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Pagano G, Molloy S, Bain PG, Rabiner EA, Chaudhuri KR, Brooks DJ, Pavese N. Sleep problems and hypothalamic dopamine D3 receptor availability in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2016; 87:2451-2456. [PMID: 27807182 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between hypothalamic D3 dopamine receptor availability and severity of sleep problems in Parkinson disease (PD). METHODS Twelve patients were assessed with PET and the high-affinity dopamine D3 receptor radioligand [11C]-propyl-hexahydro-naphtho-oxazin ([11C]-PHNO). Severity of sleep problems was rated with appropriate subitems of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part I (patient questionnaire) and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. RESULTS We found that lower dopamine D3 receptor availability measured with [11C]-PHNO PET was associated with greater severity of excessive daytime sleepiness but not with problems of falling asleep or insomnia. CONCLUSION In our cohort of patients with PD, the occurrence of excessive daytime sleepiness was linked to reductions in hypothalamic dopamine D3 receptor availability. If these preliminary findings are confirmed in larger cohorts of patients with polysomnographic characterization, selective pharmacologic modulation of the dopaminergic D3 system could be used to increase daytime alertness in patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Pagano
- From the Division of Brain Sciences (G.P., P.G.B., D.J.B., N.P.), Imperial College London; Imperial College NHS Trust (S.M.); Imanova Ltd (E.A.R.); National Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence (E.A.R.), King's College London and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and King's College London; Institute of Neuroscience (D.J.B., N.P.), Newcastle University, UK; and Institute of Clinical Medicine (D.J.B., N.P.), University of Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sophie Molloy
- From the Division of Brain Sciences (G.P., P.G.B., D.J.B., N.P.), Imperial College London; Imperial College NHS Trust (S.M.); Imanova Ltd (E.A.R.); National Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence (E.A.R.), King's College London and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and King's College London; Institute of Neuroscience (D.J.B., N.P.), Newcastle University, UK; and Institute of Clinical Medicine (D.J.B., N.P.), University of Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter G Bain
- From the Division of Brain Sciences (G.P., P.G.B., D.J.B., N.P.), Imperial College London; Imperial College NHS Trust (S.M.); Imanova Ltd (E.A.R.); National Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence (E.A.R.), King's College London and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and King's College London; Institute of Neuroscience (D.J.B., N.P.), Newcastle University, UK; and Institute of Clinical Medicine (D.J.B., N.P.), University of Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eugenii A Rabiner
- From the Division of Brain Sciences (G.P., P.G.B., D.J.B., N.P.), Imperial College London; Imperial College NHS Trust (S.M.); Imanova Ltd (E.A.R.); National Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence (E.A.R.), King's College London and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and King's College London; Institute of Neuroscience (D.J.B., N.P.), Newcastle University, UK; and Institute of Clinical Medicine (D.J.B., N.P.), University of Aarhus, Denmark
| | - K Ray Chaudhuri
- From the Division of Brain Sciences (G.P., P.G.B., D.J.B., N.P.), Imperial College London; Imperial College NHS Trust (S.M.); Imanova Ltd (E.A.R.); National Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence (E.A.R.), King's College London and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and King's College London; Institute of Neuroscience (D.J.B., N.P.), Newcastle University, UK; and Institute of Clinical Medicine (D.J.B., N.P.), University of Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David J Brooks
- From the Division of Brain Sciences (G.P., P.G.B., D.J.B., N.P.), Imperial College London; Imperial College NHS Trust (S.M.); Imanova Ltd (E.A.R.); National Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence (E.A.R.), King's College London and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and King's College London; Institute of Neuroscience (D.J.B., N.P.), Newcastle University, UK; and Institute of Clinical Medicine (D.J.B., N.P.), University of Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nicola Pavese
- From the Division of Brain Sciences (G.P., P.G.B., D.J.B., N.P.), Imperial College London; Imperial College NHS Trust (S.M.); Imanova Ltd (E.A.R.); National Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence (E.A.R.), King's College London and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre and King's College London; Institute of Neuroscience (D.J.B., N.P.), Newcastle University, UK; and Institute of Clinical Medicine (D.J.B., N.P.), University of Aarhus, Denmark.
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Boileau I, Nakajima S, Payer D. Imaging the D3 dopamine receptor across behavioral and drug addictions: Positron emission tomography studies with [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:1410-20. [PMID: 26141509 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic drug use has been associated with dopaminergic abnormalities, detectable in humans with positron emission tomography (PET). Among these, a hallmark feature is low D2 dopamine receptor availability, which has been linked to clinical outcomes, but has not yet translated into a therapeutic strategy. The D3 dopamine receptor on the other hand has gained increasing attention, as, in contrast to D2, chronic exposure to drugs has been shown to up-regulate this receptor subtype in preclinical models of addiction-a phenomenon linked to dopamine system sensitization and drug-seeking. The present article summarizes the literature to date in humans, suggesting that the D3 receptor may indeed contribute to core features of addiction such as impulsiveness and cognitive impairment. A particularly useful tool in investigating this question is the PET imaging probe [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO, which binds to D2/3 dopamine receptors but has preferential affinity for D3. This technique has been used to demonstrate D3 up-regulation in humans, and can be applied to assess pharmacological interventions for development of D3-targeted strategies in addiction treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Boileau
- Addiction Imaging Research Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Multimodal Imaging Group & Geriatric Mental Health Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Keio University, School of Medicine, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Doris Payer
- Addiction Imaging Research Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Payer D, Balasubramaniam G, Boileau I. What is the role of the D3 receptor in addiction? A mini review of PET studies with [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 52:4-8. [PMID: 23999545 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The chronic use of drugs, including psychostimulants such as cocaine and amphetamine, has been associated with low D2/3 dopamine receptor availability, which in turn has been linked to poor clinical outcome. In contrast, recent studies focused on the D3 receptor (a member of the D2-like receptor family) suggest that chronic exposure to stimulant drugs can up-regulate this receptor subtype, which, in preclinical models, is linked to dopamine system sensitization - a process hypothesized to contribute to relapse in addiction. In this mini review we present recent human data suggesting that the D3 receptor may contribute to core features of addiction, and discuss the usefulness of the PET imaging probe [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO in investigating this question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Payer
- Addiction Imaging Research Group, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Addictions, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Schizophrenia Programs, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Isabelle Boileau
- Addiction Imaging Research Group, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Addictions, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Schizophrenia Programs, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Le Foll B, Collo G, Rabiner EA, Boileau I, Merlo Pich E, Sokoloff P. Dopamine D3 receptor ligands for drug addiction treatment: update on recent findings. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2014; 211:255-75. [PMID: 24968784 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63425-2.00011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine D3 receptor is located in the limbic area and apparently mediates selective effects on motivation to take drugs and drug-seeking behaviors, so that there has been considerable interest on the possible use of D3 receptor ligands to treat drug addiction. However, only recently selective tools allowing studying this receptor have been developed. This chapter presents an overview of findings that were presented at a symposium on the conference Dopamine 2013 in Sardinia in May 2013. Novel neurobiological findings indicate that drugs of abuse can lead to significant structural plasticity in rodent brain and that this is dependent on the availability of functional dopamine D3 autoreceptor, whose activation increased phosphorylation in the ERK pathway and in the Akt/mTORC1 pathway indicating the parallel engagement of a series of intracellular signaling pathways all involved in cell growth and survival. Preclinical findings using animal models of drug-seeking behaviors confirm that D3 antagonists have a promising profile to treat drug addiction across drugs of abuse type. Imaging the D3 is now feasible in human subjects. Notably, the development of (+)-4-propyl-9-hydroxynaphthoxazine ligand used in positron emission tomography (PET) studies in humans allows to measure D3 and D2 receptors based on the area of the brain under study. This PET ligand has been used to confirm up-regulation of D3 sites in psychostimulant users and to reveal that tobacco smoking produces elevation of dopamine at the level of D3 sites. There are now novel antagonists being developed, but also old drugs such as buspirone, that are available to test the D3 hypothesis in humans. The first results of clinical investigations are now being provided. Overall, those recent findings support further exploration of D3 ligands to treat drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Alcohol Research and Treatment Clinic, Addiction Medicine Services, Ambulatory Care and Structured Treatments, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Psychiatry, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Ginetta Collo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eugenii A Rabiner
- Imanova, Centre for Imaging Sciences, London, UK; Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK
| | - Isabelle Boileau
- Addiction Imaging Research Group, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Gallezot JD, Beaver JD, Gunn RN, Nabulsi N, Weinzimmer D, Singhal T, Slifstein M, Fowles K, Ding YS, Huang Y, Laruelle M, Carson RE, Rabiner EA. Affinity and selectivity of [¹¹C]-(+)-PHNO for the D3 and D2 receptors in the rhesus monkey brain in vivo. Synapse 2012; 66:489-500. [PMID: 22213512 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Although [¹¹C]-(+)-PHNO has enabled quantification of the dopamine-D3 receptor (D3R) in the human brain in vivo, its selectivity for the D3R is not sufficiently high to allow us to disregard its binding to the dopamine-D2 receptor (D2R). We quantified the affinity of [¹¹C]-(+)-PHNO for the D2R and D3R in the living primate brain. Two rhesus monkeys were examined on four occasions each, with [¹¹C]-(+)-PHNO administered in a bolus + infusion paradigm. Varying doses of unlabeled (+)-PHNO were coadministered on each occasion (total doses ranging from 0.09 to 5.61 μg kg⁻¹). The regional binding potential (BP(ND) ) and the corresponding doses of injected (+)-PHNO were used as inputs in a model that quantified the affinity of (+)-PHNO for the D2R and D3R, as well as the regional fractions of the [¹¹C]-(+)-PHNO signal attributable to D3R binding. (+)-PHNO in vivo affinity for the D3R (K(d)/f(ND) ~0.23-0.56 nM) was 25- to 48-fold higher than that for the D2R (K(d)/f(ND) ~11-14 nM). The tracer limits for (+)-PHNO (dose associated with D3R occupancy ~10%) were estimated at ~0.02-0.04 μg kg⁻¹ injected mass for anesthetized primate and at 0.01-0.02 μg kg⁻¹ for awake human positron emission tomography (PET) studies. Our data enabled a rational design and interpretation of future PET studies with [¹¹C]-(+)-PHNO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Dominique Gallezot
- PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Boileau I, Guttman M, Rusjan P, Adams JR, Houle S, Tong J, Hornykiewicz O, Furukawa Y, Wilson AA, Kapur S, Kish SJ. Decreased binding of the D3 dopamine receptor-preferring ligand [11C]-(+)-PHNO in drug-naive Parkinson's disease. Brain 2009; 132:1366-75. [PMID: 19153147 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The D(3) dopamine (DA) receptor is a member of the D(2)-like DA receptor family. While the D(2) receptor is abundant especially in motor-regions of the striatum, the D(3) receptor shows a relative abundance in limbic regions and globus pallidus. This receptor is of current interest in neurology because of its potential involvement in psychiatric and motor complications in Parkinson's disease and the possibility that dopamine D(3)-preferring agonist therapy might delay progression of the disorder. Preclinical data indicate that striatal levels of the D(3) (but not the D(2)) DA receptor are decreased following lesion of nigrostriatal DA neurons; at present, there are no in vivo data on this receptor subtype in Parkinson's disease. The objective of this positron emission tomography study was to compare [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO (D(3) versus D(2) preferring) and [(11)C]raclopride (D(3) = D(2)) binding in brain of non-depressed, non-demented, dopaminergic drug-naïve patients with early-stage Parkinson's disease (n = 10), relative to matched-controls (n = 9). Parkinson's disease was associated with a trend for bilaterally decreased [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO (but not [(11)C]raclopride) binding in the D(3)-rich ventral striatum (-11%, P = 0.07) and significantly decreased binding in globus pallidus (-42%, P = 0.02). In contrast, in the primarily D(2)-populated putamen, both [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO (25%, P = 0.02) and [(11)C]raclopride (25%, P < 0.01) binding were similarly increased, especially on the side contra-lateral to the symptoms. In the midbrain, presumably containing D(3) receptors localized to the substantia nigra, [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO binding was normal. Decreased [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO to [(11)C]raclopride ratio correlated with motor deficits and lowered-mood (P < 0.02). Our imaging data suggest that brain DA neuron loss in the human causes region-specific differential changes in DA D(2) and D(3) receptors with D(3) receptor 'downregulation' possibly related to some motor and mood problems in Parkinson disease. D(3) receptor levels might be a determinant vulnerability factor underlying side-effects associated with treatment; hence, these initial findings provide valuable baseline information to understand the role of D(3) receptors in response to Parkinson's disease medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Boileau
- Human Neurochemical Pathology Laboratory, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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