1
|
Wu H, Huang Y, Qin P, Wu H. Individual Differences in Bodily Self-Consciousness and Its Neural Basis. Brain Sci 2024; 14:795. [PMID: 39199487 PMCID: PMC11353174 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14080795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Bodily self-consciousness (BSC), a subject of interdisciplinary interest, refers to the awareness of one's bodily states. Previous studies have noted the existence of individual differences in BSC, while neglecting the underlying factors and neural basis of such individual differences. Considering that BSC relied on integration from both internal and external self-relevant information, we here review previous findings on individual differences in BSC through a three-level-self model, which includes interoceptive, exteroceptive, and mental self-processing. The data show that cross-level factors influenced individual differences in BSC, involving internal bodily signal perceptibility, multisensory processing principles, personal traits shaped by environment, and interaction modes that integrate multiple levels of self-processing. Furthermore, in interoceptive processing, regions like the anterior cingulate cortex and insula show correlations with different perceptions of internal sensations. For exteroception, the parietal lobe integrates sensory inputs, coordinating various BSC responses. Mental self-processing modulates differences in BSC through areas like the medial prefrontal cortex. For interactions between multiple levels of self-processing, regions like the intraparietal sulcus involve individual differences in BSC. We propose that diverse experiences of BSC can be attributed to different levels of self-processing, which moderates one's perception of their body. Overall, considering individual differences in BSC is worth amalgamating diverse methodologies for the diagnosis and treatment of some diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (H.W.); (Y.H.)
| | - Ying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (H.W.); (Y.H.)
| | - Pengmin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (H.W.); (Y.H.)
- Pazhou Lab, Guangzhou 510330, China
| | - Hang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shan L, Yuan L, Zhang B, Ma J, Xu X, Gu F, Jiang Y, Dai J. Neural Integration of Audiovisual Sensory Inputs in Macaque Amygdala and Adjacent Regions. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:1749-1761. [PMID: 36920645 PMCID: PMC10661144 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrating multisensory inputs to generate accurate perception and guide behavior is among the most critical functions of the brain. Subcortical regions such as the amygdala are involved in sensory processing including vision and audition, yet their roles in multisensory integration remain unclear. In this study, we systematically investigated the function of neurons in the amygdala and adjacent regions in integrating audiovisual sensory inputs using a semi-chronic multi-electrode array and multiple combinations of audiovisual stimuli. From a sample of 332 neurons, we showed the diverse response patterns to audiovisual stimuli and the neural characteristics of bimodal over unimodal modulation, which could be classified into four types with differentiated regional origins. Using the hierarchical clustering method, neurons were further clustered into five groups and associated with different integrating functions and sub-regions. Finally, regions distinguishing congruent and incongruent bimodal sensory inputs were identified. Overall, visual processing dominates audiovisual integration in the amygdala and adjacent regions. Our findings shed new light on the neural mechanisms of multisensory integration in the primate brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Shan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Liu Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Jian Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Fei Gu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Ji Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Shenzhen Technological Research Center for Primate Translational Medicine, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Choi I, Demir I, Oh S, Lee SH. Multisensory integration in the mammalian brain: diversity and flexibility in health and disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220338. [PMID: 37545309 PMCID: PMC10404930 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multisensory integration (MSI) occurs in a variety of brain areas, spanning cortical and subcortical regions. In traditional studies on sensory processing, the sensory cortices have been considered for processing sensory information in a modality-specific manner. The sensory cortices, however, send the information to other cortical and subcortical areas, including the higher association cortices and the other sensory cortices, where the multiple modality inputs converge and integrate to generate a meaningful percept. This integration process is neither simple nor fixed because these brain areas interact with each other via complicated circuits, which can be modulated by numerous internal and external conditions. As a result, dynamic MSI makes multisensory decisions flexible and adaptive in behaving animals. Impairments in MSI occur in many psychiatric disorders, which may result in an altered perception of the multisensory stimuli and an abnormal reaction to them. This review discusses the diversity and flexibility of MSI in mammals, including humans, primates and rodents, as well as the brain areas involved. It further explains how such flexibility influences perceptual experiences in behaving animals in both health and disease. This article is part of the theme issue 'Decision and control processes in multisensory perception'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilsong Choi
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilayda Demir
- Department of biological sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmi Oh
- Department of biological sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hee Lee
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of biological sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jeung S, Hilton C, Berg T, Gehrke L, Gramann K. Virtual Reality for Spatial Navigation. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023; 65:103-129. [PMID: 36512288 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Immersive virtual reality (VR) allows its users to experience physical space in a non-physical world. It has developed into a powerful research tool to investigate the neural basis of human spatial navigation as an embodied experience. The task of wayfinding can be carried out by using a wide range of strategies, leading to the recruitment of various sensory modalities and brain areas in real-life scenarios. While traditional desktop-based VR setups primarily focus on vision-based navigation, immersive VR setups, especially mobile variants, can efficiently account for motor processes that constitute locomotion in the physical world, such as head-turning and walking. When used in combination with mobile neuroimaging methods, immersive VR affords a natural mode of locomotion and high immersion in experimental settings, designing an embodied spatial experience. This in turn facilitates ecologically valid investigation of the neural underpinnings of spatial navigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sein Jeung
- Department of Biological Psychology and Neuroergonomics, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christopher Hilton
- Department of Biological Psychology and Neuroergonomics, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Timotheus Berg
- Department of Biological Psychology and Neuroergonomics, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lukas Gehrke
- Department of Biological Psychology and Neuroergonomics, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Gramann
- Department of Biological Psychology and Neuroergonomics, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Center for Advanced Neurological Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Brang D, Plass J, Sherman A, Stacey WC, Wasade VS, Grabowecky M, Ahn E, Towle VL, Tao JX, Wu S, Issa NP, Suzuki S. Visual cortex responds to sound onset and offset during passive listening. J Neurophysiol 2022; 127:1547-1563. [PMID: 35507478 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00164.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sounds enhance our ability to detect, localize, and respond to co-occurring visual targets. Research suggests that sounds improve visual processing by resetting the phase of ongoing oscillations in visual cortex. However, it remains unclear what information is relayed from the auditory system to visual areas and if sounds modulate visual activity even in the absence of visual stimuli (e.g., during passive listening). Using intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) in humans, we examined the sensitivity of visual cortex to three forms of auditory information during a passive listening task: auditory onset responses, auditory offset responses, and rhythmic entrainment to sounds. Because some auditory neurons respond to both sound onsets and offsets, visual timing and duration processing may benefit from each. Additionally, if auditory entrainment information is relayed to visual cortex, it could support the processing of complex stimulus dynamics that are aligned between auditory and visual stimuli. Results demonstrate that in visual cortex, amplitude-modulated sounds elicited transient onset and offset responses in multiple areas, but no entrainment to sound modulation frequencies. These findings suggest that activity in visual cortex (as measured with iEEG in response to auditory stimuli) may not be affected by temporally fine-grained auditory stimulus dynamics during passive listening (though it remains possible that this signal may be observable with simultaneous auditory-visual stimuli). Moreover, auditory responses were maximal in low-level visual cortex, potentially implicating a direct pathway for rapid interactions between auditory and visual cortices. This mechanism may facilitate perception by time-locking visual computations to environmental events marked by auditory discontinuities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Brang
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - John Plass
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Aleksandra Sherman
- Department of Cognitive Science, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - William C Stacey
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Marcia Grabowecky
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - EunSeon Ahn
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Vernon L Towle
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - James X Tao
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Shasha Wu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Naoum P Issa
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Satoru Suzuki
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gröhn C, Norgren E, Eriksson L. A systematic review of the neural correlates of multisensory integration in schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH-COGNITION 2021; 27:100219. [PMID: 34660211 PMCID: PMC8502765 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2021.100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Multisensory integration (MSI), in which sensory signals from different modalities are unified, is necessary for our comprehensive perception of and effective adaptation to the objects and events around us. However, individuals with schizophrenia suffer from impairments in MSI, which could explain typical symptoms like hallucination and reality distortion. Because the neural correlates of aberrant MSI in schizophrenia help us understand the physiognomy of this psychiatric disorder, we performed a systematic review of the current research on this subject. The literature search concerned investigated MSI in diagnosed schizophrenia patients compared to healthy controls using brain imaging. Seventeen of 317 identified studies were finally included. To assess risk of bias, the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment was used, and the review was written according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA). The results indicated that multisensory processes in schizophrenia are associated with aberrant, mainly reduced, neural activity in several brain regions, as measured by event-related potentials, oscillations, activity and connectivity. The conclusion is that a fronto-temporal region, comprising the frontal inferior gyrus, middle temporal gyrus and superior temporal gyrus/sulcus, along with the fusiform gyrus and dorsal visual stream in the occipital-parietal lobe are possible key regions of deficient MSI in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lars Eriksson
- Corresponding author at: Department of Social and Psychological Studies, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chai Y, Liu TT, Marrett S, Li L, Khojandi A, Handwerker DA, Alink A, Muckli L, Bandettini PA. Topographical and laminar distribution of audiovisual processing within human planum temporale. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 205:102121. [PMID: 34273456 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The brain is capable of integrating signals from multiple sensory modalities. Such multisensory integration can occur in areas that are commonly considered unisensory, such as planum temporale (PT) representing the auditory association cortex. However, the roles of different afferents (feedforward vs. feedback) to PT in multisensory processing are not well understood. Our study aims to understand that by examining laminar activity patterns in different topographical subfields of human PT under unimodal and multisensory stimuli. To this end, we adopted an advanced mesoscopic (sub-millimeter) fMRI methodology at 7 T by acquiring BOLD (blood-oxygen-level-dependent contrast, which has higher sensitivity) and VAPER (integrated blood volume and perfusion contrast, which has superior laminar specificity) signal concurrently, and performed all analyses in native fMRI space benefiting from an identical acquisition between functional and anatomical images. We found a division of function between visual and auditory processing in PT and distinct feedback mechanisms in different subareas. Specifically, anterior PT was activated more by auditory inputs and received feedback modulation in superficial layers. This feedback depended on task performance and likely arose from top-down influences from higher-order multimodal areas. In contrast, posterior PT was preferentially activated by visual inputs and received visual feedback in both superficial and deep layers, which is likely projected directly from the early visual cortex. Together, these findings provide novel insights into the mechanism of multisensory interaction in human PT at the mesoscopic spatial scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Chai
- Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Tina T Liu
- Section on Neurocircuitry, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sean Marrett
- Functional MRI Core, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Linqing Li
- Functional MRI Core, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Arman Khojandi
- Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel A Handwerker
- Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Arjen Alink
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Systems Neuroscience, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Muckli
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Peter A Bandettini
- Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Functional MRI Core, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
'I see colors when I touch them'. Color agnosia with visuo-tactile facilitation in a patient with posterior cortical atrophy. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2020; 192:105747. [PMID: 32171092 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.105747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
9
|
Individual Differences in Multisensory Interactions:The Influence of Temporal Phase Coherence and Auditory Salience on Visual Contrast Sensitivity. Vision (Basel) 2020; 4:vision4010012. [PMID: 32033350 PMCID: PMC7157667 DOI: 10.3390/vision4010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While previous research has investigated key factors contributing to multisensory integration in isolation, relatively little is known regarding how these factors interact, especially when considering the enhancement of visual contrast sensitivity by a task-irrelevant sound. Here we explored how auditory stimulus properties, namely salience and temporal phase coherence in relation to the visual target, jointly affect the extent to which a sound can enhance visual contrast sensitivity. Visual contrast sensitivity was measured by a psychophysical task, where human adult participants reported the location of a visual Gabor pattern presented at various contrast levels. We expected the most enhanced contrast sensitivity, the lowest contrast threshold, when the visual stimulus was accompanied by a task-irrelevant sound, weak in auditory salience, modulated in-phase with the visual stimulus (strong temporal phase coherence). Our expectations were confirmed, but only if we accounted for individual differences in optimal auditory salience level to induce maximal multisensory enhancement effects. Our findings highlight the importance of interactions between temporal phase coherence and stimulus effectiveness in determining the strength of multisensory enhancement of visual contrast as well as highlighting the importance of accounting for individual differences.
Collapse
|
10
|
Smith K, Bastin ME, Cox SR, Valdés Hernández MC, Wiseman S, Escudero J, Sudlow C. Hierarchical complexity of the adult human structural connectome. Neuroimage 2019; 191:205-215. [PMID: 30772400 PMCID: PMC6503942 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural network of the human brain has a rich topology which many have sought to characterise using standard network science measures and concepts. However, this characterisation remains incomplete and the non-obvious features of this topology have largely confounded attempts towards comprehensive constructive modelling. This calls for new perspectives. Hierarchical complexity is an emerging paradigm of complex network topology based on the observation that complex systems are composed of hierarchies within which the roles of hierarchically equivalent nodes display highly variable connectivity patterns. Here we test the hierarchical complexity of the human structural connectomes of a group of seventy-nine healthy adults. Binary connectomes are found to be more hierarchically complex than three benchmark random network models. This provides a new key description of brain structure, revealing a rich diversity of connectivity patterns within hierarchically equivalent nodes. Dividing the connectomes into four tiers based on degree magnitudes indicates that the most complex nodes are neither those with the highest nor lowest degrees but are instead found in the middle tiers. Spatial mapping of the brain regions in each hierarchical tier reveals consistency with the current anatomical, functional and neuropsychological knowledge of the human brain. The most complex tier (Tier 3) involves regions believed to bridge high-order cognitive (Tier 1) and low-order sensorimotor processing (Tier 2). We then show that such diversity of connectivity patterns aligns with the diversity of functional roles played out across the brain, demonstrating that hierarchical complexity can characterise functional diversity strictly from the network topology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith Smith
- Usher Institute for Population Health Science and Informatics, Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UX, UK.
| | - Mark E Bastin
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Simon R Cox
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Maria C Valdés Hernández
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK; Row Fogo Centre into Ageing and the Brain, Edinburgh Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Stewart Wiseman
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Javier Escudero
- School of Engineering, Institute for Digital Communications, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, UK
| | - Catherine Sudlow
- Usher Institute for Population Health Science and Informatics, Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Galindo-Leon EE, Stitt I, Pieper F, Stieglitz T, Engler G, Engel AK. Context-specific modulation of intrinsic coupling modes shapes multisensory processing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaar7633. [PMID: 30989107 PMCID: PMC6457939 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar7633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsically generated patterns of coupled neuronal activity are associated with the dynamics of specific brain states. Sensory inputs are extrinsic factors that can perturb these intrinsic coupling modes, creating a complex scenario in which forthcoming stimuli are processed. Studying this intrinsic-extrinsic interplay is necessary to better understand perceptual integration and selection. Here, we show that this interplay leads to a reconfiguration of functional cortical connectivity that acts as a mechanism to facilitate stimulus processing. Using audiovisual stimulation in anesthetized ferrets, we found that this reconfiguration of coupling modes is context specific, depending on long-term modulation by repetitive sensory inputs. These reconfigured coupling modes lead to changes in latencies and power of local field potential responses that support multisensory integration. Our study demonstrates that this interplay extends across multiple time scales and involves different types of intrinsic coupling. These results suggest a previously unknown large-scale mechanism that facilitates multisensory integration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edgar E. Galindo-Leon
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Iain Stitt
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Pieper
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Stieglitz
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Engler
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas K. Engel
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chaplin TA, Rosa MGP, Lui LL. Auditory and Visual Motion Processing and Integration in the Primate Cerebral Cortex. Front Neural Circuits 2018; 12:93. [PMID: 30416431 PMCID: PMC6212655 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of animals to detect motion is critical for survival, and errors or even delays in motion perception may prove costly. In the natural world, moving objects in the visual field often produce concurrent sounds. Thus, it can highly advantageous to detect motion elicited from sensory signals of either modality, and to integrate them to produce more reliable motion perception. A great deal of progress has been made in understanding how visual motion perception is governed by the activity of single neurons in the primate cerebral cortex, but far less progress has been made in understanding both auditory motion and audiovisual motion integration. Here we, review the key cortical regions for motion processing, focussing on translational motion. We compare the representations of space and motion in the visual and auditory systems, and examine how single neurons in these two sensory systems encode the direction of motion. We also discuss the way in which humans integrate of audio and visual motion cues, and the regions of the cortex that may mediate this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan A Chaplin
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Marcello G P Rosa
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Leo L Lui
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Habib Perez O, Green RE, Mochizuki G. Spectral analysis of centre of pressure identifies altered balance control in individuals with moderate-severe traumatic brain injury. Disabil Rehabil 2018; 42:519-527. [PMID: 30325695 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2018.1501101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To identify impairments and recovery of balance control after moderate-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) through spectral analyses of static balance tasks and to characterise the contributions of each limb to balance control.Methods: A retrospective analysis of longitudinal balance data from force platforms at 2, 5, and 12 months post-injury in 31 individuals with moderate to severe TBI was performed. Single-visit data from age-matched controls (n = 22) were collected for descriptive comparison. Net and individual limb centre of pressure measures and inter-limb centre of pressure coherence were calculated in low (≤0.4 Hz) and high (≥0.4 Hz) frequencies in the anteroposterior and mediolateral directions during standing with the eyes open and closed.Results: Standing with the eyes closed increased net centre of pressure spectral power in low and high frequencies. Individuals with TBI demonstrated recovery in high frequencies in net centre of pressure in the mediolateral direction. Inter-limb coherence in the anteroposterior and mediolateral directions increased (recovered) over time in high frequencies. Weight-bearing asymmetry was visible in high frequencies in the anteroposterior and mediolateral directions.Conclusions: Increased amplitude of low and high-frequency power suggests that individuals with TBI included in this study have impaired anticipatory and reactive balance mechanisms, which may be driven by weight-bearing asymmetries and which recover over time.Implications for rehabilitationAnticipatory and reactive balance impairments after traumatic brain injury may place individuals at increased risk for falls.Analyses from postural sway in static balance tasks infer changes in anticipatory or reactive balance control after traumatic brain injury.Addressing weight-bearing asymmetries in rehabilitation interventions post-traumatic brain injury may improve between-limb coordination for anticipatory and reactive balance control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olinda Habib Perez
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robin E Green
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - George Mochizuki
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sanfratello L, Aine C, Stephen J. Neuroimaging investigations of dorsal stream processing and effects of stimulus synchrony in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2018; 278:56-64. [PMID: 29884441 PMCID: PMC6252286 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Impairments in auditory and visual processing are common in schizophrenia (SP). In the unisensory realm visual deficits are primarily noted for the dorsal visual stream. In addition, insensitivity to timing offsets between stimuli are widely reported for SP. The aim of the present study was to test at the physiological level differences in dorsal/ventral stream visual processing and timing sensitivity between SP and healthy controls (HC) using MEG and a simple auditory/visual task utilizing a variety of multisensory conditions. The paradigm included all combinations of synchronous/asynchronous and central/peripheral stimuli, yielding 4 task conditions. Both HC and SP groups showed activation in parietal areas (dorsal visual stream) during all multisensory conditions, with parietal areas showing decreased activation for SP relative to HC, and a significantly delayed peak of activation for SP in intraparietal sulcus (IPS). We also observed a differential effect of stimulus synchrony on HC and SP parietal response. Furthermore, a (negative) correlation was found between SP positive symptoms and activity in IPS. Taken together, our results provide evidence of impairment of the dorsal visual stream in SP during a multisensory task, along with an altered response to timing offsets between presented multisensory stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lori Sanfratello
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Blvd NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA.
| | - Cheryl Aine
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Blvd NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA
| | - Julia Stephen
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Blvd NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Minakata K, Gondan M. Differential coactivation in a redundant signals task with weak and strong go/no-go stimuli. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2018; 72:922-929. [PMID: 29642781 DOI: 10.1177/1747021818772033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
When participants respond to stimuli of two sources, response times (RTs) are often faster when both stimuli are presented together relative to the RTs obtained when presented separately (redundant signals effect [RSE]). Race models and coactivation models can explain the RSE. In race models, separate channels process the two stimulus components, and the faster processing time determines the overall RT. In audiovisual experiments, the RSE is often higher than predicted by race models, and coactivation models have been proposed that assume integrated processing of the two stimuli. Where does coactivation occur? We implemented a go/no-go task with randomly intermixed weak and strong auditory, visual, and audiovisual stimuli. In one experimental session, participants had to respond to strong stimuli and withhold their response to weak stimuli. In the other session, these roles were reversed. Interestingly, coactivation was only observed in the experimental session in which participants had to respond to strong stimuli. If weak stimuli served as targets, results were widely consistent with the race model prediction. The pattern of results contradicts the inverse effectiveness law. We present two models that explain the result in terms of absolute and relative thresholds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Minakata
- 1 DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Matthias Gondan
- 2 Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gibney KD, Aligbe E, Eggleston BA, Nunes SR, Kerkhoff WG, Dean CL, Kwakye LD. Visual Distractors Disrupt Audiovisual Integration Regardless of Stimulus Complexity. Front Integr Neurosci 2017; 11:1. [PMID: 28163675 PMCID: PMC5247431 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2017.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The intricate relationship between multisensory integration and attention has been extensively researched in the multisensory field; however, the necessity of attention for the binding of multisensory stimuli remains contested. In the current study, we investigated whether diverting attention from well-known multisensory tasks would disrupt integration and whether the complexity of the stimulus and task modulated this interaction. A secondary objective of this study was to investigate individual differences in the interaction of attention and multisensory integration. Participants completed a simple audiovisual speeded detection task and McGurk task under various perceptual load conditions: no load (multisensory task while visual distractors present), low load (multisensory task while detecting the presence of a yellow letter in the visual distractors), and high load (multisensory task while detecting the presence of a number in the visual distractors). Consistent with prior studies, we found that increased perceptual load led to decreased reports of the McGurk illusion, thus confirming the necessity of attention for the integration of speech stimuli. Although increased perceptual load led to longer response times for all stimuli in the speeded detection task, participants responded faster on multisensory trials than unisensory trials. However, the increase in multisensory response times violated the race model for no and low perceptual load conditions only. Additionally, a geometric measure of Miller’s inequality showed a decrease in multisensory integration for the speeded detection task with increasing perceptual load. Surprisingly, we found diverging changes in multisensory integration with increasing load for participants who did not show integration for the no load condition: no changes in integration for the McGurk task with increasing load but increases in integration for the detection task. The results of this study indicate that attention plays a crucial role in multisensory integration for both highly complex and simple multisensory tasks and that attention may interact differently with multisensory processing in individuals who do not strongly integrate multisensory information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyla D Gibney
- Department of Neuroscience, Oberlin College, Oberlin OH, USA
| | | | | | - Sarah R Nunes
- Department of Neuroscience, Oberlin College, Oberlin OH, USA
| | | | | | - Leslie D Kwakye
- Department of Neuroscience, Oberlin College, Oberlin OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mas-Casadesús A, Gherri E. Ignoring Irrelevant Information: Enhanced Intermodal Attention in Synaesthetes. Multisens Res 2017; 30:253-277. [PMID: 31287079 DOI: 10.1163/22134808-00002566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that synaesthetes experience additional percepts during their inducer-concurrent associations that are often unrelated or irrelevant to their daily activities, they appear to be relatively unaffected by this potentially distracting information. This might suggest that synaesthetes are particularly good at ignoring irrelevant perceptual information coming from different sensory modalities. To investigate this hypothesis, the performance of a group of synaesthetes was compared to that of a matched non-synaesthete group in two different conflict tasks aimed at assessing participants' abilities to ignore irrelevant information. In order to match the sensory modality of the task-irrelevant distractors (vision) with participants' synaesthetic attentional filtering experience, we tested only synaesthetes experiencing at least one synaesthesia subtype triggering visual concurrents (e.g., grapheme-colour synaesthesia or sequence-space synaesthesia). Synaesthetes and controls performed a classic flanker task (FT) and a visuo-tactile cross-modal congruency task (CCT) in which they had to attend to tactile targets while ignoring visual distractors. While no differences were observed between synaesthetes and controls in the FT, synaesthetes showed reduced interference by the irrelevant distractors of the CCT. These findings provide the first direct evidence that synaesthetes might be more efficient than non-synaesthetes at dissociating conflicting information from different sensory modalities when the irrelevant modality correlates with their synaesthetic concurrent modality (here vision).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mas-Casadesús
- School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences, Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Elena Gherri
- School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences, Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ackerley R, Borich M, Oddo CM, Ionta S. Insights and Perspectives on Sensory-Motor Integration and Rehabilitation. Multisens Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1163/22134808-00002530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The present review focuses on the flow and interaction of somatosensory-motor signals in the central and peripheral nervous system. Specifically, where incoming sensory signals from the periphery are processed and interpreted to initiate behaviors, and how ongoing behaviors produce sensory consequences encoded and used to fine-tune subsequent actions. We describe the structure–function relations of this loop, how these relations can be modeled and aspects of somatosensory-motor rehabilitation. The work reviewed here shows that it is imperative to understand the fundamental mechanisms of the somatosensory-motor system to restore accurate motor abilities and appropriate somatosensory feedback. Knowledge of the salient neural mechanisms of sensory-motor integration has begun to generate innovative approaches to improve rehabilitation training following neurological impairments such as stroke. The present work supports the integration of basic science principles of sensory-motor integration into rehabilitation procedures to create new solutions for sensory-motor disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Ackerley
- Department of Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Laboratoire Neurosciences Intégratives et Adaptatives (UMR 7260), CNRS — Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Michael Borich
- Neural Plasticity Research Laboratory, Division of Physical Therapy, Dept of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Silvio Ionta
- The Laboratory for Investigative Neurophysiology, Dept of Radiology and Dept of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Brang D, Towle VL, Suzuki S, Hillyard SA, Di Tusa S, Dai Z, Tao J, Wu S, Grabowecky M. Peripheral sounds rapidly activate visual cortex: evidence from electrocorticography. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:3023-8. [PMID: 26334017 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00728.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurophysiological studies with animals suggest that sounds modulate activity in primary visual cortex in the presence of concurrent visual stimulation. Noninvasive neuroimaging studies in humans have similarly shown that sounds modulate activity in visual areas even in the absence of visual stimuli or visual task demands. However, the spatial and temporal limitations of these noninvasive methods prevent the determination of how rapidly sounds activate early visual cortex and what information about the sounds is relayed there. Using spatially and temporally precise measures of local synaptic activity acquired from depth electrodes in humans, we demonstrate that peripherally presented sounds evoke activity in the anterior portion of the contralateral, but not ipsilateral, calcarine sulcus within 28 ms of sound onset. These results suggest that auditory stimuli rapidly evoke spatially specific activity in visual cortex even in the absence of concurrent visual stimulation or visual task demands. This rapid auditory-evoked activation of primary visual cortex is likely to be mediated by subcortical pathways or direct cortical projections from auditory to visual areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Brang
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois; Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Vernon L Towle
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Satoru Suzuki
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Steven A Hillyard
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Senneca Di Tusa
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Zhongtian Dai
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - James Tao
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Shasha Wu
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Marcia Grabowecky
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Binder M. Neural correlates of audiovisual temporal processing – Comparison of temporal order and simultaneity judgments. Neuroscience 2015; 300:432-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
21
|
Gregory AM, Nenert R, Allendorfer JB, Martin R, Kana RK, Szaflarski JP. The effect of medial temporal lobe epilepsy on visual memory encoding. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 46:173-84. [PMID: 25934583 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Effective visual memory encoding, a function important for everyday functioning, relies on episodic and semantic memory processes. In patients with medial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE), memory deficits are common as the structures typically involved in seizure generation are also involved in acquisition, maintenance, and retrieval of episodic memories. In this study, we used group independent component analysis (GICA) combined with Granger causality analysis to investigate the neuronal networks involved in visual memory encoding during a complex fMRI scene-encoding task in patients with left MTLE (LMTLE; N=28) and in patients with right MTLE (RMTLE; N=18). Additionally, we built models of memory encoding in LMTLE and RMTLE and compared them with a model of healthy memory encoding (Nenert et al., 2014). For those with LMTLE, we identified and retained for further analyses and model generation 7 ICA task-related components that were attributed to four different networks: the frontal and posterior components of the DMN, visual network, auditory-insular network, and an "other" network. For those with RMTLE, ICA produced 9 task-related components that were attributed to the somatosensory and cerebellar networks in addition to the same networks as in patients with LMTLE. Granger causality analysis revealed group differences in causality relations within the visual memory network and MTLE-related deviations from normal network function. Our results demonstrate differences in the networks for visual memory encoding between those with LMTLE and those with RMTLE. Consistent with previous studies, the organization of memory encoding is dependent on laterality of seizure focus and may be mediated by functional reorganization in chronic epilepsy. These differences may underlie the observed differences in memory abilities between patients with LMTLE and patients with RMTLE and highlight the modulating effects of epilepsy on the network for memory encoding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Gregory
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - R Nenert
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - J B Allendorfer
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of UAB Epilepsy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - R Martin
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of UAB Epilepsy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - R K Kana
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - J P Szaflarski
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of UAB Epilepsy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sutoh C, Matsuzawa D, Hirano Y, Yamada M, Nagaoka S, Chakraborty S, Ishii D, Matsuda S, Tomizawa H, Ito H, Tsuji H, Obata T, Shimizu E. Transient contribution of left posterior parietal cortex to cognitive restructuring. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9199. [PMID: 25775998 PMCID: PMC4361861 DOI: 10.1038/srep09199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive restructuring is a fundamental method within cognitive behavioural therapy of changing dysfunctional beliefs into flexible beliefs and learning to react appropriately to the reality of an anxiety-causing situation. To clarify the neural mechanisms of cognitive restructuring, we designed a unique task that replicated psychotherapy during a brain scan. The brain activities of healthy male participants were analysed using functional magnetic resonance imaging. During the brain scan, participants underwent Socratic questioning aimed at cognitive restructuring regarding the necessity of handwashing after using the restroom. The behavioural result indicated that the Socratic questioning effectively decreased the participants' degree of belief (DOB) that they must wash their hands. Alterations in the DOB showed a positive correlation with activity in the left posterior parietal cortex (PPC) while the subject thought about and rated own belief. The involvement of the left PPC not only in planning and decision-making but also in conceptualization may play a pivotal role in cognitive restructuring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Sutoh
- 1] Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo, Chiba 260-8670, Japan [2] Research Center for Child Mental Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo, Chiba 260-8670, Japan [3] Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsuzawa
- 1] Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo, Chiba 260-8670, Japan [2] Research Center for Child Mental Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo, Chiba 260-8670, Japan [3] Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Hirano
- 1] Research Center for Child Mental Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo, Chiba 260-8670, Japan [2] Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Makiko Yamada
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Sawako Nagaoka
- 1] Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo, Chiba 260-8670, Japan [2] Research Center for Child Mental Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Sudesna Chakraborty
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ishii
- Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Shingo Matsuda
- National Center for Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa Higashi, Kodaira 187-8551, Japan
| | - Haruna Tomizawa
- Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tsuji
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Takayuki Obata
- 1] Research Center for Child Mental Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo, Chiba 260-8670, Japan [2] Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Eiji Shimizu
- 1] Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo, Chiba 260-8670, Japan [2] Research Center for Child Mental Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo, Chiba 260-8670, Japan [3] Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bankieris K, Simner J. What is the link between synaesthesia and sound symbolism? Cognition 2015; 136:186-95. [PMID: 25498744 PMCID: PMC4415500 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sound symbolism is a property of certain words which have a direct link between their phonological form and their semantic meaning. In certain instances, sound symbolism can allow non-native speakers to understand the meanings of etymologically unfamiliar foreign words, although the mechanisms driving this are not well understood. We examined whether sound symbolism might be mediated by the same types of cross-modal processes that typify synaesthetic experiences. Synaesthesia is an inherited condition in which sensory or cognitive stimuli (e.g., sounds, words) cause additional, unusual cross-modal percepts (e.g., sounds trigger colours, words trigger tastes). Synaesthesia may be an exaggeration of normal cross-modal processing, and if so, there may be a link between synaesthesia and the type of cross-modality inherent in sound symbolism. To test this we predicted that synaesthetes would have superior understanding of unfamiliar (sound symbolic) foreign words. In our study, 19 grapheme-colour synaesthetes and 57 non-synaesthete controls were presented with 400 adjectives from 10 unfamiliar languages and were asked to guess the meaning of each word in a two-alternative forced-choice task. Both groups showed superior understanding compared to chance levels, but synaesthetes significantly outperformed controls. This heightened ability suggests that sound symbolism may rely on the types of cross-modal integration that drive synaesthetes' unusual experiences. It also suggests that synaesthesia endows or co-occurs with heightened multi-modal skills, and that this can arise in domains unrelated to the specific form of synaesthesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Bankieris
- University of Rochester, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, 358 Meliora Hall, Rochester, NY 14627, United States.
| | - Julia Simner
- University of Sussex, School of Psychology, Pevensey Building, Falmer BN19QH, UK; University of Edinburgh, Department of Psychology, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH89YL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Revill KP, Namy LL, DeFife LC, Nygaard LC. Cross-linguistic sound symbolism and crossmodal correspondence: Evidence from fMRI and DTI. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2014; 128:18-24. [PMID: 24316238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Non-arbitrary correspondences between spoken words and categories of meanings exist in natural language, with mounting evidence that listeners are sensitive to this sound symbolic information. Native English speakers were asked to choose the meaning of spoken foreign words from one of four corresponding antonym pairs selected from a previously developed multi-language stimulus set containing both sound symbolic and non-symbolic stimuli. In behavioral (n=9) and fMRI (n=15) experiments, participants showed reliable sensitivity to the sound symbolic properties of the stimulus set, selecting the consistent meaning for the sound symbolic words at above chances rates. There was increased activation for sound symbolic relative to non-symbolic words in left superior parietal cortex, and a cluster in left superior longitudinal fasciculus showed a positive correlation between fractional anisotropy (FA) and an individual's sensitivity to sound symbolism. These findings support the idea that crossmodal correspondences underlie sound symbolism in spoken language.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Pirog Revill
- Center for Advanced Brain Imaging, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Laura L Namy
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Lynne C Nygaard
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|