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Müller VI, Cieslik EC, Ficco L, Tyralla S, Sepehry AA, Aziz-Safaie T, Feng C, Eickhoff SB, Langner R. Not All Stroop-Type Tasks Are Alike: Assessing the Impact of Stimulus Material, Task Design, and Cognitive Demand via Meta-analyses Across Neuroimaging Studies. Neuropsychol Rev 2024:10.1007/s11065-024-09647-1. [PMID: 39264479 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-024-09647-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
The Stroop effect is one of the most often studied examples of cognitive conflict processing. Over time, many variants of the classic Stroop task were used, including versions with different stimulus material, control conditions, presentation design, and combinations with additional cognitive demands. The neural and behavioral impact of this experimental variety, however, has never been systematically assessed. We used activation likelihood meta-analysis to summarize neuroimaging findings with Stroop-type tasks and to investigate whether involvement of the multiple-demand network (anterior insula, lateral frontal cortex, intraparietal sulcus, superior/inferior parietal lobules, midcingulate cortex, and pre-supplementary motor area) can be attributed to resolving some higher-order conflict that all of the tasks have in common, or if aspects that vary between task versions lead to specialization within this network. Across 133 neuroimaging experiments, incongruence processing in the color-word Stroop variant consistently recruited regions of the multiple-demand network, with modulation of spatial convergence by task variants. In addition, the neural patterns related to solving Stroop-like interference differed between versions of the task that use different stimulus material, with the only overlap between color-word, emotional picture-word, and other types of stimulus material in the posterior medial frontal cortex and right anterior insula. Follow-up analyses on behavior reported in these studies (in total 164 effect sizes) revealed only little impact of task variations on the mean effect size of reaction time. These results suggest qualitative processing differences among the family of Stroop variants, despite similar task difficulty levels, and should carefully be considered when planning or interpreting Stroop-type neuroimaging experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika I Müller
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-7, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Edna C Cieslik
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-7, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Linda Ficco
- Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Department of Linguistics and Cultural Evolution, International Max Planck Research School for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra Tyralla
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Amir Ali Sepehry
- Clinical Psychology Program, Adler University (Vancouver Campus), Vancouver, Canada
| | - Taraneh Aziz-Safaie
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-7, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Chunliang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-7, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Robert Langner
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-7, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Xu P, Lin F, Alimu G, Zhang J, Jin Z, Li L. The Important Role of the Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Conflict Adaptation: A Combined Voxel-Based Morphometry and Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation Study. J Cogn Neurosci 2024; 36:1172-1183. [PMID: 38579250 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Humans can flexibly adjust their executive control to resolve conflicts. Conflict adaptation and conflict resolution are crucial aspects of conflict processing. Functional neuroimaging studies have associated the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) with conflict processing, but its causal role remains somewhat controversial. Moreover, the neuroanatomical basis of conflict processing has not been thoroughly examined. In this study, the Stroop task, a well-established measure of conflict, was employed to investigate (1) the neuroanatomical basis of conflict resolution and conflict adaptation with the voxel-based morphometry analysis, (2) the causal role of DLPFC in conflict processing with the application of the continuous theta burst stimulation to DLPFC. The results revealed that the Stroop effect was correlated to the gray matter volume of the precuneus, postcentral gyrus, and cerebellum, and the congruency sequence effect was correlated to the gray matter volume of superior frontal gyrus, postcentral gyrus, and lobule paracentral gyrus. These findings indicate the neuroanatomical basis of conflict resolution and adaptation. In addition, the continuous theta burst stimulation over the right DLPFC resulted in a significant reduction in the Stroop effect of RT after congruent trials compared with vertex stimulation and a significant increase in the Stroop effect of accuracy rate after incongruent trials than congruent trials, demonstrating the causal role of right DLPFC in conflict adaptation. Moreover, the DLPFC stimulation did not affect the Stroop effect of RT and accuracy rate. Overall, our study offers further insights into the neural mechanisms underlying conflict resolution and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xu
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
| | - Feng Lin
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
| | | | - Junjun Zhang
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
| | - Zhenlan Jin
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
| | - Ling Li
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
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Nitzan-Tamar O, Kramarski B, Vakil E. The flexibility of the intermediate vs. wholistic/analytic styles – an eye tracking study. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2022.2147187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eli Vakil
- Department of Psychology and Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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Saini G, Shabnam, Seema, Bhatnagar V. The Pattern of Executive Professionals’ Thinking Styles in Relation to cognitive Styles and Metacognition Skills. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2022.2068741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Garima Saini
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Shabnam
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Seema
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Vaibhav Bhatnagar
- Department of Computer Applications, Manipal University Jaipur, India
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Acute cognitive impairment after traumatic brain injury predicts the occurrence of brain atrophy patterns similar to those observed in Alzheimer's disease. GeroScience 2021; 43:2015-2039. [PMID: 33900530 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00355-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are often followed by persistent structural brain alterations and by cognitive sequalae, including memory deficits, reduced neural processing speed, impaired social function, and decision-making difficulties. Although mild TBI (mTBI) is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the extent to which these conditions share patterns of macroscale neurodegeneration has not been quantified. Comparing such patterns can not only reveal how the neurodegenerative trajectories of TBI and AD are similar, but may also identify brain atrophy features which can be leveraged to prognosticate AD risk after TBI. The primary aim of this study is to systematically map how TBI affects white matter (WM) and gray matter (GM) properties in AD-analogous patterns. Our findings identify substantial similarities in the regional macroscale neurodegeneration patterns associated with mTBI and AD. In cerebral GM, such similarities are most extensive in brain areas involved in memory and executive function, such as the temporal poles and orbitofrontal cortices, respectively. Our results indicate that the spatial pattern of cerebral WM degradation observed in AD is broadly similar to the pattern of diffuse axonal injury observed in TBI, which frequently affects WM structures like the fornix, corpus callosum, and corona radiata. Using machine learning, we find that the severity of AD-like brain changes observed during the chronic stage of mTBI can be accurately prognosticated based on acute assessments of post-traumatic mild cognitive impairment. These findings suggest that acute post-traumatic cognitive impairment predicts the magnitude of AD-like brain atrophy, which is itself associated with AD risk.
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Developing a neurally informed ontology of creativity measurement. Neuroimage 2020; 221:117166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Wu T, Chen C, Spagna A, Wu X, Mackie M, Russell‐Giller S, Xu P, Luo Y, Liu X, Hof PR, Fan J. The functional anatomy of cognitive control: A domain‐general brain network for uncertainty processing. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:1265-1292. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wu
- Department of Psychology, Queens CollegeThe City University of New York Queens New York
| | - Caiqi Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of PsychologySouth China Normal University Guangzhou China
| | - Alfredo Spagna
- Department of PsychologyColumbia University in the City of New York New York New York
| | - Xia Wu
- Faculty of PsychologyTianjin Normal University Tianjin China
| | - Melissa‐Ann Mackie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesNorthwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago Illinois
| | - Shira Russell‐Giller
- Department of Psychology, Queens CollegeThe City University of New York Queens New York
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive NeuroscienceShenzhen University Shenzhen China
| | - Yue‐jia Luo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive NeuroscienceShenzhen University Shenzhen China
| | - Xun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of PsychologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York New York
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Psychology, Queens CollegeThe City University of New York Queens New York
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Alfred KL, Hayes JC, Pizzie RG, Cetron JS, Kraemer DJ. Individual differences in encoded neural representations within cortical speech production network. Brain Res 2020; 1726:146483. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lee Y, Kim C. The role of frontopolar cortex in the individual differences in conflict adaptation. Neurosci Lett 2019; 705:212-218. [PMID: 31054332 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that performance on a trial is flexibly modulated by preceding trial congruency in tasks that require cognitive control, such as the Stroop task, referred to as the conflict adaptation effect (CAE). The CAE indicates that conflict on the preceding trial leads to enhanced cognitive control, leading to more efficient regulation of current conflict. The present study aimed to identify neural mechanisms implicated in individual differences in CAEs. The participants performed a version of the color-word Stroop task during a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment and were divided into two groups according to the magnitude of behavioral CAE: one exhibiting the CAE only in congruent trials and the other in both congruent and incongruent trials. The imaging results showed different activations in the pre-supplementary motor area for the Stroop effect between groups. Importantly, group differences in activation for the preceding trials were observed in several prefrontal regions including the bilateral frontopolar, dorsolateral prefrontal, and rostro-dorsal cingulate cortices. More interestingly, analyses of the preceding trials suggest that the frontopolar cortex is involved in conflict resolution through higher-order cognitive control strategies that are closely associated with subsequent conflict. The current study provides new evidence of the role of the frontopolar cortex in conflict adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunji Lee
- Department of Psychology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chobok Kim
- Department of Psychology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
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Askari I. The Role of the Belief System for Anger Management of Couples with Anger and Aggression: A Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-018-0307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Uncovering the association between fatigue and fatigability in multiple sclerosis using cognitive control. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2018; 27:269-275. [PMID: 30423531 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.10.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatigue and cognitive dysfunction are two common symptoms experienced by patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The relationship between subjective and objective fatigue (fatigability) in MS is poorly understood. Cognitive control tasks might be more conducive to fatigability and more likely to show associations between subjective and objective cognitive fatigue in MS. OBJECTIVE To study the association between objective fatigability, as induced by a cognitive control task called the Blocked Cyclic Naming Task (BCNT), subjective fatigue and baseline cognitive functioning in patients with MS. METHODS Twenty-one patients with MS completed baseline questions about their disease, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) battery and self-reported questionnaires on trait fatigue, sleep and depression. Disability was captured using the expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Participants then performed the BCNT and were asked about their level of state momentary fatigue before and after the BCNT. The BCNT consists of several blocks of either related or unrelated pictures that participants name as quickly as possible. The pictures cycled 4 times in each block and the difference in the response times (RTs) between related and unrelated blocks was captured. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and Pearson correlations. RESULTS MS participants' performance declined for the related, but not unrelated blocks. The difference in RTs between related and unrelated conditions increased with repetition across cycles (p < 0.001). Participants also showed objective fatigability with less repetition priming (p = 0.02) in the 4th quarter and with greater differences between related and unrelated conditions in the later part of the task. Objective fatigability was strongly associated with participants' assessment of their level of momentary state fatigue (r = 0.612, p = 0.007). CONCLUSION Using the appropriate tools, this study showed an association between subjective and objective cognitive fatigue in people with MS. The BCNT and cognitive control are useful tools in assessing patients with MS and should be explored in future, larger studies in this population.
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Alfred KL, Kraemer DJM. Verbal and visual cognition: Individual differences in the lab, in the brain, and in the classroom. Dev Neuropsychol 2018; 42:507-520. [PMID: 29505308 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2017.1401075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In many ways, individuals vary in their thought processes, and in their cognitive strengths and weaknesses. Among the findings revealed by individual differences research, one major dividing line highlighted recurrently by decades of experimental studies is that between linguistically-mediated cognitive operations (verbal cognition), versus cognition, which primarily operates on visual - or visuospatial - representations (visual cognition). In this article, we review findings from three research areas-cognitive abilities, working memory, and task strategies-focusing on individual differences in verbal and visual cognition. In each area we highlight behavioral, neuroimaging, and classroom-based findings, bridging the perspectives of these different methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Alfred
- a Department of Education and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences , Dartmouth College , Hanover , New Hampshire
| | - David J M Kraemer
- a Department of Education and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences , Dartmouth College , Hanover , New Hampshire
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Yu F, Zhou X, Qing W, Li D, Li J, Chen X, Ji G, Dong Y, Luo Y, Zhu C, Wang K. Decreased response inhibition to sad faces during explicit and implicit tasks in females with depression: Evidence from an event-related potential study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2017; 259:42-53. [PMID: 27960148 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate neural substrates of response inhibition to sad faces across explicit and implicit tasks in depressed female patients. Event-related potentials were obtained while participants performed modified explicit and implicit emotional go/no-go tasks. Compared to controls, depressed patients showed decreased discrimination accuracy and amplitudes of original and nogo-go difference waves at the P3 interval in response inhibition to sad faces during explicit and implicit tasks. P3 difference wave were positively correlated with discrimination accuracy and were independent of clinical assessment. The activation of right dorsal prefrontal cortex was larger for the implicit than for the explicit task in sad condition in health controls, but was similar for the two tasks in depressed patients. The present study indicated that selectively impairment in response inhibition to sad faces in depressed female patients occurred at the behavior inhibition stage across implicit and explicit tasks and may be a trait-like marker of depression. Longitudinal studies are required to determine whether decreased response inhibition to sad faces increases the risk for future depressive episodes so that appropriate treatment can be administered to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqiong Yu
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Anhui Province, China
| | | | - Wu Qing
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Anhui Province, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jing Li
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xingui Chen
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Anhui Province, China
| | - Gongjun Ji
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Anhui Province, China; Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
| | - Yuejia Luo
- Institute of Social and affective Neuroscience, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunyan Zhu
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Kai Wang
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Anhui Province, China.
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Bendall RCA, Galpin A, Marrow LP, Cassidy S. Cognitive Style: Time to Experiment. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1786. [PMID: 27895616 PMCID: PMC5108774 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C A Bendall
- Directorate of Psychology and Public Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Salford Salford, UK
| | - Adam Galpin
- Directorate of Psychology and Public Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Salford Salford, UK
| | - Lynne P Marrow
- Directorate of Psychology and Public Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Salford Salford, UK
| | - Simon Cassidy
- Directorate of Psychology and Public Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Salford Salford, UK
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Naber M, Vedder A, Brown SBRE, Nieuwenhuis S. Speed and Lateral Inhibition of Stimulus Processing Contribute to Individual Differences in Stroop-Task Performance. Front Psychol 2016; 7:822. [PMID: 27313555 PMCID: PMC4887505 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The Stroop task is a popular neuropsychological test that measures executive control. Strong Stroop interference is commonly interpreted in neuropsychology as a diagnostic marker of impairment in executive control, possibly reflecting executive dysfunction. However, popular models of the Stroop task indicate that several other aspects of color and word processing may also account for individual differences in the Stroop task, independent of executive control. Here we use new approaches to investigate the degree to which individual differences in Stroop interference correlate with the relative processing speed of word and color stimuli, and the lateral inhibition between visual stimuli. We conducted an electrophysiological and behavioral experiment to measure (1) how quickly an individual’s brain processes words and colors presented in isolation (P3 latency), and (2) the strength of an individual’s lateral inhibition between visual representations with a visual illusion. Both measures explained at least 40% of the variance in Stroop interference across individuals. As these measures were obtained in contexts not requiring any executive control, we conclude that the Stroop effect also measures an individual’s pre-set way of processing visual features such as words and colors. This study highlights the important contributions of stimulus processing speed and lateral inhibition to individual differences in Stroop interference, and challenges the general view that the Stroop task primarily assesses executive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marnix Naber
- Experimental Psychology, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands; Vision Sciences Laboratory, Harvard University, CambridgeMA, USA; Cognitive Psychology, Leiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical CenterLeiden, Netherlands
| | - Anneke Vedder
- Vision Sciences Laboratory, Harvard University, CambridgeMA, USA; Clinical Psychology, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Sander Nieuwenhuis
- Cognitive Psychology, Leiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical CenterLeiden, Netherlands
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Yun JY, Jang JH, Kim SN, Jung WH, Kwon JS. Neural Correlates of Response to Pharmacotherapy in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Individualized Cortical Morphology-Based Structural Covariance. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 63:126-33. [PMID: 26116795 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary pharmacotherapy regimen for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) named Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) does not attain sufficient symptom improvement in 40-60% of OCD. We aimed to decode the differential profile of OCD-related brain pathology per subject in the context of cortical surface area (CSA) or thickness (CT)-based individualized structural covariance (ISC) and to demonstrate the potential of which as a biomarker of treatment response to SRI-based pharmacotherapy in OCD using the support vector machine (SVM). METHODS T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was obtained at 3T from 56 unmedicated OCD subjects and 75 healthy controls (HCs) at baseline. After 4months of SRI-based pharmacotherapy, the OCD subjects were classified as responders (OCD-R,N=25; ≥35% improvement) or nonresponders (OCD-NR,N=31; <35% improvement) according to the percentage change in the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale total score. Cortical ISCs sustaining between-group difference (p<.001) for every run of leave-one-out group-comparison were packaged as feature set for group classification using the SVM. RESULTS An optimal feature set of the top 12 ISCs including a CT-ISC between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex versus precuneus, a CSA-ISC between the anterior insula versus intraparietal sulcus, as well as perisylvian area-related ISCs predicted the initial prognosis of OCD as OCD-R or OCD-NR with an accuracy of 89.0% (sensitivity 88.4%, specificity 90.1%). Extended sets of ISCs distinguished the OCD subjects from the HCs with 90.7-95.6% accuracy (sensitivity 90.8-96.2%, specificity 91.1-95.0%). CONCLUSION We showed the potential of cortical morphology-based ISCs, which reflect dysfunctional cortical maturation process, as a possible biomarker that predicts the clinical treatment response to SRI-based pharmacotherapy in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Yeon Yun
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hwan Jang
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Nyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wi Hoon Jung
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Soo Kwon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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