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Delussi M, Valt C, Silvestri A, Ricci K, Ladisa E, Ammendola E, Rampino A, Pergola G, de Tommaso M. Auditory mismatch negativity in pre-manifest and manifest Huntington's disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2024; 162:121-128. [PMID: 38603947 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2024.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of the electrophysiological brain response elicited in a passive acoustic oddball paradigm, i.e. mismatch negativity (MMN), in patients with Huntington's disease (HD) in the premanifest (pHD) and manifest (mHD) phases. In this regard, we correlated the results of event-related potentials (ERP) with disease characteristics. METHODS This was an observational cross-sectional MMN study. In addition to the MMN recording of the passive oddball task, all subjects with first-degree inheritance for HD underwent genetic testing for mutant HTT, the Huntington's Disease Rating Scale, the Total Functional Capacity Scale, the Problem Behaviors Assessment short form, and the Mini-Mental State Examination. RESULTS We found that global field power (GFP) was reduced in the MMN time window in mHD patients compared to pHD and normal controls (NC). In the pHD group, MMN amplitude was only slightly and not significantly increased compared to mHD, while pHD patients showed increased theta coherence between trials compared to mHD. In the entire sample of HD gene carriers, the main MMN traits were not correlated with motor performance, cognitive impairment and functional disability. CONCLUSION These results suggest an initial and subtle deterioration of pre-attentive mechanisms in the presymptomatic phase of HD, with an increasing phase shift in the MMN time frame. This result could indicate initial functional changes with a possible compensatory effect. SIGNIFICANCE An initial and slight decrease in MMN associated with increased phase coherence in the corresponding EEG frequencies could indicate an early functional involvement of pre-attentive resources that could precede the clinical expression of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Delussi
- Department of Education, Psychology and Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Christian Valt
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Adelchi Silvestri
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Katia Ricci
- Neurophysiopathology Unit, Policlinico General Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Emanuella Ladisa
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Elena Ammendola
- Neurophysiopathology Unit, Policlinico General Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Rampino
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Giulio Pergola
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marina de Tommaso
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
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Ma Z, Zhao X, Wang X, Ren Q, Zhang S, Lu L, Wang K, Lv Q, Cheng J. Evaluation of crossed cerebellar diaschisis after cerebral infarction in MCAO rats based on DKI. Eur J Clin Invest 2022; 52:e13716. [PMID: 34846725 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), apoptosis and the effect on neurological function recovery in rat model with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) was used to evaluate crossed cerebellar diaschisis (CCD) and to provide experimental and theoretical basis for the clinical treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS The MCAO models were established in rats. Eighty-four rats were randomly and evenly divided into 7 groups, including control group, 6-h group, 12-h group, 24-h group, 48-h group, 7-day group and 14-day group. The rats were scanned by MRI at the above time points. Then, rats were sacrificed for H&E staining, immunohistochemical staining and TUNEL staining to detect the expression of NMDA in the core infarct area and cerebellum. At the end, the discussion of relationships between molecular biology and MRI parameters (ADC derived from DWI, and MD, MK and FA derived from DKI) was performed. RESULTS The values of MD, ADC and FA in MCAO rats were all lower than those in the control group. All MRI parameters of the contralateral cerebellum were lower than those of the ipsilateral cerebellum (p < .05). The parameters reached the lowest value at 12 h, except that the MK reached the highest at 12 h. The expression of NMDA showed a fluctuation along time in the MCAO group. Overall, it is higher in the MCAO group than in the control group, reaching the maximum at 24 h (p < .05). At the same time, the expression of NMDA in the contralateral cerebellum was higher than in the ipsilateral cerebellum. CONCLUSION It is found that NMDA and DKI of CCD have the same changing trend, which indicates that the intervention of NMDA receptor apoptosis may become a new target for the treatment of cerebral infarction, and MRI parameters can predict the occurrence and development of CCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Ma
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qi Ren
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The 988 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kaiyu Wang
- GE Healthcare, MR Research China, Beijing, China
| | - Qingqing Lv
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingliang Cheng
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Rahman T, Purves-Tyson T, Geddes AE, Huang XF, Newell KA, Weickert CS. N-Methyl-d-Aspartate receptor and inflammation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2022; 240:61-70. [PMID: 34952289 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lower N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) GluN1 subunit levels and heightened neuroinflammation are found in the cortex in schizophrenia. Since neuroinflammation can lead to changes in NMDAR function, it is possible that these observations are linked in schizophrenia. We aimed to extend our previous studies by measuring molecular indices of NMDARs that define key functional properties of this receptor - particularly the ratio of GluN2A and GluN2B subunits - in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) from schizophrenia and control cases (37/37). We sought to test whether changes in these measures are specific to the subset of schizophrenia cases with high levels of inflammation-related mRNAs, defined as a high inflammatory subgroup. Quantitative autoradiography was used to detect 'functional' NMDARs ([3H]MK-801), GluN1-coupled-GluN2A subunits ([3H]CGP-39653), and GluN1-coupled-GluN2B subunits ([3H]Ifenprodil). Quantitative RT-PCR was used to measure NMDAR subunit transcripts (GRIN1, GRIN2A and GRIN2B). The ratios of GluN2A:GluN2B binding and GRIN2A:GRIN2B mRNAs were calculated as an index of putative NMDAR composition. We found: 1) GluN2A binding, and 2) the ratios of GluN2A:GluN2B binding and GRIN2A:GRIN2B mRNAs were lower in schizophrenia cases versus controls (p < 0.05), and 3) lower GluN2A:GluN2B binding and GRIN2A:GRIN2B mRNA ratios were exaggerated in the high inflammation/schizophrenia subgroup compared to the low inflammation/control subgroup (p < 0.05). No other NMDAR-related indices were significantly changed in the high inflammation/schizophrenia subgroup. This suggests that neuroinflammation may alter NMDAR stoichiometry rather than targeting total NMDAR levels overall, and future studies could aim to determine if anti-inflammatory treatment can alleviate this aspect of NMDAR-related pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnim Rahman
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tertia Purves-Tyson
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Amy E Geddes
- School of Medicine and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- School of Medicine and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Kelly A Newell
- School of Medicine and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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Sun J, Sun R, Li C, Luo X, Chen J, Hong J, Zeng Y, Wang QM, Wen H. NgR1 pathway expression in cerebral ischemic Sprague-Dawley rats with cognitive impairment. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 24:767-775. [PMID: 34630954 PMCID: PMC8487595 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2021.53316.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective(s): This study aimed to determine the effect of ischemic occlusion duration and recovery time course on motor and cognitive function, identify optimal conditions for assessing cognitive function with minimal interference from motor deficits, and elucidate the underlying mechanism of axonal inhibitors. Materials and Methods: Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly allocated to the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) 60-min (tMCAO60min), tMCAO90min, tMCAO120min, and sham groups. We conducted forelimb grip strength, two-way shuttle avoidance task, and novel object recognition task (NORT)tests at three time points (14, 21, and 28 days). Expression of Nogo receptor-1 (NgR1), the endogenous antagonist lateral olfactory tract usher substance, ras homolog family member A (Rho-A), and RhoA-activated Rho kinase (ROCK) was examined in the ipsilateral thalamus. Results: There was no difference in grip strength between sham and tMCAO90min rats at 28 days. tMCAO90min and tMCAO120min rats showed lower discrimination indices in the NORT than sham rats on day 28. Compared with that in sham rats, the active avoidance response rate was lower in tMCAO90min rats on days 14, 21, and 28 and in tMCAO120min rats on days 14 and 21. Furthermore, 50-54% of rats in the tMCAO90min group developed significant cognitive impairment on day 28, and thalamic NgR1, RhoA, and ROCK expression were greater in tMCAO90min rats than in sham rats. Conclusion: Employing 90-min tMCAO in SD rats and assessing cognitive function 28 days post-stroke could minimize motor dysfunction effects in cognitive function assessments. Axonal inhibitor deregulation could be involved in poststroke cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, No.8 Fuyu east Road, Guangzhou 511400, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ruifang Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xun Luo
- Kerry Rehabilitation Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen 518048, Guangdong Province, China.,Shenzhen Dapeng New District Nan'ao People's Hospital Shenzhen 518048, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiemei Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiena Hong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qing Mei Wang
- Stroke Biological Recovery Laboratory, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, The Teaching Affiliate of Harvard Medical School,96 13 Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Hongmei Wen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
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Shelly S, Liraz Zaltsman S, Ben-Gal O, Dayan A, Ganmore I, Shemesh C, Atrakchi D, Garra S, Ravid O, Rand D, Israelov H, Alon T, Lichtenstein G, Sharabi S, Last D, Gosselet F, Rosen V, Burstein G, Friedlander A, Harel R, Vogel G, Schnaider Beeri M, Mardor Y, Lampl Y, Fleminger G, Cooper I. Potential neurotoxicity of titanium implants: Prospective, in-vivo and in-vitro study. Biomaterials 2021; 276:121039. [PMID: 34352627 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a frequently used biomaterial, particularly in orthopedic and dental implants, and it is considered an inert and benign compound. This has resulted in toxicological scrutiny for TiO2 in the past decade, with numerus studies showing potential pathologic downstream effects. Herein we describe case report of a 77-year-old male with subacute CNS dysfunction, secondary to breakdown of a titanium-based carotid stent and leading to blood levels 1000 times higher (3 ppm) than the reported normal. We prospectively collected tissues adjacent to orthopedic implants and found a positive correlation between titanium concentration and time of implant in the body (r = 0.67, p < 0.02). Rats bearing titanium implants or intravascularly treated with TiO2 nanoparticles (TiNP) exhibited memory impairments. A human blood-brain barrier (BBB) in-vitro model exposed to TiNP showed paracellular leakiness, which was corroborated in-vivo with the decrease of key BBB transcripts in isolated blood vessels from hippocampi harvested from TiNP-treated mice. Titanium particles rapidly internalized into brain-like endothelial cells via caveolae-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis and induced pro-inflammatory reaction with increased expression of pro-inflammatory genes and proteins. Immune reaction was mediated partially by IL-1R and IL-6. In summary, we show that high levels of titanium accumulate in humans adjacent to orthopedic implants, and our in-vivo and in-vitro studies suggest it may be neurotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Shelly
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sigal Liraz Zaltsman
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Israel; Department of Pharmacology, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; Institute for Health and Medical Professions, Department of Sports Therapy, Ono Academic College, Kiryat Ono, Israel
| | - Ofir Ben-Gal
- Department of Orthopedic, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621, Israel
| | - Avraham Dayan
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, The George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Ithamar Ganmore
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Department of Neurology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Chen Shemesh
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Israel
| | - Dana Atrakchi
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Israel
| | - Sharif Garra
- Department of Orthopedic, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621, Israel
| | - Orly Ravid
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Israel
| | - Daniel Rand
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Hila Israelov
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Israel
| | - Tayir Alon
- Neurology Department, Rabin Medical Center - Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, 4941492, Israel
| | | | - Shirley Sharabi
- The Advanced Technology Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - David Last
- The Advanced Technology Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- Univ. Artois, UR 2465, Blood-brain Barrier Laboratory (LBHE), F-62300 Lens, France
| | - Vasiliy Rosen
- The ICP Unit, The Core Facility of the Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | | | - Alon Friedlander
- Spine Surgery Division, Department of Orthopedics, Sheba Medical Center, Israel
| | - Ran Harel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Spine Surgery Division, Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Israel
| | - Guy Vogel
- Department of Orthopedic, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621, Israel
| | - Michal Schnaider Beeri
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Israel; School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel; Department of Psychiatry, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Yael Mardor
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; The Advanced Technology Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Yair Lampl
- Department of Neurology, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Gideon Fleminger
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, The George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Itzik Cooper
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Israel; School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel; The Nehemia Rubin Excellence in Biomedical Research - The TELEM Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
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6
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A high-fat diet, but not haloperidol or olanzapine administration, increases activated microglial expression in the rat brain. Neurosci Lett 2021; 757:135976. [PMID: 34023409 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of chronic treatment of the antipsychotic drugs, haloperidol and olanzapine, on microglial activation in the brain. In addition, we explored the interaction of these antipsychotic drugs with normal and high-fat diet. In order to measure activated microglial expression, we used [3H] PK11195 in vitro autoradiography. Male Sprague Dawley rats were given a diet of either regular chow diet or a high-fat diet, and assigned either water, haloperidol drinking solution (1.5 mg/kg), or olanzapine drinking solution (10 mg/kg) for four weeks. Following treatment, rats were euthanized and brains extracted for [3H] PK11195 autoradiography. Rats on 4 weeks of a high-fat diet showed increased [3H] PK11195 binding compared to rats on a normal diet in the temporal association cortex (19 %), ectorhinal cortex (17 %), entorhinal cortex (18 %), and perirhinal cortex (18 %), irrespective of drug treatment. These are regions associated with memory, sensory, and visual processing. Rats treated with either haloperidol or olanzapine showed no differences in [3H] PK11195 binding compared to the control group. However, there were differences between the 2 different antipsychotic medications themselves. Haloperidol increased [3H] PK11195 binding in the amygdala (23 %), ectorhinal cortex (24 %), and perihinal cortex (29 %), compared to olanzapine. These results corroborate a known role of a high-fat diet and central inflammatory changes but suggest no role of these antipsychotic drugs in promoting neuroinflammation across 4 weeks compared to normal control rats.
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Liraz-Zaltsman S, Friedman-Levi Y, Shabashov-Stone D, Gincberg G, Atrakcy-Baranes D, Joy MT, Carmichael ST, Silva AJ, Shohami E. Chemokine Receptors CC Chemokine Receptor 5 and C-X-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 4 Are New Therapeutic Targets for Brain Recovery after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:2003-2017. [PMID: 33256497 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, chemokine receptor CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) was found to be a negative modulator of learning and memory. Its inhibition improved outcome after stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI). To better understand its role after TBI and establish therapeutic strategies, we investigated the effect of reduced CCR5 signaling as a neuroprotective strategy and of the temporal changes of CCR5 expression after TBI in different brain cell types. To silence CCR5 expression, ccr5 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) or dsred shRNA (control) was injected into the cornu ammonis (CA) 1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus 2 weeks before induction of closed-head injury in mice. Animals were then monitored for 32 days and euthanized at different time points to assess lesion area, inflammatory components of the glial response (immunohistochemistry; IHC), cytokine levels (enzyme-linked immunosorbent array), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation (western blot). Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis was performed to study post-injury temporal changes of CCR5 and C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) expression in cortical and hippocampal cell populations (neurons, astrocytes, and microglia). Phosphorylation of the N-methyl-d-aspartate subunit 1 (NR1) subunit of N-methyl-d-aspartate (western blot) and cAMP-response-element-binding protein (CREB; IHC) were also assessed. The ccr5 shRNA mice displayed reduced lesion area, dynamic alterations in levels of inflammation-related CCR5 ligands and cytokines, and higher levels of phosphorylated ERK. The ccr5 shRNA also reduced astrocytosis in the lesioned and sublesioned cortex. FACS analysis revealed increased cortical CCR5 and CXCR4 expression in CD11b-positive cells, astrocytes, and neurons, which was most evident in cells expressing both receptors, at 3 and 11 days post-injury. The lowest levels of phosphorylated NR1 and phosphorylated CREB were found at day 3 post-injury, suggesting that this is the critical time point for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Liraz-Zaltsman
- Department of Pharmacology, the Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel.,Institute for Health and Medical Professions, Department of Sports Therapy, Ono Academic College, Qiryat Ono, Israel
| | - Yael Friedman-Levi
- Department of Pharmacology, the Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dalia Shabashov-Stone
- Department of Pharmacology, the Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Galit Gincberg
- Department of Pharmacology, the Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Mary Teena Joy
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - S Thomas Carmichael
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alcino J Silva
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Esther Shohami
- Department of Pharmacology, the Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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8
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NMDARs in Cell Survival and Death: Implications in Stroke Pathogenesis and Treatment. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:533-551. [PMID: 32470382 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in developed countries. N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors (NMDARs) have important roles in stroke pathology and recovery. Depending on their subtypes and locations, these NMDARs may promote either neuronal survival or death. Recently, the functions of previously overlooked NMDAR subtypes during stroke were characterized, and NMDARs expressed at different subcellular locations were found to have synergistic rather than opposing functions. Moreover, the complexity of the neuronal survival and death signaling pathways following NMDAR activation was further elucidated. In this review, we summarize the recent developments in these areas and discuss how delineating the dual roles of NMDARs in stroke has directed the development of novel neuroprotective therapeutics for stroke.
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Hu Y, Guo TC, Zhang XY, Tian J, Lu YS. Paired associative stimulation improves synaptic plasticity and functional outcomes after cerebral ischemia. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1968-1976. [PMID: 31290455 PMCID: PMC6676880 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.259618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Paired associative stimulation is a relatively new non-invasive brain stimulation technique that combines transcranial magnetic stimulation and peripheral nerve stimulation. The effects of paired associative stimulation on the excitability of the cerebral cortex can vary according to the time interval between the transcranial magnetic stimulation and peripheral nerve stimulation. We established a model of cerebral ischemia in rats via transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. We administered paired associative stimulation with a frequency of 0.05 Hz 90 times over 4 weeks. We then evaluated spatial learning and memory using the Morris water maze. Changes in the cerebral ultra-structure and synaptic plasticity were assessed via transmission electron microscopy and a 64-channel multi-electrode array. We measured mRNA and protein expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1 in the hippocampus using a real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot assay. Paired associative stimulation treatment significantly improved learning and memory in rats subjected to cerebral ischemia. The ultra-structures of synapses in the CA1 area of the hippocampus in rats subjected to cerebral ischemia were restored by paired associative stimulation. Long-term potentiation at synapses in the CA3 and CA1 regions of the hippocampus was enhanced as well. The protein and mRNA expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1 increased after paired associative stimulation treatment. These data indicate that paired associative stimulation can protect cognition after cerebral ischemia. The observed effect may be mediated by increases in the mRNA and protein expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1, and by enhanced synaptic plasticity in the CA1 area of the hippocampus. The animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, China (approval No. TJ-A20151102) on July 11, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Tie-Cheng Guo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Jun Tian
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yin-Shan Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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10
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Stimulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors by exogenous and endogenous ligands improves outcome of brain injury. Curr Opin Neurol 2018; 31:687-692. [DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Zhou W, Bao W, Jiang D, Kong Y, Hua F, Lu X, Guan Y. [18F]-GE-179 positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors: One-pot synthesis and preliminary micro-PET study in a rat model of MCAO. Nucl Med Biol 2018; 61:45-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Liraz-Zaltsman S, Slusher B, Atrakchi-Baranes D, Rosenblatt K, Friedman Levi Y, Kesner E, Silva AJ, Biegon A, Shohami E. Enhancement of Brain d-Serine Mediates Recovery of Cognitive Function after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:1667-1680. [PMID: 29648983 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive deficits, especially memory loss, are common and devastating neuropsychiatric sequelae of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The deficits may persist for years and may be accompanied by increased risk of developing early- onset dementia. Past attempts to reverse the neuropathological effects of brain injury with glutamate-N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists failed to show any benefits or worsened the outcome, suggesting that activation, rather than blockage, of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) may be useful in the subacute period after TBI and stroke. Activation of the NMDAR requires occupation of the glycine-modulatory site by co-agonists to achieve its synaptic functions. Glycine and d-serine are endogenous ligands/co-agonists of synaptic NMDARs in many areas of the mature brain. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of 6-chlorobenzo(d)isoxazol-3-ol (CBIO), an inhibitor of D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO), which degrades d-serine, on cognitive outcome in a mouse model of TBI. Because treating TBI animals with CBIO elevates the endogenous levels of d-serine, we compared this novel treatment with treatment by exogenous d-serine alone and combined with CBIO. The results show that a single treatment (24 h post-injury) with CBIO in the mouse model of closed head injury significantly improves cognitive and motor function, and decreases lesion volume and the inflammatory response. Moreover, the compound proved to be neuroprotective, as the hippocampal volume and the number of neurons in hippocampal regions increased. Treatment with CBIO boosted the NR1 and phospho- NR1 subunits of the NMDAR and affected the CREB, phospho-CREB, and brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) pathways. These findings render CBIO a promising, novel treatment for cognitive impairment following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Liraz-Zaltsman
- 1 The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center , Tel Hashomer, Israel .,2 Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University , Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Barbara Slusher
- 3 Johns Hopkin Drug Discovery and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | - Yael Friedman Levi
- 2 Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University , Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Efrat Kesner
- 2 Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University , Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alcino J Silva
- 5 Integrative Center for Learning and Memory Brain Research Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Anat Biegon
- 6 Department of Radiology and Neurology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine , Stony Brook, New York
| | - Esther Shohami
- 2 Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University , Jerusalem, Israel
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13
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Viale L, Catoira NP, Di Girolamo G, González CD. Pharmacotherapy and motor recovery after stroke. Expert Rev Neurother 2017; 18:65-82. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2018.1400910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Viale
- Centro Asistencial Universitario, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Paola Catoira
- Residencia de Investigación en Salud, Gobierno de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
- Segunda Cátedra de Farmacología, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Di Girolamo
- Segunda Cátedra de Farmacología, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas ¨Prof. Dr. Alberto C. Taquini¨, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Claudio Daniel González
- Segunda Cátedra de Farmacología, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
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14
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Zhong YH, Dhawan J, Kovoor JA, Sullivan J, Zhang WX, Choi D, Biegon A. Aromatase and neuroinflammation in rat focal brain ischemia. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 174:225-233. [PMID: 28964927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that expression of aromatase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of androgens to estrogens, is transiently upregulated in rat stroke models. It was further suggested that increased aromatase expression is linked to neuroinflammation and that it is neuroprotective in females. Our goal was to investigate aromatase upregulation in male rats subjected to experimental stroke in relationship to neuroinflammation, infarct and response to treatment with different putative neuroprotective agents. Intact male rats were subjected to transient (90min) middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and administered selfotel (N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor competitive antagonist), TPEN (a zinc chelator), a combination of the two drugs or vehicle, injected immediately after reperfusion. Animals were killed 14days after MCAO and consecutive brain sections used to measure aromatase expression, cerebral infarct volume and neuroinflammation. Quantitative immunohistochemistry (IHC) demonstrated increased brain aromatase expression in the peri-infarct area relative to contralesional area, which was partially abrogated by neuroprotective agents. There was no correlation between aromatase expression in the peri-infarct zone and infarct volume, which was reduced by neuroprotective agents. Microglial activation, measured by quantitative autoradiography, was positively correlated with infarct and inversely correlated with aromatase expression in the peri-infarct zone. Our findings indicate that focal ischemia upregulates brain aromatase in the male rat brain at 14days post surgery, which is within the time frame documented in females. However, the lack of negative correlation between aromatase expression and infarct volume and lack of positive correlation between microgliosis and aromatase do not support a major role for aromatase as a mediator of neuroprotection or a causal relationship between microglial activation and increased aromatase expression in male focal ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu H Zhong
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, PR China; Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2565, USA.
| | - Jasbeer Dhawan
- Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2565, USA.
| | - Joel A Kovoor
- Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2565, USA.
| | - John Sullivan
- Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2565, USA.
| | - Wei X Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, PR China.
| | - Dennis Choi
- Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2565, USA.
| | - Anat Biegon
- Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2565, USA.
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15
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Amantea D, Bagetta G. Excitatory and inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitters in stroke: from neurotoxicity to ischemic tolerance. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2017; 35:111-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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The role of cold‐inducibleRNAbinding protein in cell stress response. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:2164-2173. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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17
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Geng LY, Qian FY, Qian JF, Zhang ZJ. The combination of plasma glutamate and physical impairment after acute stroke as a potential indicator for the early-onset post-stroke depression. J Psychosom Res 2017; 96:35-41. [PMID: 28545791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTS The present study aimed to investigate the relationship of plasma glutamate levels with the early-onset of post-stroke depression (PSD) and to further explore the prognostic value of plasma glutamate combined with clinical characteristics for the early-onset PSD in the acute ischemic stroke patients. METHODS Seventy-four patients who admitted to the hospital within 24h of acute ischemic stroke were consecutively recruited and followed up for 2weeks. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17) were used to screen for depressive symptoms 14days after stroke. Diagnoses of depression were made in accordance with DSM-IV. Plasma glutamate levels were determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) on days 1 and 14 after stroke for all patients. RESULTS Plasma glutamate levels were significantly lower in PSD patients than those of non-PSD patients on day 1 after stroke. ROC curve analyses revealed an AUC (area under the ROC curve) of 0.724 (95% CI: 0.584-0.863, p=0.004) and of 0.669 (95% CI: 0.523-0.814, p=0.030) for National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores and plasma glutamate levels on day 1 respectively. Combined ROC analyses using the two factors revealed the highest AUC of 0.804 (95% CI: 0.685-0.922, P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS These results indicated an association between the early-onset PSD and a low plasma glutamate level following acute ischemic stroke. The combination of reduced plasma glutamate levels and physical impairment (determined by NIHSS) 1day after acute ischemic stroke was a potential diagnostic indicator for early-onset PSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Yu Geng
- Neurologic Department of Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Neuropsychiatric Institute and Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Fang-Yuan Qian
- Neurologic Department of Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Neuropsychiatric Institute and Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Jun-Feng Qian
- Neurologic Department of Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Neuropsychiatric Institute and Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhang
- Neurologic Department of Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Neuropsychiatric Institute and Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
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18
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Pappa M, Theodosiadis N, Tsounis A, Sarafis P. Pathogenesis and treatment of post-operative cognitive dysfunction. Electron Physician 2017; 9:3768-3775. [PMID: 28465805 PMCID: PMC5410904 DOI: 10.19082/3768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive disorders common in the post-operative period, are the post-operative delirium (POD) and the post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) does not mention POCD as a separate disease entity, and thus little is known about the pathogenesis of this disorder. The aim of this study was to review, detect and highlight the most important data cited, regarding pathogenesis mechanisms and treatment of the post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). The study was carried out from March 2015 to June 2015. Literature review was achieved by searching a number of bibliographic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar and SCOPUS, surveying published articles from 1955 to 2014. As far as the selection criteria, the material consists of scientific articles published mainly over the last fifteen years, while material published before 2000 was selected because it was considered to be important. This review showed that deficits are observed in one or more discrete areas of the patient's mental state, such as attention, concentration, memory, psychomotor speed and more. This condition is usually developed over a period of more than a week or month after surgery and is more common in elderly patients. Mechanisms that have been proposed to explain this phenomenon are hyperventilation, hypotension, cerebral microemboli and inflammatory mechanisms. Its differential diagnosis will be made mainly from delirium. POCD treatment will first include the exclusion of any other serious diseases that can cause organic psychosyndrome and then focus on the actual symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pappa
- 414 Military Hospital of Special Diseases, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Andreas Tsounis
- Centers for the Prevention of Addictions and Promoting Psychosocial Health of Municipality of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pavlos Sarafis
- Nursing Department, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
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19
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Feng Z, Du Q. Mechanisms responsible for the effect of median nerve electrical stimulation on traumatic brain injury-induced coma: orexin-A-mediated N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR1 upregulation. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:951-6. [PMID: 27482224 PMCID: PMC4962593 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.184494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical stimulation of the median nerve is a noninvasive technique that facilitates awakening from coma. In rats with traumatic brain injury-induced coma, median nerve stimulation markedly enhances prefrontal cortex expression of orexin-A and its receptor, orexin receptor 1. To further understand the mechanism underlying wakefulness mediated by electrical stimulation of the median nerve, we evaluated its effects on the expression of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR1 in the prefrontal cortex in rat models of traumatic brain injury-induced coma, using immunohistochemistry and western blot assays. In rats with traumatic brain injury, NR1 expression increased with time after injury. Rats that underwent electrical stimulation of the median nerve (30 Hz, 0.5 ms, 1.0 mA for 15 minutes) showed elevated NR1 expression and greater recovery of consciousness than those without stimulation. These effects were reduced by intracerebroventricular injection of the orexin receptor 1 antagonist SB334867. Our results indicate that electrical stimulation of the median nerve promotes recovery from traumatic brain injury-induced coma by increasing prefrontal cortex NR1 expression via an orexin-A-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qing Du
- Department of Rehabilitation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
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20
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Liraz-Zaltsman S, Yaka R, Shabashov D, Shohami E, Biegon A. Neuroinflammation-Induced Memory Deficits Are Amenable to Treatment with D-Cycloserine. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 60:46-62. [PMID: 27421842 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0786-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits, especially memory loss, are common following many types of brain insults which are associated with neuroinflammation, although the underlying mechanisms are not entirely clear. The present study aimed to characterize the long-term cognitive and behavioral impairments in a mouse model of neuroinflammation in the absence of other insults and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of D-cycloserine (DCS). DCS is a co-agonist of the NMDA receptor that ameliorates cognitive deficits in models of TBI and stroke. Using a mouse model of global neuroinflammation induced by intracisternal (i.c.) administration of endotoxin (LPS), we found long-lasting microgliosis, memory deficits, impaired LTP, and reduced levels of the obligatory NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor. A single administration of DCS, 1 day after i.c. LPS reduced microgliosis, reversed the cognitive deficits and restored LTP and NR1 levels. These results demonstrate that neuroinflammation alone, in the absence of trauma or ischemia, can cause persistent (>6 months) memory deficits linked to deranged NNMDA receptor function and suggest a possible role for NMDA co-agonists in reducing the cognitive sequelae of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Liraz-Zaltsman
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Rami Yaka
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dalia Shabashov
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Esther Shohami
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Anat Biegon
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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21
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Chronic Methamphetamine Effects on Brain Structure and Function in Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155457. [PMID: 27275601 PMCID: PMC4898739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) addiction is a growing epidemic worldwide. Chronic MA use has been shown to lead to neurotoxicity in rodents and humans. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in MA users have shown enlarged striatal volumes and positron emission tomography (PET) studies have shown decreased brain glucose metabolism (BGluM) in the striatum of detoxified MA users. The present study examines structural changes of the brain, observes microglial activation, and assesses changes in brain function, in response to chronic MA treatment. Rats were randomly split into three distinct treatment groups and treated daily for four months, via i.p. injection, with saline (controls), or low dose (LD) MA (4 mg/kg), or high dose (HD) MA (8 mg/kg). Sixteen weeks into the treatment period, rats were injected with a glucose analog, [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), and their brains were scanned with micro-PET to assess regional BGluM. At the end of MA treatment, magnetic resonance imaging at 21T was performed on perfused rats to determine regional brain volume and in vitro [3H]PK 11195 autoradiography was performed on fresh-frozen brain tissue to measure microglia activation. When compared with controls, chronic HD MA-treated rats had enlarged striatal volumes and increases in [3H]PK 11195 binding in striatum, the nucleus accumbens, frontal cortical areas, the rhinal cortices, and the cerebellar nuclei. FDG microPET imaging showed that LD MA-treated rats had higher BGluM in insular and somatosensory cortices, face sensory nucleus of the thalamus, and brainstem reticular formation, while HD MA-treated rats had higher BGluM in primary and higher order somatosensory and the retrosplenial cortices, compared with controls. HD and LD MA-treated rats had lower BGluM in the tail of the striatum, rhinal cortex, and subiculum and HD MA also had lower BGluM in hippocampus than controls. These results corroborate clinical findings and help further examine the mechanisms behind MA-induced neurotoxicity.
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22
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Suresh Kumar MA, Peluso M, Chaudhary P, Dhawan J, Beheshti A, Manickam K, Thapar U, Pena L, Natarajan M, Hlatky L, Demple B, Naidu M. Fractionated Radiation Exposure of Rat Spinal Cords Leads to Latent Neuro-Inflammation in Brain, Cognitive Deficits, and Alterations in Apurinic Endonuclease 1. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26208353 PMCID: PMC4514622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation causes degeneration of myelin, the insulating sheaths of neuronal axons, leading to neurological impairment. As radiation research on the central nervous system has predominantly focused on neurons, with few studies addressing the role of glial cells, we have focused our present research on identifying the latent effects of single/ fractionated -low dose of low/ high energy radiation on the role of base excision repair protein Apurinic Endonuclease-1, in the rat spinal cords oligodendrocyte progenitor cells’ differentiation. Apurinic endonuclease-1 is predominantly upregulated in response to oxidative stress by low- energy radiation, and previous studies show significant induction of Apurinic Endonuclease-1 in neurons and astrocytes. Our studies show for the first time, that fractionation of protons cause latent damage to spinal cord architecture while fractionation of HZE (28Si) induce increase in APE1 with single dose, which then decreased with fractionation. The oligodendrocyte progenitor cells differentiation was skewed with increase in immature oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, which likely cause the observed decrease in white matter, increased neuro-inflammation, together leading to the observed significant cognitive defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Suresh Kumar
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael Peluso
- GeneSys Research Institute/ Center for Cancer Systems Biology at Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pankaj Chaudhary
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Jasbeer Dhawan
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Afshin Beheshti
- GeneSys Research Institute/ Center for Cancer Systems Biology at Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Krishnan Manickam
- Department of Pathology, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Upasna Thapar
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Louis Pena
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, United States of America
| | - Mohan Natarajan
- Department of Pathology, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lynn Hlatky
- GeneSys Research Institute/ Center for Cancer Systems Biology at Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bruce Demple
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Mamta Naidu
- GeneSys Research Institute/ Center for Cancer Systems Biology at Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Tajiri N, Acosta S, Portillo-Gonzales GS, Aguirre D, Reyes S, Lozano D, Pabon M, Dela Peña I, Ji X, Yasuhara T, Date I, Solomita MA, Antonucci I, Stuppia L, Kaneko Y, Borlongan CV. Therapeutic outcomes of transplantation of amniotic fluid-derived stem cells in experimental ischemic stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:227. [PMID: 25165432 PMCID: PMC4131212 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating preclinical evidence suggests the use of amnion as a source of stem cells for investigations of basic science concepts related to developmental cell biology, but also for stem cells’ therapeutic applications in treating human disorders. We previously reported isolation of viable rat amniotic fluid-derived stem (AFS) cells. Subsequently, we recently reported the therapeutic benefits of intravenous transplantation of AFS cells in a rodent model of ischemic stroke. Parallel lines of investigations have provided safety and efficacy of stem cell therapy for treating stroke and other neurological disorders. This review article highlights the need for investigations of mechanisms underlying AFS cells’ therapeutic benefits and discusses lab-to-clinic translational gating items in an effort to optimize the clinical application of the cell transplantation for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Tajiri
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sandra Acosta
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Gabriel S Portillo-Gonzales
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Daniela Aguirre
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Stephanny Reyes
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Diego Lozano
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mibel Pabon
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ike Dela Peña
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Xunming Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing, China
| | - Takao Yasuhara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama, Japan
| | - Isao Date
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama, Japan
| | - Marianna A Solomita
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ivana Antonucci
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, DISPUTer, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, "G. d 'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Liborio Stuppia
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, DISPUTer, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, "G. d 'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Yuji Kaneko
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine Tampa, FL, USA
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Hjalmarsson C, Bjerke M, Andersson B, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Aberg ND, Olsson B, Eckerström C, Bokemark L, Wallin A. Neuronal and glia-related biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with acute ischemic stroke. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2014; 6:51-8. [PMID: 24932109 PMCID: PMC4039292 DOI: 10.4137/jcnsd.s13821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral ischemia promotes morphological reactions of the neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia in experimental studies. Our aim was to examine the profile of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) biomarkers and their relation to stroke severity and degree of white matter lesions (WML). METHODS A total of 20 patients (mean age 76 years) were included within 5–10 days after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) onset. Stroke severity was assessed using NIHSS (National Institute of Health stroke scale). The age-related white matter changes (ARWMC) scale was used to evaluate the extent of WML on CT-scans. The concentrations of specific CSF biomarkers were analyzed. RESULTS Patients with AIS had significantly higher levels of NFL (neurofilament, light), T-tau, myelin basic protein (MBP), YKL-40, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) compared with controls; T-Tau, MBP, GFAP, and YKL-40 correlated with clinical stroke severity, whereas NFL correlated with severity of WML (tested by Mann–Whitney test). CONCLUSIONS Several CSF biomarkers increase in AIS, and they correlate to clinical stroke severity. However, only NFL was found to be a marker of degree of WML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Hjalmarsson
- The Stroke Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Bjerke
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Björn Andersson
- The Stroke Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden. ; UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - N David Aberg
- The Stroke Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bob Olsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carl Eckerström
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lena Bokemark
- The Stroke Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Wallin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Näätänen R, Sussman ES, Salisbury D, Shafer VL. Mismatch negativity (MMN) as an index of cognitive dysfunction. Brain Topogr 2014; 27:451-66. [PMID: 24838819 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-014-0374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cognition is often affected in a variety of neuropsychiatric, neurological, and neurodevelopmental disorders. The neural discriminative response, reflected in mismatch negativity (MMN) and its magnetoencephalographic equivalent (MMNm), has been used as a tool to study a variety of disorders involving auditory cognition. MMN/MMNm is an involuntary brain response to auditory change or, more generally, to pattern regularity violation. For a number of disorders, MMN/MMNm amplitude to sound deviance has been shown to be attenuated or the peak-latency of the component prolonged compared to controls. This general finding suggests that while not serving as a specific marker to any particular disorder, MMN may be useful for understanding factors of cognition in various disorders, and has potential to serve as an indicator of risk. This review presents a brief history of the MMN, followed by a description of how MMN has been used to index auditory processing capability in a range of neuropsychiatric, neurological, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Finally, we suggest future directions for research to further enhance our understanding of the neural substrate of deviance detection that could lead to improvements in the use of MMN as a clinical tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risto Näätänen
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Cherry KM, Lenze EJ, Lang CE. Combining d-cycloserine with motor training does not result in improved general motor learning in neurologically intact people or in people with stroke. J Neurophysiol 2014; 111:2516-24. [PMID: 24671538 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00882.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological rehabilitation involving motor training has resulted in clinically meaningful improvements in function but is unable to eliminate many of the impairments associated with neurological injury. Thus there is a growing need for interventions that facilitate motor learning during rehabilitation therapy, to optimize recovery. d-Cycloserine (DCS), a partial N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonist that enhances neurotransmission throughout the central nervous system (Ressler KJ, Rothbaum BO, Tannenbaum L, Anderson P, Graap K, Zimand E, Hodges L, Davis M. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61: 1136-1144, 2004), has been shown to facilitate declarative and emotional learning. We therefore tested whether combining DCS with motor training facilitates motor learning after stroke in a series of two experiments. Forty-one healthy adults participated in experiment I, and twenty adults with stroke participated in experiment II of this two-session, double-blind study. Session one consisted of baseline assessment, subject randomization, and oral administration of DCS or placebo (250 mg). Subjects then participated in training on a balancing task, a simulated feeding task, and a cognitive task. Subjects returned 1-3 days later for posttest assessment. We found that all subjects had improved performance from pretest to posttest on the balancing task, the simulated feeding task, and the cognitive task. Subjects who were given DCS before motor training, however, did not show enhanced learning on the balancing task, the simulated feeding task, or the associative recognition task compared with subjects given placebo. Moreover, training on the balancing task did not generalize to a similar, untrained balance task. Our findings suggest that DCS does not enhance motor learning or motor skill generalization in neurologically intact adults or in adults with stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra M Cherry
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Eric J Lenze
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Catherine E Lang
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri; Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri; and Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
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Zhou M, Yang WL, Ji Y, Qiang X, Wang P. Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein mediates neuroinflammation in cerebral ischemia. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2253-61. [PMID: 24613680 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation is a key cascade after cerebral ischemia. Excessive production of proinflammatory mediators in ischemia exacerbates brain injury. Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRP) is a newly discovered proinflammatory mediator that can be released into the circulation during hemorrhage or septic shock. Here, we examine the involvement of CIRP in brain injury during ischemic stroke. METHODS Stroke was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). In vitro hypoxia was conducted in a hypoxia chamber containing 1% oxygen. CIRP and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were assessed by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. RESULTS CIRP is elevated along with an upregulation of TNF-α expression in mouse brain after MCAO. In CIRP-deficient mice, the brain infarct volume, induction of TNF-α, and activation of microglia are markedly reduced after MCAO. Using microglial BV2 cells, we demonstrate that hypoxia induces the expression, translocation, and release of CIRP, which is associated with an increase of TNF-α levels. Addition of recombinant murine (rm) CIRP directly induces TNF-α release from BV2 cells and such induction is inhibited by neutralizing antisera to CIRP. Moreover, rmCIRP activates the NF-κB signaling pathway in BV2 cells. The conditioned medium from BV2 cells exposed to hypoxia triggers the apoptotic cascade by increasing caspase activity and decreasing Bcl-2 expression in neural SH-SY5Y cells, which is inhibited by antisera to CIRP. CONCLUSION Extracellular CIRP is a detrimental factor in stimulating inflammation to cause neuronal damage in cerebral ischemia. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Development of an anti-CIRP therapy may benefit patients with brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Zhou
- Center for Translational Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
| | - Weng-Lang Yang
- Center for Translational Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
| | - Youxin Ji
- Center for Translational Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
| | - Xiaoling Qiang
- Center for Translational Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
| | - Ping Wang
- Center for Translational Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
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Kravitz E, Gaisler-Salomon I, Biegon A. Hippocampal glutamate NMDA receptor loss tracks progression in Alzheimer's disease: quantitative autoradiography in postmortem human brain. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81244. [PMID: 24312282 PMCID: PMC3842934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by memory loss and hippocampal atrophy with relative sparing of basal ganglia. Activation of glutamate NMDA receptors in the hippocampus is an important step in memory formation. We measured the density of NMDA receptors in samples of hippocampus, entorhinal cortex and basal ganglia obtained from subjects who died with pathologically confirmed AD and age- and sex- matched non-demented controls. We found significant decreases in NMDA receptor density in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex but not in the basal ganglia. Loss of NMDA receptors was significantly correlated with neuropathological progression as assessed by Braak staging postmortem. The same samples were probed for neuroinflammation by measuring the density and gene expression of translocator protein 18 kDA (TSPO), an established marker of microglial activation. Unlike NMDA receptor loss, increased densities of TSPO were found in all of the brain regions sampled. However hippocampal, but not striatal TSPO density and gene expression were inversely correlated with NMDA receptor density and positively correlated with Braak stage, suggesting NMDA receptors exacerbate neuroniflammatory damage. The high correlation between hippocampal NMDA receptor loss and disease progression supports the use of non invasive imaging with NMDA receptor tracers and positron emission tomography as a superior method for diagnosis, staging and treatment monitoring of AD in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Kravitz
- J. Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Anat Biegon
- Department Neurology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Peng L, Xu L, Ouyang W. Role of peripheral inflammatory markers in postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD): a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79624. [PMID: 24236147 PMCID: PMC3827367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is common following cardiac and non-cardiac surgery, but the pathogenic mechanisms remain unknown. Many studies suggest that an inflammatory response is a key contributor to POCD. The current meta-analysis shows that the levels of peripheral inflammatory markers are associated with POCD. Methods An online search was performed to identify peer-reviewed studies without language restriction that measured peripheral inflammatory markers of patients with and without POCD, using PubMed, ScienceDirect, SinoMed and the National Knowledge Infrastructure database. Extracted data were analyzed with STATA (version 12).The standardized mean difference (SMD) and the 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were calculated for each outcome using a random effect model. Tests of heterogeneity assessment of bias, and meta-regression were performed in the meta-analysis. Results A total of 13 studies that measured the concentrations of peripheral inflammatory markers were included. The current meta-analysis found significantly higher concentrations of S-100β(SMD[95%CI]) (1.377 [0.423, 2.331], p-value < 0.001, N [POCD/non-POCD] =178/391, 7 studies), and interleukin(IL)-6 (SMD[95%CI]) (1.614 [0.603,2.624], p-value < 0.001, N[POCD/non-POCD] = 91/99, 5 studies), but not of neuron specific enolase, interleukin-1β, or tumor necrosis factor-α , in POCD compared with patients without POCD. In meta-regression analyses, a significant positive association was found between the SMD and the preoperative interleukin-6 peripheral blood concentration in patients with POCD (Coef.= 0.0587, p-value=0.038, 5 studies). Conclusions This study shows that POCD is indeed correlated with the concentrations of peripheral inflammatory markers, particularly interleukin-6 and S-100β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linying Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liwei Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Ouyang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- * E-mail:
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Imamoto N, Momosaki S, Fujita M, Omachi S, Yamato H, Kimura M, Kanegawa N, Shinohara S, Abe K. [11C]PK11195 PET imaging of spinal glial activation after nerve injury in rats. Neuroimage 2013; 79:121-8. [PMID: 23611861 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of glial activation has been implicated in the development and persistence of neuropathic pain after nerve injury by recent studies. PK11195 binding to the translocator protein 18kDa (TSPO) has been shown to be enhanced in activated microglia. This study was designed to assess PK11195 imaging in spinal microglia during activation after nerve injury. The development of neuropathic pain was induced by partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSL). PSL rats on days 7 and 14 after nerve injury were subjected to imaging with a small-animal positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scanner using [(11)C]PK11195 to detect spinal microglial activation by means of noninvasive in vivo imaging. Spinal [(3)H]PK11195 autoradiography was performed to confirm the results of [(11)C]PK11195 PET in PSL rats. Quantitative RT-PCR of CD11b and GFAP mRNA, and the immunohistochemistry of Iba1 and GFAP were investigated to detect activated microglia and astrocytes. Mechanical allodynia was observed in the ipsilateral paw of PSL rats from day 3 after nerve injury and stably persisted from days 7 to 14. PET/CT fusion images clearly showed large amounts of accumulation of [(11)C]PK11195 in the lumbar spinal cord on days 7 and 14 after nerve injury. [(11)C]PK11195 enhanced images were restricted to the L3-L6 area of the spinal cord. The standardized uptake value (SUV) of [(11)C]PK11195 was significantly increased in the lumbar spinal cord compared to that of the thoracic region. Increased specific binding of [(11)C]PK11195 to TSPO in the spinal cord of PSL rats was confirmed by competition studies using unlabeled (R, S)-PK11195. Increased [(3)H]PK11195 binding was also observed in the ipsilateral dorsal horn of the L3-L6 spinal cord on days 7 and 14 after nerve injury. CD11b mRNA and Iba1 immunoreactive cells increased significantly on days 7 and 14 after nerve injury by PSL. However, changes in GFAP mRNA and immunoreactivity were slight in the ipsilateral side of PSL rats. In the present study, we showed that glial activation could be quantitatively imaged in the spinal cord of neuropathic pain rats using [(11)C]PK11195 PET, suggesting that high resolution PET using TSPO-specific radioligands might be useful for imaging to assess the role of glial activation, including neuroinflammatory processes, in neuropathic pain patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Imamoto
- Department of Innovative Drug Discovery Technologies, Innovative Drug Discovery Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co, Ltd, Osaka, Japan.
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Morrison HW, Filosa JA. A quantitative spatiotemporal analysis of microglia morphology during ischemic stroke and reperfusion. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:4. [PMID: 23311642 PMCID: PMC3570327 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia cells continuously survey the healthy brain in a ramified morphology and, in response to injury, undergo progressive morphological and functional changes that encompass microglia activation. Although ideally positioned for immediate response to ischemic stroke (IS) and reperfusion, their progressive morphological transformation into activated cells has not been quantified. In addition, it is not well understood if diverse microglia morphologies correlate to diverse microglia functions. As such, the dichotomous nature of these cells continues to confound our understanding of microglia-mediated injury after IS and reperfusion. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively characterize the spatiotemporal pattern of microglia morphology during the evolution of cerebral injury after IS and reperfusion. METHODS Male C57Bl/6 mice were subjected to focal cerebral ischemia and periods of reperfusion (0, 8 and 24 h). The microglia process length/cell and number of endpoints/cell was quantified from immunofluorescent confocal images of brain regions using a skeleton analysis method developed for this study. Live cell morphology and process activity were measured from movies acquired in acute brain slices from GFP-CX3CR1 transgenic mice after IS and 24-h reperfusion. Regional CD11b and iNOS expressions were measured from confocal images and Western blot, respectively, to assess microglia proinflammatory function. RESULTS Quantitative analysis reveals a significant spatiotemporal relationship between microglia morphology and evolving cerebral injury in the ipsilateral hemisphere after IS and reperfusion. Microglia were both hyper- and de-ramified in striatal and cortical brain regions (respectively) after 60 min of focal cerebral ischemia. However, a de-ramified morphology was prominent when ischemia was coupled to reperfusion. Live microglia were de-ramified, and, in addition, process activity was severely blunted proximal to the necrotic core after IS and 24 h of reperfusion. CD11b expression, but not iNOS expression, was increased in regions of hyper- and de-ramified microglia during the course of ischemic stroke and 24 h of reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS Our findings illustrate that microglia activation after stroke includes both increased and decreased cell ramification. Importantly, quantitative analyses of microglial morphology and activity are feasible and, in future studies, would assist in the comprehensive identification and stratification of their dichotomous contribution toward cerebral injury and recovery during IS and reperfusion.
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Tajiri N, Acosta S, Glover LE, Bickford PC, Jacotte Simancas A, Yasuhara T, Date I, Solomita MA, Antonucci I, Stuppia L, Kaneko Y, Borlongan CV. Intravenous grafts of amniotic fluid-derived stem cells induce endogenous cell proliferation and attenuate behavioral deficits in ischemic stroke rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43779. [PMID: 22912905 PMCID: PMC3422299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported isolation of viable rat amniotic fluid-derived stem (AFS) cells [1]. Here, we tested the therapeutic benefits of AFS cells in a rodent model of ischemic stroke. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received a 60-minute middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Thirty-five days later, animals exhibiting significant motor deficits received intravenous transplants of rat AFS cells or vehicle. At days 60–63 post-MCAo, significant recovery of motor and cognitive function was seen in stroke animals transplanted with AFS cells compared to vehicle-infused stroke animals. Infarct volume, as revealed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, was significantly reduced, coupled with significant increments in the cell proliferation marker, Ki67, and the neuronal marker, MAP2, in the dentate gyrus (DG) [2] and the subventricular zone (SVZ) of AFS cell-transplanted stroke animals compared to vehicle-infused stroke animals. A significantly higher number of double-labeled Ki67/MAP2-positive cells and a similar trend towards increased Ki67/MAP2 double-labeling were observed in the DG and SVZ of AFS cell-transplanted stroke animals, respectively, compared to vehicle-infused stroke animals. This study reports the therapeutic potential of AFS cell transplantation in stroke animals, possibly via enhancement of endogenous repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Tajiri
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sandra Acosta
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Loren E. Glover
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paula C. Bickford
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alejandra Jacotte Simancas
- Departamento de Psicobiologia y Metodologia de las Cièncias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Takao Yasuhara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Isao Date
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Marianna A. Solomita
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, School of Advanced Studies G.d'Annunzio, Chieti University and Stem TeCh Group, Aging Research Center, Chieti- Pescara, Italy
| | - Ivana Antonucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, School of Advanced Studies G.d'Annunzio, Chieti University and Stem TeCh Group, Aging Research Center, Chieti- Pescara, Italy
| | - Liborio Stuppia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, School of Advanced Studies G.d'Annunzio, Chieti University and Stem TeCh Group, Aging Research Center, Chieti- Pescara, Italy
| | - Yuji Kaneko
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Cesar V. Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Diederich K, Frauenknecht K, Minnerup J, Schneider BK, Schmidt A, Altach E, Eggert V, Sommer CJ, Schäbitz WR. Citicoline enhances neuroregenerative processes after experimental stroke in rats. Stroke 2012; 43:1931-40. [PMID: 22581817 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.112.654806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The neuroprotective potential of citicoline in acute ischemic stroke has been shown in many experimental studies and, although the exact mechanisms are still unknown, a clinical Phase III trial is currently underway. Our present study was designed to check whether citicoline also enhances neuroregeneration after experimental stroke. METHODS Forty Wistar rats were subjected to photothrombotic stroke and treated either with daily injections of citicoline (100 mg/kg) or vehicle for 10 consecutive days starting 24 hours after ischemia induction. Sensorimotor tests were performed after an adequate training period at Days 1, 10, 21, and 28 after stroke. Then brains were removed and analyzed for infarct size, glial scar formation, neurogenesis, and ligand binding densities of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors. RESULTS Animals treated with citicoline showed a significantly better neurological outcome at Days 10, 21, and 28 after ischemia, which could not be attributed to differences in infarct volumes or glial scar formation. However, neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus, subventricular zone, and peri-infarct area was significantly increased by citicoline. Furthermore, enhanced neurological outcome after citicoline treatment was associated with a shift toward excitation in the perilesional cortex. CONCLUSIONS Our present data demonstrate that, apart from the well-known neuroprotective effects in acute ischemic stroke, citicoline also possesses a substantial neuroregenerative potential. Thanks to its multimodal effects, easy applicability, and history as a well-tolerated drug, promising possibilities of neurological treatment including chronic stroke open up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Diederich
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Solntseva SV, Nikitin VP. Recovery of Memory by the Glutamate NMDA Receptor Agonist D-Cycloserine Depends on the Stage of Development of Amnesia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11055-012-9580-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Grossman R, Paden CM, Fry PA, Rhodes RS, Biegon A. Persistent region-dependent neuroinflammation, NMDA receptor loss and atrophy in an animal model of penetrating brain injury. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2012; 7:329-339. [PMID: 23539500 DOI: 10.2217/fnl.12.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic changes in neuroinflammation and glutamate NMDA receptors (NMDAR) have been noted in traumatic and ischemic brain injury. AIM Here we investigate the time course and regional distribution of these changes and their relationship with atrophy in a rat model of penetrating brain injury. MATERIALS METHODS Quantitative autoradiography, with the neuroinflammation marker [3H]PK11195 and the NMDAR antagonist [125I]iodoMK801, was performed on brains of animals subjected to a unilateral wireknife injury at the level of striatum and killed 3 - 60 days later. Regional atrophy was measured by morphometry. RESULTS The injury produced large increases in [3H]PK11195 binding density in cortical and septal regions adjacent to the knife track by day 7, with modest increases in the striatum. [125I]iodoMK801 binding was reduced in cor tical and hippocampal regions showing marked neuroinflammation, which showed marked atrophy at subsequent time points. CONCLUSION These results indicate that neuroinflammaton and loss of NMDAR precede and predict tissue atrophy in cortical and hippocampal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Grossman
- Neurosurgery Department, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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van Harten AE, Scheeren TWL, Absalom AR. A review of postoperative cognitive dysfunction and neuroinflammation associated with cardiac surgery and anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2012; 67:280-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2011.07008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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The mismatch negativity (MMN)--a unique window to disturbed central auditory processing in ageing and different clinical conditions. Clin Neurophysiol 2011; 123:424-58. [PMID: 22169062 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we review clinical research using the mismatch negativity (MMN), a change-detection response of the brain elicited even in the absence of attention or behavioural task. In these studies, the MMN was usually elicited by employing occasional frequency, duration or speech-sound changes in repetitive background stimulation while the patient was reading or watching videos. It was found that in a large number of different neuropsychiatric, neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as in normal ageing, the MMN amplitude was attenuated and peak latency prolonged. Besides indexing decreased discrimination accuracy, these effects may also reflect, depending on the specific stimulus paradigm used, decreased sensory-memory duration, abnormal perception or attention control or, most importantly, cognitive decline. In fact, MMN deficiency appears to index cognitive decline irrespective of the specific symptomatologies and aetiologies of the different disorders involved.
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Dhawan J, Benveniste H, Luo Z, Nawrocky M, Smith SD, Biegon A. A new look at glutamate and ischemia: NMDA agonist improves long-term functional outcome in a rat model of stroke. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2011; 6:823-834. [PMID: 22140354 DOI: 10.2217/fnl.11.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke triggers a massive, although transient, glutamate efflux and excessive activation of NMDA receptors (NMDARs), possibly leading to neuronal death. However, multiple clinical trials with NMDA antagonists failed to improve, or even worsened, stroke outcome. Recent findings of a persistent post-stroke decline in NMDAR density, which plays a pivotal role in plasticity and memory formation, suggest that NMDAR stimulation, rather than inhibition, may prove beneficial in the subacute period after stroke. AIM: This study aims to examine the effect of the NMDAR partial agonist d-cycloserine (DCS) on long-term structural, functional and behavioral outcomes in rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, an animal model of ischemic stroke. MATERIALS #ENTITYSTARTX00026; METHODS: Rats (n = 36) that were subjected to 90 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion were given a single injection of DCS (10 mg/kg) or vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline) 24 h after occlusion and followed up for 30 days. MRI (structural and functional) was used to measure infarction, atrophy and cortical activation due to electrical forepaw stimulation. Memory function was assessed on days 7, 21 and 30 postocclusion using the novel object recognition test. A total of 20 nonischemic controls were included for comparison. RESULTS: DCS treatment resulted in significant improvement of somatosensory and cognitive function relative to vehicle treatment. By day 30, cognitive performance of the DCS-treated animals was indistinguishable from nonischemic controls, while vehicle-treated animals demonstrated a stable memory deficit. DCS had no significant effect on infarction or atrophy. CONCLUSION: These results support a beneficial role for NMDAR stimulation during the recovery period after stroke, most likely due to enhanced neuroplasticity rather than neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasbeer Dhawan
- Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 490, Upton, NY 11973, USA
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Diederich K, Quennet V, Bauer H, Müller HD, Wersching H, Schäbitz WR, Minnerup J, Sommer C. Successful regeneration after experimental stroke by granulocyte-colony stimulating factor is not further enhanced by constraint-induced movement therapy either in concurrent or in sequential combination therapy. Stroke 2011; 43:185-92. [PMID: 22020031 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.622159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Both application of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) have been shown to improve outcome after experimental stroke. The aim of the present study was to determine whether concurrent or sequential combination of both therapies will further enhance therapeutic benefit and whether specific modifications in the abundance of various neurotransmitter receptors do occur. METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to photothrombotic ischemia and assigned to the following treatment groups (n=20 each): (1) ischemic control (saline); (2) CIMT (CIMT between poststroke Days 2 and 11; (3) G-CSF (10 μg/kg G-CSF daily between poststroke Days 2 and 11; (4) combined concurrent group (CIMT plus 10 μg/kg G-CSF daily between poststroke Days 2 and 11; and (5) combined sequential group (CIMT between poststroke Days 2 and 11 and 10 μg/kg G-CSF daily between poststroke Days 12 and 21, respectively). Rats were functionally tested before and up to 4 weeks after ischemia. Quantitative receptor autography was performed for N-methyl-d-aspartate, AMPA, and GABA(A) receptors. RESULTS Significant improvement of functional outcome was seen in all groups treated with G-CSF alone and in either combination with CIMT, whereas CIMT alone failed to enhance recovery. Infarct sizes and remaining cortical tissue did not differ in the various treatment groups. Failure of significant benefit in the CIMT group was associated with a shift toward inhibition in perilesional and remote cortical regions. CONCLUSIONS Our findings disclose G-CSF as the major player for enhanced recovery after experimental stroke, preventing a shift toward inhibition as seen in the CIMT group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Diederich
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Yui J, Hatori A, Kawamura K, Yanamoto K, Yamasaki T, Ogawa M, Yoshida Y, Kumata K, Fujinaga M, Nengaki N, Fukumura T, Suzuki K, Zhang MR. Visualization of early infarction in rat brain after ischemia using a translocator protein (18 kDa) PET ligand [11C]DAC with ultra-high specific activity. Neuroimage 2010; 54:123-30. [PMID: 20705143 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to visualize early infarction in the rat brain after ischemia using a translocator protein (TSPO) (18 kDa) PET ligand [(11)C]DAC with ultra-high specific activity (SA) of 3670-4450 GBq/μmol. An infarction model of rat brain was prepared by ischemic surgery and evaluated 2 days after ischemia using small-animal PET and in vitro autoradiography. Early infarction with a small increase of TSPO expression in the brain was visualized using PET with high SA [(11)C]DAC (average 4060 GBq/μmol), but was not distinguished clearly with usually reported SA [(11)C]DAC (37 GBq/μmol). Infarction in the rat brain 4 days after ischemia was visualized using high and usually reported SAs [(11)C]DAC. Displacement experiments with unlabeled TSPO-selective AC-5216 or PK11195 diminished the difference in radioactivity between ipsilateral and contralateral sides, confirming that the increased uptake on the infracted brain was specific to TSPO. In vitro autoradiography with high SA [(11)C]DAC showed that the TSPO expression increased on early infarction in the rat brain. High SA [(11)C]DAC is a useful and sensitive biomarker for the visualization of early infarction and the characterization of TSPO expression which was slightly elevated in the infarcted brain using PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joji Yui
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
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