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Censi ST, Mariani-Costantini R, Granzotto A, Tomassini V, Sensi SL. Endogenous retroviruses in multiple sclerosis: A network-based etiopathogenic model. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 99:102392. [PMID: 38925481 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The present perspective article proposes an etiopathological model for multiple sclerosis pathogenesis and progression associated with the activation of human endogenous retroviruses. We reviewed preclinical, clinical, epidemiological, and evolutionary evidence indicating how the complex, multi-level interplay of genetic traits and environmental factors contributes to multiple sclerosis. We propose that endogenous retroviruses transactivation acts as a critical node in disease development. We also discuss the rationale for combined anti-retroviral therapy in multiple sclerosis as a disease-modifying therapeutic strategy. Finally, we propose that the immuno-pathogenic process triggered by endogenous retrovirus activation can be extended to aging and aging-related neurodegeneration. In this regard, endogenous retroviruses can be envisioned to act as epigenetic noise, favoring the proliferation of disorganized cellular subpopulations and accelerating system-specific "aging". Since inflammation and aging are two sides of the same coin (plastic dis-adaptation to external stimuli with system-specific degree of freedom), the two conditions may be epiphenomenal products of increased epigenomic entropy. Inflammation accelerates organ-specific aging, disrupting communication throughout critical systems of the body and producing symptoms. Overlapping neurological symptoms and syndromes may emerge from the activity of shared molecular networks that respond to endogenous retroviruses' reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano T Censi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
| | - Renato Mariani-Costantini
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Alberto Granzotto
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Valentina Tomassini
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Institute of Neurology, SS Annunziata Hospital, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefano L Sensi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Institute of Neurology, SS Annunziata Hospital, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy.
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2
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Manjunatha KKH, Baron G, Benozzo D, Silvestri E, Corbetta M, Chiuso A, Bertoldo A, Suweis S, Allegra M. Controlling target brain regions by optimal selection of input nodes. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1011274. [PMID: 38215166 PMCID: PMC10810536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The network control theory framework holds great potential to inform neurostimulation experiments aimed at inducing desired activity states in the brain. However, the current applicability of the framework is limited by inappropriate modeling of brain dynamics, and an overly ambitious focus on whole-brain activity control. In this work, we leverage recent progress in linear modeling of brain dynamics (effective connectivity) and we exploit the concept of target controllability to focus on the control of a single region or a small subnetwork of nodes. We discuss when control may be possible with a reasonably low energy cost and few stimulation loci, and give general predictions on where to stimulate depending on the subset of regions one wishes to control. Importantly, using the robustly asymmetric effective connectome instead of the symmetric structural connectome (as in previous research), we highlight the fundamentally different roles in- and out-hubs have in the control problem, and the relevance of inhibitory connections. The large degree of inter-individual variation in the effective connectome implies that the control problem is best formulated at the individual level, but we discuss to what extent group results may still prove useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Kabbur Hanumanthappa Manjunatha
- Physics and Astronomy Department “Galileo Galilei”, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Modeling and Engineering Risk and Complexity, Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giorgia Baron
- Information Engineering Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Danilo Benozzo
- Information Engineering Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Erica Silvestri
- Information Engineering Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maurizio Corbetta
- Neuroscience Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Chiuso
- Information Engineering Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bertoldo
- Information Engineering Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Samir Suweis
- Physics and Astronomy Department “Galileo Galilei”, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Michele Allegra
- Physics and Astronomy Department “Galileo Galilei”, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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3
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Luppi AI, Cabral J, Cofre R, Mediano PAM, Rosas FE, Qureshi AY, Kuceyeski A, Tagliazucchi E, Raimondo F, Deco G, Shine JM, Kringelbach ML, Orio P, Ching S, Sanz Perl Y, Diringer MN, Stevens RD, Sitt JD. Computational modelling in disorders of consciousness: Closing the gap towards personalised models for restoring consciousness. Neuroimage 2023; 275:120162. [PMID: 37196986 PMCID: PMC10262065 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Disorders of consciousness are complex conditions characterised by persistent loss of responsiveness due to brain injury. They present diagnostic challenges and limited options for treatment, and highlight the urgent need for a more thorough understanding of how human consciousness arises from coordinated neural activity. The increasing availability of multimodal neuroimaging data has given rise to a wide range of clinically- and scientifically-motivated modelling efforts, seeking to improve data-driven stratification of patients, to identify causal mechanisms for patient pathophysiology and loss of consciousness more broadly, and to develop simulations as a means of testing in silico potential treatment avenues to restore consciousness. As a dedicated Working Group of clinicians and neuroscientists of the international Curing Coma Campaign, here we provide our framework and vision to understand the diverse statistical and generative computational modelling approaches that are being employed in this fast-growing field. We identify the gaps that exist between the current state-of-the-art in statistical and biophysical computational modelling in human neuroscience, and the aspirational goal of a mature field of modelling disorders of consciousness; which might drive improved treatments and outcomes in the clinic. Finally, we make several recommendations for how the field as a whole can work together to address these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea I Luppi
- Division of Anaesthesia and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Joana Cabral
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of Minho, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Cofre
- CIMFAV-Ingemat, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Neuroscience (NeuroPSI), Paris-Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pedro A M Mediano
- Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fernando E Rosas
- Department of Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK; Centre for Psychedelic Research, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK; Centre for Complexity Science, Imperial College London, London, UK; Centre for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, Linacre College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Abid Y Qureshi
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Amy Kuceyeski
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Enzo Tagliazucchi
- Departamento de Física (UBA) e Instituto de Fisica de Buenos Aires (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Federico Raimondo
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gustavo Deco
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain; Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James M Shine
- Brain and Mind Center, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Morten L Kringelbach
- Centre for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, Linacre College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Patricio Orio
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso and Instituto de Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - ShiNung Ching
- Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yonatan Sanz Perl
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière - Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Paris, France; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, CABA 2290, Argentina
| | - Michael N Diringer
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert D Stevens
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jacobo Diego Sitt
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière - Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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4
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Luppi AI, Mediano PAM, Rosas FE, Allanson J, Pickard JD, Williams GB, Craig MM, Finoia P, Peattie ARD, Coppola P, Menon DK, Bor D, Stamatakis EA. Reduced emergent character of neural dynamics in patients with a disrupted connectome. Neuroimage 2023; 269:119926. [PMID: 36740030 PMCID: PMC9989666 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
High-level brain functions are widely believed to emerge from the orchestrated activity of multiple neural systems. However, lacking a formal definition and practical quantification of emergence for experimental data, neuroscientists have been unable to empirically test this long-standing conjecture. Here we investigate this fundamental question by leveraging a recently proposed framework known as "Integrated Information Decomposition," which establishes a principled information-theoretic approach to operationalise and quantify emergence in dynamical systems - including the human brain. By analysing functional MRI data, our results show that the emergent and hierarchical character of neural dynamics is significantly diminished in chronically unresponsive patients suffering from severe brain injury. At a functional level, we demonstrate that emergence capacity is positively correlated with the extent of hierarchical organisation in brain activity. Furthermore, by combining computational approaches from network control theory and whole-brain biophysical modelling, we show that the reduced capacity for emergent and hierarchical dynamics in severely brain-injured patients can be mechanistically explained by disruptions in the patients' structural connectome. Overall, our results suggest that chronic unresponsiveness resulting from severe brain injury may be related to structural impairment of the fundamental neural infrastructures required for brain dynamics to support emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea I Luppi
- Division of Anaesthesia, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence, Cambridge, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK.
| | - Pedro A M Mediano
- Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fernando E Rosas
- Department of Brain Science, Center for Psychedelic Research, Imperial College London, London, UK; Data Science Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK; Centre for Complexity Science, Imperial College London, London, UK; Center for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Judith Allanson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation, Cambridge, UK
| | - John D Pickard
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Guy B Williams
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael M Craig
- Division of Anaesthesia, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paola Finoia
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander R D Peattie
- Division of Anaesthesia, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Coppola
- Division of Anaesthesia, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David K Menon
- Division of Anaesthesia, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK; Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Bor
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Psychology, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Emmanuel A Stamatakis
- Division of Anaesthesia, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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5
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Kurtin DL, Giunchiglia V, Vohryzek J, Cabral J, Skeldon AC, Violante IR. Moving from phenomenological to predictive modelling: Progress and pitfalls of modelling brain stimulation in-silico. Neuroimage 2023; 272:120042. [PMID: 36965862 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain stimulation is an increasingly popular neuromodulatory tool used in both clinical and research settings; however, the effects of brain stimulation, particularly those of non-invasive stimulation, are variable. This variability can be partially explained by an incomplete mechanistic understanding, coupled with a combinatorial explosion of possible stimulation parameters. Computational models constitute a useful tool to explore the vast sea of stimulation parameters and characterise their effects on brain activity. Yet the utility of modelling stimulation in-silico relies on its biophysical relevance, which needs to account for the dynamics of large and diverse neural populations and how underlying networks shape those collective dynamics. The large number of parameters to consider when constructing a model is no less than those needed to consider when planning empirical studies. This piece is centred on the application of phenomenological and biophysical models in non-invasive brain stimulation. We first introduce common forms of brain stimulation and computational models, and provide typical construction choices made when building phenomenological and biophysical models. Through the lens of four case studies, we provide an account of the questions these models can address, commonalities, and limitations across studies. We conclude by proposing future directions to fully realise the potential of computational models of brain stimulation for the design of personalized, efficient, and effective stimulation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Kurtin
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Jakub Vohryzek
- Centre for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, Linacre College, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Joana Cabral
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Anne C Skeldon
- Department of Mathematics, Centre for Mathematical and Computational Biology, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Ines R Violante
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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6
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The impact of aging on human brain network target controllability. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:3001-3015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02584-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Popova M, Fakhar K, Braun W. ‘One region to control them all'- the surprising effectiveness of network control theory in predicting post-stroke recovery from aphasia. Front Comput Neurosci 2022; 16:943396. [PMID: 36034934 PMCID: PMC9399645 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2022.943396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
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Kawakita G, Kamiya S, Sasai S, Kitazono J, Oizumi M. Quantifying brain state transition cost via Schrödinger Bridge. Netw Neurosci 2022; 6:118-134. [PMID: 35356194 PMCID: PMC8959122 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Quantifying brain state transition cost is a fundamental problem in systems neuroscience. Previous studies utilized network control theory to measure the cost by considering a neural system as a deterministic dynamical system. However, this approach does not capture the stochasticity of neural systems, which is important for accurately quantifying brain state transition cost. Here, we propose a novel framework based on optimal control in stochastic systems. In our framework, we quantify the transition cost as the Kullback-Leibler divergence from an uncontrolled transition path to the optimally controlled path, which is known as Schrödinger Bridge. To test its utility, we applied this framework to functional magnetic resonance imaging data from the Human Connectome Project and computed the brain state transition cost in cognitive tasks. We demonstrate correspondence between brain state transition cost and the difficulty of tasks. The results suggest that our framework provides a general theoretical tool for investigating cognitive functions from the viewpoint of transition cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genji Kawakita
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kamiya
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Sasai
- Araya Inc., Tokyo, Japan
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jun Kitazono
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Oizumi
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Language Tasks and the Network Control Role of the Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0382-20.2021. [PMID: 34244340 PMCID: PMC8431826 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0382-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work has combined cognitive neuroscience and control theory to make predictions about cognitive control functions. Here, we test a link between whole-brain theories of semantics and the role of the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) in controlled language performance using network control theory (NCT), a branch of systems engineering. Specifically, we examined whether two properties of node controllability, boundary and modal controllability, were linked to semantic selection and retrieval on sentence completion and verb generation tasks. We tested whether the controllability of the left IFG moderated language selection and retrieval costs and the effects of continuous θ burst stimulation (cTBS), an inhibitory form of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on behavior in 41 human subjects (25 active, 16 sham). We predicted that boundary controllability, a measure of the theoretical ability of a node to integrate and segregate brain networks, would be linked to word selection in the contextually-rich sentence completion task. In contrast, we expected that modal controllability, a measure of the theoretical ability of a node to drive the brain into specifically hard-to-reach states, would be linked to retrieval on the low-context verb generation task. Boundary controllability was linked to selection and to the ability of TMS to reduce response latencies on the sentence completion task. In contrast, modal controllability was not linked to performance on the tasks or TMS effects. Overall, our results suggest a link between the network integrating role of the LIFG and selection and the overall semantic demands of sentence completion.
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