive action tracking without motor experience in 8-month-old infants. Brain Cogn 2016; 109:131-139. [PMID: 27693999 PMCID: PMC5090050 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Can infants predictively track the kinematics of actions outside their motor repertoire? Pre-walking infants predictively tracked upright, but not inverted stepping actions. Sensorimotor cortex was activated more when infants observed upright stepping actions. Motor experience is not necessary for predictive tracking of action kinematics.
A popular idea in cognitive neuroscience is that to predict others’ actions, observers need to map those actions onto their own motor repertoire. If this is true, infants with a relatively limited motor repertoire should be unable to predict actions with which they have no previous motor experience. We investigated this idea by presenting pre-walking infants with videos of upright and inverted stepping actions that were briefly occluded from view, followed by either a correct (time-coherent) or an incorrect (time-incoherent) continuation of the action (Experiment 1). Pre-walking infants looked significantly longer to the still frame after the incorrect compared to the correct continuations of the upright, but not the inverted stepping actions. This demonstrates that motor experience is not necessary for predictive tracking of action kinematics. In a follow-up study (Experiment 2), we investigated sensorimotor cortex activation as a neural indication of predictive action tracking in another group of pre-walking infants. Infants showed significantly more sensorimotor cortex activation during the occlusion of the upright stepping actions that the infants in Experiment 1 could predictively track, than during the occlusion of the inverted stepping actions that the infants in Experiment 1 could not predictively track. Taken together, these findings are inconsistent with the idea that motor experience is necessary for the predictive tracking of action kinematics, and suggest that infants may be able to use their extensive experience with observing others’ actions to generate real-time action predictions.
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Do experts see it in slow motion? Altered timing of action simulation uncovers domain-specific perceptual processing in expert athletes. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 81:1201-1212. [DOI: 10.1007/s00426-016-0804-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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35
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Manzone J, Cole GG, Skarratt PA, Welsh TN. Response-specific effects in a joint action task: social inhibition of return effects do not emerge when observed and executed actions are different. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 81:1059-1071. [DOI: 10.1007/s00426-016-0794-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Daum MM, Gampe A, Wronski C, Attig M. Effects of movement distance, duration, velocity, and type on action prediction in 12-month-olds. Infant Behav Dev 2016; 43:75-84. [PMID: 27175908 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to test the influence of the spatial and temporal dynamics of observed manual actions on infants' action prediction. Twelve-month-old infants were presented with reach-and-transport actions performed by a human agent. Movement distance, duration, and - resulting from the two - movement velocity were systematically varied. Action prediction was measured via the latency of gaze arrival at target in relation to agent's hand. The results showed a general effect of all parameters on the infants' perception of goal-directed actions: Infants were more likely to predict the action goal the longer the movement distance was, the longer the movement duration was, and the slower the movement velocity was. In addition, they were more likely to predict the goal of a reaching than a transport action. The present findings extent previous findings by showing that infants are not only sensitive to differences in distances, durations, and velocities at early age but that these factors have a strong impact on the prediction of the goal of observed actions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Caroline Wronski
- University of Zurich, Switzerland; University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Manja Attig
- Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, Bamberg, Germany
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37
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Bache C, Kopp F, Springer A, Stadler W, Lindenberger U, Werkle-Bergner M. Rhythmic neural activity indicates the contribution of attention and memory to the processing of occluded movements in 10-month-old infants. Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 98:201-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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38
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Visual inference of arm movement is constrained by motor representations. Behav Brain Res 2015; 290:197-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gambi C, Cop U, Pickering MJ. How do speakers coordinate? Evidence for prediction in a joint word-replacement task. Cortex 2015; 68:111-28. [PMID: 25438745 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Gambi
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Uschi Cop
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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40
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Müller R. Does the anticipation of compatible partner reactions facilitate action planning in joint tasks? PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 80:464-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00426-015-0670-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Ridderinkhof KR, Brass M. How Kinesthetic Motor Imagery works: a predictive-processing theory of visualization in sports and motor expertise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 109:53-63. [PMID: 25817985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Kinesthetic Motor Imagery (KMI) is an important technique to acquire and refine motor skills. KMI is widely used by professional athletes as an effective way to improve motor performance without overt motor output. Despite this obvious relevance, the functional mechanisms and neural circuits involved in KMI in sports are still poorly understood. In the present article, which aims at bridging the sport sciences and cognitive neurophysiology literatures, we give a brief overview of relevant research in the field of KMI. Furthermore, we develop a theoretical account that relates KMI to predictive motor control theories assuming that it is based on internal activation of anticipatory images of action effects. This mechanism allows improving motor performance solely based on internal emulation of action. In accordance with previous literature, we propose that this emulation mechanism is implemented in brain regions that partially overlap with brain areas involved in overt motor performance including the posterior parietal cortex, the cerebellum, the basal ganglia and the premotor cortex. Finally, we outline one way to test the heuristic value of our theoretical framework for KMI; we suggest that experience with motor performance improves the ability to correctly infer the goals of others, in particular in penalty blocking in soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Richard Ridderinkhof
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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42
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Bischoff M, Zentgraf K, Pilgramm S, Krueger B, Balser N, Sauerbier I, Stark R, Munzert J. Anticipating action effects with different attention foci is reflected in brain activation. Percept Mot Skills 2015; 120:36-56. [PMID: 25565059 DOI: 10.2466/22.24.pms.120v10x7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Anticipation is informed by experience. Having focused on action effects in the past will lead to differences when the focus is now on the effector. Boules-type throwing movements were presented as point-light displays of shoulder and arm-markers. Activation in motor-related areas measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging was compared between two tasks: Task A anticipating action effects and Task B judging the velocity of the hand marker. One group of participants performed a session of Task A followed by a session of Task B; the other group started with Task B followed by Task A. The group starting with Task A exhibited higher brain activation during Task A bilaterally in intraparietal areas and in right hemispheric frontal and premotor areas. These areas are known to be involved in effect estimation and action simulation. The second group showed higher activation during Task B in premotor cortex and human intraparietal area 3 of the right hemisphere. The results suggest that the instruction to focus on anticipating action effects facilitates the recruitment of core components of the simulation network during anticipation and when effect anticipation is not the primary intention.
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43
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The pre-reflective experience of “I” as a continuously existing being: The role of temporal functional binding. Conscious Cogn 2015; 31:98-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Galazka MA, Roché L, Nyström P, Falck-Ytter T. Human infants detect other people's interactions based on complex patterns of kinematic information. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112432. [PMID: 25409449 PMCID: PMC4237354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Do infants perceive other people's interactions by means of a mechanism that integrates biological motion information across the observed individuals? In support of this view, the present study demonstrates that infants (N = 28, Age = 14 months) discriminate between point light displays representing disrupted and non-disrupted interactions between people, even though the two interaction types are identical at the level of individual point light agents. Moreover, a second experiment (sample 2: N = 28, Age = 14 months) indicated that visual preference in this context is influenced by an audiovisual integration processes that takes into account the presence of an interaction between people. All these results were found exclusively for upright displays--when stimuli were shown upside-down (disrupting biological motion processing), performance was random. Collectively, these findings point to an important role for biological motion in social perception in human infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna A. Galazka
- Uppsala Child and Babylab, Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Laëtitia Roché
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unit 930, Tours, France
- University François-Rabelais of Tours, Unit 930 ‘Imaging et Brain’ - Team 1 Autism, Tours, France
| | - Pär Nyström
- Uppsala Child and Babylab, Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Terje Falck-Ytter
- Uppsala Child and Babylab, Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Stockholm, Sweden
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45
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Libero LE, Maximo JO, Deshpande HD, Klinger LG, Klinger MR, Kana RK. The role of mirroring and mentalizing networks in mediating action intentions in autism. Mol Autism 2014; 5:50. [PMID: 25352976 PMCID: PMC4210608 DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-5-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to interpret agents' intent from their actions is a vital skill in successful social interaction. However, individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have been found to have difficulty in attributing intentions to others. The present study investigated the neural mechanisms of inferring intentions from actions in individuals with ASD. METHODS Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were acquired from 21 high-functioning young adults with ASD and 22 typically developing (TD) control participants, while making judgments about the means (how an action is performed) and intention (why an action is performed) of a model's actions. RESULTS Across both groups of participants, the middle and superior temporal cortex, extending to temporoparietal junction, and posterior cingulate cortex, responded significantly to inferring the intent of an action, while inferior parietal lobule and occipital cortices were active for judgments about the means of an action. Participants with ASD had significantly reduced activation in calcarine sulcus and significantly increased activation in left inferior frontal gyrus, compared to TD peers, while attending to the intentions of actions. Also, ASD participants had weaker functional connectivity between frontal and posterior temporal regions while processing intentions. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that processing actions and intentions may not be mutually exclusive, with reliance on mirroring and mentalizing mechanisms mediating action understanding. Overall, inferring information about others' actions involves activation of the mirror neuron system and theory-of-mind regions, and this activation (and the synchrony between activated brain regions) appears altered in young adults with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Libero
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, CIRC 235G, 1719 6th Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294-0021 USA
| | - Jose O Maximo
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, CIRC 235G, 1719 6th Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294-0021 USA
| | - Hrishikesh D Deshpande
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, CIRC 235F, 1719 6th Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294-0021 USA
| | - Laura G Klinger
- Treatment and Education of Autistic and Communication related handicapped CHildren (TEACCH) Autism Program, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Campus Box 7180, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27510 USA
| | - Mark R Klinger
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina, Bondurant Hall, CB #7120, Chapel Hill, NC 25799-7120 USA
| | - Rajesh K Kana
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, CIRC 235G, 1719 6th Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294-0021 USA
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Are judgments for action verbs and point-light human actions equivalent? Cogn Process 2014; 16:57-67. [PMID: 25238900 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-014-0634-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine whether the ability to judge action words and the ability to judge human actions share common mechanisms. With this purpose in mind, we proposed both a lexical and an action decision task to twenty-four healthy participants. For both tasks, the participants had to judge whether the stimulus that was presented (a letter string or a point-light sequence) was valid or not (i.e. a word vs. a pseudo-word, an action vs. a pseudo-action). The data analysis showed that the action decision task has common characteristics with the lexical decision task. As for verbal material, judgements of pseudo-actions were slower than judgements for actions. Moreover, we demonstrated that the ability to judge an action verb was positively correlated with the ability to judge a point-light human action, whereas no significant correlation appeared between nouns and point-light judgements abilities. This dissociation supports the argument that the judgement of action words and the judgement of human actions share a common but specific basis through the involvement of motor representations.
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Vesper C, Richardson MJ. Strategic communication and behavioral coupling in asymmetric joint action. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:2945-56. [PMID: 24838557 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-3982-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
How is coordination achieved in asymmetric joint actions where co-actors have unequal access to task information? Pairs of participants performed a non-verbal tapping task with the goal of synchronizing taps to different targets. We tested whether 'Leaders' knowing the target locations would support 'Followers' without this information. Experiment 1 showed that Leaders tapped with higher amplitude that also scaled with specific target distance, thereby emphasizing differences between correct targets and possible alternatives. This strategic communication only occurred when Leaders' movements were fully visible, but not when they were partially occluded. Full visual information between co-actors also resulted in higher and more stable behavioral coordination than partial vision. Experiment 2 showed that Leaders' amplitude adaptation facilitated target prediction by independent Observers. We conclude that fully understanding joint action coordination requires both representational (i.e., strategic adaptation) and dynamical systems (i.e., behavioral coupling) accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordula Vesper
- Department of Cognitive Science, Central European University, Frankel Leó út 30-34, Budapest, 1023, Hungary,
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48
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The effect of movement kinematics on predicting the timing of observed actions. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:1193-206. [PMID: 24452777 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-3836-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The ability to predict the actions of other agents is vital for joint action tasks. Recent theory suggests that action prediction relies on an emulator system that permits observers to use a model of their own movement kinematics to predict the actions of other agents. If this is the case, then people should be more accurate at generating predictions about actions that are similar to their own. We tested this hypothesis in two experiments in which participants were required to predict the occurrence and timing of particular critical points in an observed action. In Experiment 1, we employed a self/other prediction paradigm in which prediction accuracy for recordings of self-generated movements was compared with prediction accuracy for recordings of other-generated movements. As expected, prediction was more accurate for recordings of self-generated actions because in this case the movement kinematics of the observer and observed stimuli are maximally similar. In Experiment 1, people were able to produce actions at their own tempo and, therefore, the results might be explained in terms of self-similarity in action production tempo rather than in terms of movement kinematics. To control for this possibility in Experiment 2, we compared prediction accuracy for stimuli that were matched in tempo but differed only in terms of kinematics. The results showed that participants were more accurate when predicting actions with a human kinematic profile than tempo-matched stimuli that moved with non-human kinematics. Finally, in Experiment 3, we confirmed that the results of Experiment 2 cannot be explained by human-like stimuli containing a slowing down phase before the critical points. Taken together, these findings provide further support for the role of motor emulation in action prediction, and they suggest that the action prediction mechanism produces output that is available rapidly and available to drive action control suggesting that it can plausibly support joint action coordination.
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49
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Pezzulo G, Candidi M, Dindo H, Barca L. Action simulation in the human brain: Twelve questions. NEW IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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50
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Abstract
Predictive coding posits that neural systems make forward-looking predictions about incoming information. Neural signals contain information not about the currently perceived stimulus, but about the difference between the observed and the predicted stimulus. We propose to extend the predictive coding framework from high-level sensory processing to the more abstract domain of theory of mind; that is, to inferences about others' goals, thoughts, and personalities. We review evidence that, across brain regions, neural responses to depictions of human behavior, from biological motion to trait descriptions, exhibit a key signature of predictive coding: reduced activity to predictable stimuli. We discuss how future experiments could distinguish predictive coding from alternative explanations of this response profile. This framework may provide an important new window on the neural computations underlying theory of mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorie Koster-Hale
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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