1
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Lube AJ, Ma X, Carlson BA. Spike timing-dependent plasticity alters electrosensory neuron synaptic strength in vitro but does not consistently predict changes in sensory tuning in vivo. J Neurophysiol 2023; 129:1127-1144. [PMID: 37073981 PMCID: PMC10151048 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00498.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
How do sensory systems optimize detection of behaviorally relevant stimuli when the sensory environment is constantly changing? We addressed the role of spike timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) in driving changes in synaptic strength in a sensory pathway and whether those changes in synaptic strength could alter sensory tuning. It is challenging to precisely control temporal patterns of synaptic activity in vivo and replicate those patterns in vitro in behaviorally relevant ways. This makes it difficult to make connections between STDP-induced changes in synaptic physiology and plasticity in sensory systems. Using the mormyrid species Brevimyrus niger and Brienomyrus brachyistius, which produce electric organ discharges for electrolocation and communication, we can precisely control the timing of synaptic input in vivo and replicate these same temporal patterns of synaptic input in vitro. In central electrosensory neurons in the electric communication pathway, using whole cell intracellular recordings in vitro, we paired presynaptic input with postsynaptic spiking at different delays. Using whole cell intracellular recordings in awake, behaving fish, we paired sensory stimulation with postsynaptic spiking using the same delays. We found that Hebbian STDP predictably alters sensory tuning in vitro and is mediated by NMDA receptors. However, the change in synaptic responses induced by sensory stimulation in vivo did not adhere to the direction predicted by the STDP observed in vitro. Further analysis suggests that this difference is influenced by polysynaptic activity, including inhibitory interneurons. Our findings suggest that STDP rules operating at identified synapses may not drive predictable changes in sensory responses at the circuit level.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We replicated behaviorally relevant temporal patterns of synaptic activity in vitro and used the same patterns during sensory stimulation in vivo. There was a Hebbian spike timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) pattern in vitro, but sensory responses in vivo did not shift according to STDP predictions. Analysis suggests that this disparity is influenced by differences in polysynaptic activity, including inhibitory interneurons. These results suggest that STDP rules at synapses in vitro do not necessarily apply to circuits in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adalee J Lube
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Ma
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Bruce A Carlson
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
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2
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Tomar M, Beros J, Meloni B, Rodger J. Interactions between Guidance Cues and Neuronal Activity: Therapeutic Insights from Mouse Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086966. [PMID: 37108129 PMCID: PMC10138948 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Topographic mapping of neural circuits is fundamental in shaping the structural and functional organization of brain regions. This developmentally important process is crucial not only for the representation of different sensory inputs but also for their integration. Disruption of topographic organization has been associated with several neurodevelopmental disorders. The aim of this review is to highlight the mechanisms involved in creating and refining such well-defined maps in the brain with a focus on the Eph and ephrin families of axon guidance cues. We first describe the transgenic models where ephrin-A expression has been manipulated to understand the role of these guidance cues in defining topography in various sensory systems. We further describe the behavioral consequences of lacking ephrin-A guidance cues in these animal models. These studies have given us unexpected insight into how neuronal activity is equally important in refining neural circuits in different brain regions. We conclude the review by discussing studies that have used treatments such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to manipulate activity in the brain to compensate for the lack of guidance cues in ephrin-knockout animal models. We describe how rTMS could have therapeutic relevance in neurodevelopmental disorders with disrupted brain organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitri Tomar
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jamie Beros
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Bruno Meloni
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jennifer Rodger
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
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3
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Kutsarova E, Schohl A, Munz M, Wang A, Zhang YY, Bilash OM, Ruthazer ES. BDNF signaling in correlation-dependent structural plasticity in the developing visual system. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002070. [PMID: 37011100 PMCID: PMC10101647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, patterned neural activity instructs topographic map refinement. Axons with similar patterns of neural activity converge onto target neurons and stabilize their synapses with these postsynaptic partners, restricting exploratory branch elaboration (Hebbian structural plasticity). On the other hand, non-correlated firing in inputs leads to synapse weakening and increased exploratory growth of axons (Stentian structural plasticity). We used visual stimulation to control the correlation structure of neural activity in a few ipsilaterally projecting (ipsi) retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons with respect to the majority contralateral eye inputs in the optic tectum of albino Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Multiphoton live imaging of ipsi axons, combined with specific targeted disruptions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling, revealed that both presynaptic p75NTR and TrkB are required for Stentian axonal branch addition, whereas presumptive postsynaptic BDNF signaling is necessary for Hebbian axon stabilization. Additionally, we found that BDNF signaling mediates local suppression of branch elimination in response to correlated firing of inputs. Daily in vivo imaging of contralateral RGC axons demonstrated that p75NTR knockdown reduces axon branch elongation and arbor spanning field volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kutsarova
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anne Schohl
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Martin Munz
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alex Wang
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yuan Yuan Zhang
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Olesia M Bilash
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Edward S Ruthazer
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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4
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Cepeda-Prado EA, Khodaie B, Quiceno GD, Beythien S, Edelmann E, Lessmann V. Calcium-Permeable AMPA Receptors Mediate Timing-Dependent LTP Elicited by Low Repeat Coincident Pre- and Postsynaptic Activity at Schaffer Collateral-CA1 Synapses. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:1682-1703. [PMID: 34498663 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
High-frequency stimulation induced long-term potentiation (LTP) and low-frequency stimulation induced LTD are considered as cellular models of memory formation. Interestingly, spike timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) can induce equally robust timing-dependent LTP (t-LTP) and t-LTD in response to low frequency repeats of coincident action potential (AP) firing in presynaptic and postsynaptic cells. Commonly, STDP paradigms relying on 25-100 repeats of coincident AP firing are used to elicit t-LTP or t-LTD, but the minimum number of repeats required for successful STDP is barely explored. However, systematic investigation of physiologically relevant low repeat STDP paradigms is of utmost importance to explain learning mechanisms in vivo. Here, we examined low repeat STDP at Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses by pairing one presynaptic AP with either one postsynaptic AP (1:1 t-LTP), or a burst of 4 APs (1:4 t-LTP) and found 3-6 repeats to be sufficient to elicit t-LTP. 6× 1:1 t-LTP required postsynaptic Ca2+ influx via NMDARs and L-type VGCCs and was mediated by increased presynaptic glutamate release. In contrast, 1:4 t-LTP depended on postsynaptic metabotropic GluRs and ryanodine receptor signaling and was mediated by postsynaptic insertion of AMPA receptors. Unexpectedly, both 6× t-LTP variants were strictly dependent on activation of postsynaptic Ca2+-permeable AMPARs but were differentially regulated by dopamine receptor signaling. Our data show that synaptic changes induced by only 3-6 repeats of mild STDP stimulation occurring in ≤10 s can take place on time scales observed also during single trial learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrain A Cepeda-Prado
- Institut für Physiologie, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität (OVGU), Medizinische Fakultät, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - Babak Khodaie
- Institut für Physiologie, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität (OVGU), Medizinische Fakultät, Magdeburg 39120, Germany.,OVGU International ESF-funded Graduate School ABINEP, Magdeburg 39104, Germany
| | - Gloria D Quiceno
- Institut für Physiologie, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität (OVGU), Medizinische Fakultät, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - Swantje Beythien
- Institut für Physiologie, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität (OVGU), Medizinische Fakultät, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - Elke Edelmann
- Institut für Physiologie, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität (OVGU), Medizinische Fakultät, Magdeburg 39120, Germany.,OVGU International ESF-funded Graduate School ABINEP, Magdeburg 39104, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg 39104, Germany
| | - Volkmar Lessmann
- Institut für Physiologie, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität (OVGU), Medizinische Fakultät, Magdeburg 39120, Germany.,OVGU International ESF-funded Graduate School ABINEP, Magdeburg 39104, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg 39104, Germany
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5
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Fassier C, Nicol X. Retinal Axon Interplay for Binocular Mapping. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:679440. [PMID: 34149367 PMCID: PMC8213063 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.679440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In most mammals, retinal ganglion cell axons from each retina project to both sides of the brain. The segregation of ipsi and contralateral projections into eye-specific territories in their main brain targets-the dorsolateral geniculate nucleus and the superior colliculus-is critical for the processing of visual information. The investigation of the developmental mechanisms contributing to the wiring of this binocular map in mammals identified competitive mechanisms between axons from each retina while interactions between axons from the same eye were challenging to explore. Studies in vertebrates lacking ipsilateral retinal projections demonstrated that competitive mechanisms also exist between axons from the same eye. The development of a genetic approach enabling the differential manipulation and labeling of neighboring retinal ganglion cells in a single mouse retina revealed that binocular map development does not only rely on axon competition but also involves a cooperative interplay between axons to stabilize their terminal branches. These recent insights into the developmental mechanisms shaping retinal axon connectivity in the brain will be discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Fassier
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Nicol
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
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6
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Kesner P, Schohl A, Warren EC, Ma F, Ruthazer ES. Postsynaptic and Presynaptic NMDARs Have Distinct Roles in Visual Circuit Development. Cell Rep 2021; 32:107955. [PMID: 32726620 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To study contributions of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) in presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons of the developing visual system, we microinject antisense Morpholino oligonucleotide (MO) against GluN1 into one cell of two-cell-stage Xenopus laevis embryos. The resulting bilateral segregation of MO induces postsynaptic NMDAR (postNMDAR) knockdown in tectal neurons on one side and presynaptic NMDAR (preNMDAR) knockdown in ganglion cells projecting to the other side. PostNMDAR knockdown reduces evoked NMDAR- and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR)-mediated retinotectal currents. Although the frequency of spontaneous synaptic events is increased, the probability of evoked release is reduced. PreNMDAR knockdown results in larger evoked and unitary synaptic responses. Structurally, postNMDAR and preNMDAR knockdown produce complementary effects. Axonal arbor complexity is reduced by preNMDAR-MO and increased by postNMDAR-MO, whereas tectal dendritic arbors exhibit the inverse. The current study illustrates distinct roles for pre- and postNMDARs in circuit development and reveals extensive transsynaptic regulation of form and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Kesner
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Anne Schohl
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Elodie C Warren
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Fan Ma
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Edward S Ruthazer
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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7
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Brigadski T, Leßmann V. The physiology of regulated BDNF release. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:15-45. [PMID: 32944867 PMCID: PMC7529619 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03253-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The neurotrophic factor BDNF is an important regulator for the development of brain circuits, for synaptic and neuronal network plasticity, as well as for neuroregeneration and neuroprotection. Up- and downregulations of BDNF levels in human blood and tissue are associated with, e.g., neurodegenerative, neurological, or even cardiovascular diseases. The changes in BDNF concentration are caused by altered dynamics in BDNF expression and release. To understand the relevance of major variations of BDNF levels, detailed knowledge regarding physiological and pathophysiological stimuli affecting intra- and extracellular BDNF concentration is important. Most work addressing the molecular and cellular regulation of BDNF expression and release have been performed in neuronal preparations. Therefore, this review will summarize the stimuli inducing release of BDNF, as well as molecular mechanisms regulating the efficacy of BDNF release, with a focus on cells originating from the brain. Further, we will discuss the current knowledge about the distinct stimuli eliciting regulated release of BDNF under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Brigadski
- Department of Informatics and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, D-66482, Zweibrücken, Germany.
| | - Volkmar Leßmann
- Institute of Physiology, Otto-von-Guericke University, D-39120, Magdeburg, Germany. .,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.
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8
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Fuenzalida M, Chiu CQ, Chávez AE. Muscarinic Regulation of Spike Timing Dependent Synaptic Plasticity in the Hippocampus. Neuroscience 2020; 456:50-59. [PMID: 32828940 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Long-term changes in synaptic transmission between neurons in the brain are considered the cellular basis of learning and memory. Over the last few decades, many studies have revealed that the precise order and timing of activity between pre- and post-synaptic cells ("spike-timing-dependent plasticity; STDP") is crucial for the sign and magnitude of long-term changes at many central synapses. Acetylcholine (ACh) via the recruitment of diverse muscarinic receptors is known to influence STDP in a variety of ways, enabling flexibility and adaptability in brain network activity during complex behaviors. In this review, we will summarize and discuss different mechanistic aspects of muscarinic modulation of timing-dependent plasticity at both excitatory and inhibitory synapses in the hippocampus to shape learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fuenzalida
- Center of Neurobiology and Integrative Physiopathology, Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Chiayu Q Chiu
- Interdisciplinary Center of Neuroscience of Valparaiso, Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Andrés E Chávez
- Interdisciplinary Center of Neuroscience of Valparaiso, Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile
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9
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Tan C, Šarlija M, Kasabov N. Spiking Neural Networks: Background, Recent Development and the NeuCube Architecture. Neural Process Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11063-020-10322-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Zhou JF, Yuan WJ, Chen D, Wang BH, Zhou Z, Boccaletti S, Wang Z. Synaptic modifications driven by spike-timing-dependent plasticity in weakly coupled bursting neurons. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:032419. [PMID: 30999534 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.032419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the course of development, sleep, or mental disorders, certain neurons in the brain display spontaneous spike-burst activity. The synaptic plasticity evoked by such activity is here studied in the presence of spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP). In two chemically coupled bursting model neurons, the spike-burst activity can translate the STDP related to pre- and postsynaptic spike activity into burst-timing-dependent plasticity (BTDP), based on the timing of bursts of pre- and postsynaptic neurons. The resulting BTDP exhibits exponential decays with the same time scales as those of STDP. In weakly coupled bursting neuron networks, the synaptic modification driven by the spike-burst activity obeys a power-law distribution. The model can also produce a power-law distribution of synaptic weights. Here, the considered bursting behavior is made of stereotypical groups of spikes, and bursting is evenly spaced by long intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Fang Zhou
- College of Physics and Electronic Information, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Wu-Jie Yuan
- College of Physics and Electronic Information, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Debao Chen
- College of Physics and Electronic Information, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Bing-Hong Wang
- Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhao Zhou
- College of Physics and Electronic Information, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Stefano Boccaletti
- CNR-Institute of Complex Systems, Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.,Unmanned Systems Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072 Shanxi, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Center for OPTical IMagery Analysis and Learning (OPTIMAL), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072 Shanxi, China
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11
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A Hypothetical Model Concerning How Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity Contributes to Neural Circuit Formation and Initiation of the Critical Period in Barrel Cortex. J Neurosci 2019; 39:3784-3791. [PMID: 30877173 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1684-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Spike timing is an important factor in the modification of synaptic strength. Various forms of spike timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) occur in the brains of diverse species, from insects to humans. In unimodal STDP, only LTP or LTD occurs at the synapse, regardless of which neuron spikes first; the magnitude of potentiation or depression increases as the time between presynaptic and postsynaptic spikes decreases. This from of STDP may promote developmental strengthening or weakening of early projections. In bidirectional Hebbian STDP, the magnitude and the sign (potentiation or depression) of plasticity depend, respectively, on the timing and the order of presynaptic and postsynaptic spikes. In the rodent barrel cortex, multiple forms of STDP appear sequentially during development, and they contribute to network formation, retraction, or fine-scale functional reorganization. Hebbian STDP appears at L4-L2/3 synapses starting at postnatal day (P) 15; the synapses exhibit unimodal "all-LTP STDP" before that age. The appearance of Hebbian STDP at L4-L2/3 synapses coincides with the maturation of parvalbumin-containing GABA interneurons in L4, which contributes to the generation of L4-before-L2/3 spiking in response to thalamic input by producing fast feedforward suppression of both L4 and L2/3 cells. After P15, L4-L2/3 STDP mediates fine-scale circuit refinement, essential for the critical period in the barrel cortex. In this review, we first briefly describe the relevance of STDP to map plasticity in the barrel cortex, then look over roles of distinct forms of STDP during development. Finally, we propose a hypothesis that explains the transition from network formation to the initiation of the critical period in the barrel cortex.
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12
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Long-term population spike-timing-dependent plasticity promotes synaptic tagging but not cross-tagging in rat hippocampal area CA1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:5737-5746. [PMID: 30819889 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1817643116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP), the direction and degree of synaptic modification are determined by the coherence of pre- and postsynaptic activities within a neuron. However, in the adult rat hippocampus, it remains unclear whether STDP-like mechanisms in a neuronal population induce synaptic potentiation of a long duration. Thus, we asked whether the magnitude and maintenance of synaptic plasticity in a population of CA1 neurons differ as a function of the temporal order and interval between pre- and postsynaptic activities. Modulation of the relative timing of Schaffer collateral fibers (presynaptic component) and CA1 axons (postsynaptic component) stimulations resulted in an asymmetric population STDP (pSTDP). The resulting potentiation in response to 20 pairings at 1 Hz was largest in magnitude and most persistent (4 h) when presynaptic activity coincided with or preceded postsynaptic activity. Interestingly, when postsynaptic activation preceded presynaptic stimulation by 20 ms, an immediate increase in field excitatory postsynaptic potentials was observed, but it eventually transformed into a synaptic depression. Furthermore, pSTDP engaged in selective forms of late-associative activity: It facilitated the maintenance of tetanization-induced early long-term potentiation (LTP) in neighboring synapses but not early long-term depression, reflecting possible mechanistic differences with classical tetanization-induced LTP. The data demonstrate that a pairing of pre- and postsynaptic activities in a neuronal population can greatly reduce the required number of synaptic plasticity-evoking events and induce a potentiation of a degree and duration similar to that with repeated tetanization. Thus, pSTDP determines synaptic efficacy in the hippocampal CA3-CA1 circuit and could bias the CA1 neuronal population toward potentiation in future events.
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13
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Cyr A, Thériault F, Ross M, Berberian N, Chartier S. Spiking Neurons Integrating Visual Stimuli Orientation and Direction Selectivity in a Robotic Context. Front Neurorobot 2018; 12:75. [PMID: 30524261 PMCID: PMC6256284 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2018.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual motion detection is essential for the survival of many species. The phenomenon includes several spatial properties, not fully understood at the level of a neural circuit. This paper proposes a computational model of a visual motion detector that integrates direction and orientation selectivity features. A recent experiment in the Drosophila model highlights that stimulus orientation influences the neural response of direction cells. However, this interaction and the significance at the behavioral level are currently unknown. As such, another objective of this article is to study the effect of merging these two visual processes when contextualized in a neuro-robotic model and an operant conditioning procedure. In this work, the learning task was solved using an artificial spiking neural network, acting as the brain controller for virtual and physical robots, showing a behavior modulation from the integration of both visual processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Cyr
- Conec Laboratory, School of Psychology, Ottawa University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Frédéric Thériault
- Department of Computer Science, Cégep du Vieux Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Matthew Ross
- Conec Laboratory, School of Psychology, Ottawa University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nareg Berberian
- Conec Laboratory, School of Psychology, Ottawa University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chartier
- Conec Laboratory, School of Psychology, Ottawa University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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14
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Chorghay Z, Káradóttir RT, Ruthazer ES. White Matter Plasticity Keeps the Brain in Tune: Axons Conduct While Glia Wrap. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:428. [PMID: 30519159 PMCID: PMC6251003 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise timing of neuronal inputs is crucial for brain circuit function and development, where it contributes critically to experience-dependent plasticity. Myelination therefore provides an important adaptation mechanism for vertebrate circuits. Despite its importance to circuit activity, the interplay between neuronal activity and myelination has yet to be fully elucidated. In recent years, significant attention has been devoted to uncovering and explaining the phenomenon of white matter (WM) plasticity. Here, we summarize some of the critical evidence for modulation of the WM by neuronal activity, ranging from human diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies to experiments in animal models. These experiments reveal activity-dependent changes in the differentiation and proliferation of the oligodendrocyte lineage, and in the critical properties of the myelin sheaths. We discuss the implications of such changes for synaptic function and plasticity, and present the underlying mechanisms of neuron–glia communication, with a focus on glutamatergic signaling and the axomyelinic synapse. Finally, we examine evidence that myelin plasticity may be subject to critical periods. Taken together, the present review aims to provide insights into myelination in the context of brain circuit formation and function, emphasizing the bidirectional interplay between neurons and myelinating glial cells to better inform future investigations of nervous system plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa Chorghay
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ragnhildur Thóra Káradóttir
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edward S Ruthazer
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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15
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Yousefzadeh A, Stromatias E, Soto M, Serrano-Gotarredona T, Linares-Barranco B. On Practical Issues for Stochastic STDP Hardware With 1-bit Synaptic Weights. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:665. [PMID: 30374283 PMCID: PMC6196279 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In computational neuroscience, synaptic plasticity learning rules are typically studied using the full 64-bit floating point precision computers provide. However, for dedicated hardware implementations, the precision used not only penalizes directly the required memory resources, but also the computing, communication, and energy resources. When it comes to hardware engineering, a key question is always to find the minimum number of necessary bits to keep the neurocomputational system working satisfactorily. Here we present some techniques and results obtained when limiting synaptic weights to 1-bit precision, applied to a Spike-Timing-Dependent-Plasticity (STDP) learning rule in Spiking Neural Networks (SNN). We first illustrate the 1-bit synapses STDP operation by replicating a classical biological experiment on visual orientation tuning, using a simple four neuron setup. After this, we apply 1-bit STDP learning to the hidden feature extraction layer of a 2-layer system, where for the second (and output) layer we use already reported SNN classifiers. The systems are tested on two spiking datasets: a Dynamic Vision Sensor (DVS) recorded poker card symbols dataset and a Poisson-distributed spike representation MNIST dataset version. Tests are performed using the in-house MegaSim event-driven behavioral simulator and by implementing the systems on FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) hardware.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirreza Yousefzadeh
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Sevilla (IMSE-CNM), CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Evangelos Stromatias
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Sevilla (IMSE-CNM), CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Miguel Soto
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Sevilla (IMSE-CNM), CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Bernabé Linares-Barranco
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Sevilla (IMSE-CNM), CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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16
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Foncelle A, Mendes A, Jędrzejewska-Szmek J, Valtcheva S, Berry H, Blackwell KT, Venance L. Modulation of Spike-Timing Dependent Plasticity: Towards the Inclusion of a Third Factor in Computational Models. Front Comput Neurosci 2018; 12:49. [PMID: 30018546 PMCID: PMC6037788 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2018.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP) change in synaptic strength depends on the timing of pre- vs. postsynaptic spiking activity. Since STDP is in compliance with Hebb's postulate, it is considered one of the major mechanisms of memory storage and recall. STDP comprises a system of two coincidence detectors with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activation often posited as one of the main components. Numerous studies have unveiled a third component of this coincidence detection system, namely neuromodulation and glia activity shaping STDP. Even though dopaminergic control of STDP has most often been reported, acetylcholine, noradrenaline, nitric oxide (NO), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) also has been shown to effectively modulate STDP. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that astrocytes, via the release or uptake of glutamate, gate STDP expression. At the most fundamental level, the timing properties of STDP are expected to depend on the spatiotemporal dynamics of the underlying signaling pathways. However in most cases, due to technical limitations experiments grant only indirect access to these pathways. Computational models carefully constrained by experiments, allow for a better qualitative understanding of the molecular basis of STDP and its regulation by neuromodulators. Recently, computational models of calcium dynamics and signaling pathway molecules have started to explore STDP emergence in ex and in vivo-like conditions. These models are expected to reproduce better at least part of the complex modulation of STDP as an emergent property of the underlying molecular pathways. Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying STDP modulation and its consequences on network dynamics is of critical importance and will allow better understanding of the major mechanisms of memory storage and recall both in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Foncelle
- INRIA, Villeurbanne, France
- LIRIS UMR 5205 CNRS-INSA, University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alexandre Mendes
- Dynamic and Pathophysiology of Neuronal Networks, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, INSERM U1050, CNRS UMR7241, Labex Memolife, Paris, France
- University Pierre et Marie Curie, ED 158, Paris, France
| | | | - Silvana Valtcheva
- Dynamic and Pathophysiology of Neuronal Networks, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, INSERM U1050, CNRS UMR7241, Labex Memolife, Paris, France
- University Pierre et Marie Curie, ED 158, Paris, France
| | - Hugues Berry
- INRIA, Villeurbanne, France
- LIRIS UMR 5205 CNRS-INSA, University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Kim T. Blackwell
- The Krasnow Institute for Advanced Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Laurent Venance
- Dynamic and Pathophysiology of Neuronal Networks, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, INSERM U1050, CNRS UMR7241, Labex Memolife, Paris, France
- University Pierre et Marie Curie, ED 158, Paris, France
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17
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Gambrill AC, Faulkner RL, Cline HT. Direct intertectal inputs are an integral component of the bilateral sensorimotor circuit for behavior in Xenopus tadpoles. J Neurophysiol 2018; 119:1947-1961. [PMID: 29442555 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00051.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The circuit controlling visually guided behavior in nonmammalian vertebrates, such as Xenopus tadpoles, includes retinal projections to the contralateral optic tectum, where visual information is processed, and tectal motor outputs projecting ipsilaterally to hindbrain and spinal cord. Tadpoles have an intertectal commissure whose function is unknown, but it might transfer information between the tectal lobes. Differences in visual experience between the two eyes have profound effects on the development and function of visual circuits in animals with binocular vision, but the effects on animals with fully crossed retinal projections are not clear. We tested the effect of monocular visual experience on the visuomotor circuit in Xenopus tadpoles. We show that cutting the intertectal commissure or providing visual experience to one eye (monocular visual experience) is sufficient to disrupt tectally mediated visual avoidance behavior. Monocular visual experience induces asymmetry in tectal circuit activity across the midline. Repeated exposure to monocular visual experience drives maturation of the stimulated retinotectal synapses, seen as increased AMPA-to-NMDA ratios, induces synaptic plasticity in intertectal synaptic connections, and induces bilaterally asymmetric changes in the tectal excitation-to-inhibition ratio (E/I). We show that unilateral expression of peptides that interfere with AMPA or GABAA receptor trafficking alters E/I in the transfected tectum and is sufficient to degrade visuomotor behavior. Our study demonstrates that monocular visual experience in animals with fully crossed visual systems produces asymmetric circuit function across the midline and degrades visuomotor behavior. The data further suggest that intertectal inputs are an integral component of a bilateral visuomotor circuit critical for behavior. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The developing optic tectum of Xenopus tadpoles represents a unique circuit in which laterally positioned eyes provide sensory input to a circuit that is transiently monocular, but which will be binocular in the animal's adulthood. We challenge the idea that the two lobes of tadpole optic tectum function independently by testing the requirement of interhemispheric communication and demonstrate that unbalanced sensory input can induce structural and functional plasticity in the tectum sufficient to disrupt function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail C Gambrill
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California
| | - Regina L Faulkner
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California
| | - Hollis T Cline
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California
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18
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Liu HH, McClatchy DB, Schiapparelli L, Shen W, Yates JR, Cline HT. Role of the visual experience-dependent nascent proteome in neuronal plasticity. eLife 2018; 7:33420. [PMID: 29412139 PMCID: PMC5815848 DOI: 10.7554/elife.33420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Experience-dependent synaptic plasticity refines brain circuits during development. To identify novel protein synthesis-dependent mechanisms contributing to experience-dependent plasticity, we conducted a quantitative proteomic screen of the nascent proteome in response to visual experience in Xenopus optic tectum using bio-orthogonal metabolic labeling (BONCAT). We identified 83 differentially synthesized candidate plasticity proteins (CPPs). The CPPs form strongly interconnected networks and are annotated to a variety of biological functions, including RNA splicing, protein translation, and chromatin remodeling. Functional analysis of select CPPs revealed the requirement for eukaryotic initiation factor three subunit A (eIF3A), fused in sarcoma (FUS), and ribosomal protein s17 (RPS17) in experience-dependent structural plasticity in tectal neurons and behavioral plasticity in tadpoles. These results demonstrate that the nascent proteome is dynamic in response to visual experience and that de novo synthesis of machinery that regulates RNA splicing and protein translation is required for experience-dependent plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Hsuan Liu
- The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,Kellogg School of Science and Technology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Daniel B McClatchy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Lucio Schiapparelli
- The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Wanhua Shen
- The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Hollis T Cline
- The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,Kellogg School of Science and Technology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
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19
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Antonioli-Santos R, Lanzillotta-Mattos B, Hedin-Pereira C, Serfaty CA. The fine tuning of retinocollicular topography depends on reelin signaling during early postnatal development of the rat visual system. Neuroscience 2017; 357:264-272. [PMID: 28602919 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
During postnatal development, neural circuits are extremely dynamic and develop precise connection patterns that emerge as a result of the elimination of synaptic terminals, a process instructed by molecular cues and patterns of electrical activity. In the rodent visual system, this process begins during the first postnatal week and proceeds during the second and third postnatal weeks as spontaneous retinal activity and finally use-dependent fine tuning takes place. Reelin is a large extracellular matrix glycoprotein able to affect several steps of brain development, from neuronal migration to the maturation of dendritic spines and use-dependent synaptic development. In the present study, we investigated the role of reelin on the topographical refinement of primary sensory connections studying the development of retinal ganglion cell axon terminals in the rat superior colliculus. We found that reelin levels in the visual layers of the superior colliculus are the highest between the second and third postnatal weeks. Blocking reelin signaling with a neutralizing antibody (CR-50) from PND 7 to PND 14 induced a non-specific sprouting of ipsilateral retinocollicular axons outside their typical distribution of discrete patches of axon terminals. Also we found that reelin blockade resulted in reduced levels of phospho-GAP43, increased GluN1 and GluN2B-NMDA subunits and decreased levels of GAD65 content in the visual layers of the superior colliculus. The results suggest that reelin signaling is associated with the maturation of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic machinery influencing the development and fine tuning of topographically organized neural circuits during postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Antonioli-Santos
- Federal Fluminense University, Biology Institute, Neurobiology Department, Laboratory of Neuroplasticity - Niteroi, PO Box: 100180, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Research, Marcílio Dias Navy Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruna Lanzillotta-Mattos
- Federal Fluminense University, Biology Institute, Neurobiology Department, Laboratory of Neuroplasticity - Niteroi, PO Box: 100180, Brazil
| | - Cecília Hedin-Pereira
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular Neuroanatomy - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudio Alberto Serfaty
- Federal Fluminense University, Biology Institute, Neurobiology Department, Laboratory of Neuroplasticity - Niteroi, PO Box: 100180, Brazil.
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20
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GluA2-Lacking AMPA Receptors and Nitric Oxide Signaling Gate Spike-Timing-Dependent Potentiation of Glutamate Synapses in the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0116-17. [PMID: 28580416 PMCID: PMC5454404 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0116-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRn) receives glutamatergic inputs from numerous brain areas that control the function of DRn serotonin (5-HT) neurons. By integrating these synaptic inputs, 5-HT neurons modulate a plethora of behaviors and physiological functions. However, it remains unknown whether the excitatory inputs onto DRn 5-HT neurons can undergo activity-dependent change of strength, as well as the mechanisms that control their plasticity. Here, we describe a novel form of spike-timing–dependent long-term potentiation (tLTP) of glutamate synapses onto rat DRn 5-HT neurons. This form of synaptic plasticity is initiated by an increase in postsynaptic intracellular calcium but is maintained by a persistent increase in the probability of glutamate release. The tLTP of glutamate synapses onto DRn 5-HT is independent of NMDA receptors but requires the activation of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors and voltage-dependent calcium channels. The presynaptic expression of the tLTP is mediated by the retrograde messenger nitric oxide (NO) and activation of cGMP/PKG pathways. Collectively, these results indicate that glutamate synapses in the DRn undergo activity-dependent synaptic plasticity gated by NO signaling and unravel a previously unsuspected role of NO in controlling synaptic function and plasticity in the DRn.
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21
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Kondo Y, Yada Y, Haga T, Takayama Y, Isomura T, Jimbo Y, Fukayama O, Hoshino T, Mabuchi K. Temporal relation between neural activity and neurite pruning on a numerical model and a microchannel device with micro electrode array. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:539-544. [PMID: 28322793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Synapse elimination and neurite pruning are essential processes for the formation of neuronal circuits. These regressive events depend on neural activity and occur in the early postnatal days known as the critical period, but what makes this temporal specificity is not well understood. One possibility is that the neural activities during the developmentally regulated shift of action of GABA inhibitory transmission lead to the critical period. Moreover, it has been reported that the shifting action of the inhibitory transmission on immature neurons overlaps with synapse elimination and neurite pruning and that increased inhibitory transmission by drug treatment could induce temporal shift of the critical period. However, the relationship among these phenomena remains unclear because it is difficult to experimentally show how the developmental shift of inhibitory transmission influences neural activities and whether the activities promote synapse elimination and neurite pruning. In this study, we modeled synapse elimination in neuronal circuits using the modified Izhikevich's model with functional shifting of GABAergic transmission. The simulation results show that synaptic pruning within a specified period like the critical period is spontaneously generated as a function of the developmentally shifting inhibitory transmission and that the specific firing rate and increasing synchronization of neural circuits are seen at the initial stage of the critical period. This temporal relationship was experimentally supported by an in vitro primary culture of rat cortical neurons in a microchannel on a multi-electrode array (MEA). The firing rate decreased remarkably between the 18-25 days in vitro (DIV), and following these changes in the firing rate, the neurite density was slightly reduced. Our simulation and experimental results suggest that decreasing neural activity due to developing inhibitory synaptic transmission could induce synapse elimination and neurite pruning at particular time such as the critical period. Additionally, these findings indicate that we can estimate the maturity level of inhibitory transmission and the critical period by measuring the firing rate and the degree of synchronization in engineered neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Kondo
- Department of Information Physics and Computing, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yada
- Department of Mechano-Informatics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Haga
- Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yuzo Takayama
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Takuya Isomura
- Department of Human and Engineered Environmental Studies, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Jimbo
- Department of Precision Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Department of Human and Engineered Environmental Studies, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Osamu Fukayama
- Department of Information Physics and Computing, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hoshino
- Department of Information Physics and Computing, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Kunihiko Mabuchi
- Department of Information Physics and Computing, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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22
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Kutsarova E, Munz M, Ruthazer ES. Rules for Shaping Neural Connections in the Developing Brain. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 10:111. [PMID: 28119574 PMCID: PMC5223306 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that spontaneous activity in the developing mammalian brain plays a fundamental role in setting up the precise connectivity found in mature sensory circuits. Experiments that produce abnormal activity or that systematically alter neural firing patterns during periods of circuit development strongly suggest that the specific patterns and the degree of correlation in firing may contribute in an instructive manner to circuit refinement. In fish and amphibians, unlike amniotic vertebrates, sensory input directly drives patterned activity during the period of initial projection outgrowth and innervation. Experiments combining sensory stimulation with live imaging, which can be performed non-invasively in these simple vertebrate models, have provided important insights into the mechanisms by which neurons read out and respond to activity patterns. This article reviews the classic and recent literature on spontaneous and evoked activity-dependent circuit refinement in sensory systems and formalizes a set of mechanistic rules for the transformation of patterned activity into accurate neuronal connectivity in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kutsarova
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Munz
- Friedrich Miescher Institute, Neurobiology Group Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edward S Ruthazer
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
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23
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Saez I, Friedlander MJ. Role of GABAA-Mediated Inhibition and Functional Assortment of Synapses onto Individual Layer 4 Neurons in Regulating Plasticity Expression in Visual Cortex. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147642. [PMID: 26841221 PMCID: PMC4739708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Layer 4 (L4) of primary visual cortex (V1) is the main recipient of thalamocortical fibers from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd). Thus, it is considered the main entry point of visual information into the neocortex and the first anatomical opportunity for intracortical visual processing before information leaves L4 and reaches supra- and infragranular cortical layers. The strength of monosynaptic connections from individual L4 excitatory cells onto adjacent L4 cells (unitary connections) is highly malleable, demonstrating that the initial stage of intracortical synaptic transmission of thalamocortical information can be altered by previous activity. However, the inhibitory network within L4 of V1 may act as an internal gate for induction of excitatory synaptic plasticity, thus providing either high fidelity throughput to supragranular layers or transmittal of a modified signal subject to recent activity-dependent plasticity. To evaluate this possibility, we compared the induction of synaptic plasticity using classical extracellular stimulation protocols that recruit a combination of excitatory and inhibitory synapses with stimulation of a single excitatory neuron onto a L4 cell. In order to induce plasticity, we paired pre- and postsynaptic activity (with the onset of postsynaptic spiking leading the presynaptic activation by 10ms) using extracellular stimulation (ECS) in acute slices of primary visual cortex and comparing the outcomes with our previously published results in which an identical protocol was used to induce synaptic plasticity between individual pre- and postsynaptic L4 excitatory neurons. Our results indicate that pairing of ECS with spiking in a L4 neuron fails to induce plasticity in L4-L4 connections if synaptic inhibition is intact. However, application of a similar pairing protocol under GABAARs inhibition by bath application of 2μM bicuculline does induce robust synaptic plasticity, long term potentiation (LTP) or long term depression (LTD), similar to our results with pairing of pre- and postsynaptic activation between individual excitatory L4 neurons in which inhibitory connections are not activated. These results are consistent with the well-established observation that inhibition limits the capacity for induction of plasticity at excitatory synapses and that pre- and postsynaptic activation at a fixed time interval can result in a variable range of plasticity outcomes. However, in the current study by virtue of having two sets of experimental data, we have provided a new insight into these processes. By randomly mixing the assorting of individual L4 neurons according to the frequency distribution of the experimentally determined plasticity outcome distribution based on the calculated convergence of multiple individual L4 neurons onto a single postsynaptic L4 neuron, we were able to compare then actual ECS plasticity outcomes to those predicted by randomly mixing individual pairs of neurons. Interestingly, the observed plasticity profiles with ECS cannot account for the random assortment of plasticity behaviors of synaptic connections between individual cell pairs. These results suggest that connections impinging onto a single postsynaptic cell may be grouped according to plasticity states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Saez
- Virginia Tech Carillion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Friedlander
- Virginia Tech Carillion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Gonçalves R, Vasques J, Trindade P, Serfaty C, Campello-Costa P, Faria-Melibeu A. Nicotine-induced plasticity in the retinocollicular pathway: Evidence for involvement of amyloid precursor protein. Neuroscience 2016; 313:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Abstract
A complication for developmental plasticity mechanisms like spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) is that immature postsynaptic neurons may lack sufficient input to fire action potentials. In this issue, van Rheede et al. (2015) report an activity-dependent mechanism that converts non-spiking cells into spiking neurons, priming them for further plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Kesner
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Delphine Gobert
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Edward S Ruthazer
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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26
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Luczak A, McNaughton BL, Harris KD. Packet-based communication in the cortex. Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 16:745-55. [PMID: 26507295 DOI: 10.1038/nrn4026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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27
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Sensory-Evoked Spiking Behavior Emerges via an Experience-Dependent Plasticity Mechanism. Neuron 2015; 87:1050-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Wu C, Martel DT, Shore SE. Transcutaneous induction of stimulus-timing-dependent plasticity in dorsal cochlear nucleus. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:116. [PMID: 26321928 PMCID: PMC4536405 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cochlear nucleus (CN) is the first site of multisensory integration in the ascending auditory pathway. The principal output neurons of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), fusiform cells, receive somatosensory information relayed by the CN granule cells from the trigeminal and dorsal column pathways. Integration of somatosensory and auditory inputs results in long-term enhancement or suppression in a stimulus-timing-dependent manner. Here, we demonstrate that stimulus-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) can be induced in DCN fusiform cells using paired auditory and transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the face and neck to activate trigeminal and dorsal column pathways to the CN, respectively. Long-lasting changes in fusiform cell firing rates persisted for up to 2 h after this bimodal stimulation, and followed Hebbian or anti-Hebbian rules, depending on tone duration, but not somatosensory stimulation location: 50 ms paired tones evoked predominantly Hebbian, while 10 ms paired tones evoked predominantly anti-Hebbian plasticity. The tone-duration-dependent STDP was strongly correlated with first inter-spike intervals, implicating intrinsic cellular properties as determinants of STDP. This study demonstrates that transcutaneous stimulation with precise auditory-somatosensory timing parameters can non-invasively induce fusiform cell long-term modulation, which could be harnessed in the future to moderate tinnitus-related hyperactivity in DCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Wu
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute-Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David T Martel
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute-Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Susan E Shore
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute-Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Knipper M, Panford-Walsh R, Singer W, Rüttiger L, Zimmermann U. Specific synaptopathies diversify brain responses and hearing disorders: you lose the gain from early life. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 361:77-93. [PMID: 25843689 PMCID: PMC4487345 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2168-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Before hearing onset, inner hair cell (IHC) maturation proceeds under the influence of spontaneous Ca(2+) action potentials (APs). The temporal signature of the IHC Ca(2+) AP is modified through an efferent cholinergic feedback from the medial olivocochlear bundle (MOC) and drives the IHC pre- and post-synapse phenotype towards low spontaneous (spike) rate (SR), high-threshold characteristics. With sensory experience, the IHC pre- and post-synapse phenotype matures towards the instruction of low-SR, high-threshold and of high-SR, low-threshold auditory fiber characteristics. Corticosteroid feedback together with local brain-derived nerve growth factor (BDNF) and catecholaminergic neurotransmitters (dopamine) might be essential for this developmental step. In this review, we address the question of whether the control of low-SR and high-SR fiber characteristics is linked to various degrees of vulnerability of auditory fibers in the mature system. In particular, we examine several IHC synaptopathies in the context of various hearing disorders and exemplified shortfalls before and after hearing onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Knipper
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tübingen Hearing Research Center (THRC), Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Wibke Singer
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tübingen Hearing Research Center (THRC), Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lukas Rüttiger
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tübingen Hearing Research Center (THRC), Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Zimmermann
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tübingen Hearing Research Center (THRC), Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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30
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Fields RD, Woo DH, Basser PJ. Glial Regulation of the Neuronal Connectome through Local and Long-Distant Communication. Neuron 2015; 86:374-86. [PMID: 25905811 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
If "the connectome" represents a complete map of anatomical and functional connectivity in the brain, it should also include glia. Glia define and regulate both the brain's anatomical and functional connectivity over a broad range of length scales, spanning the whole brain to subcellular domains of synaptic interactions. This Perspective article examines glial interactions with the neuronal connectome (including long-range networks, local circuits, and individual synaptic connections) and highlights opportunities for future research. Our understanding of the structure and function of the neuronal connectome would be incomplete without an understanding of how all types of glia contribute to neuronal connectivity and function, from single synapses to circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Douglas Fields
- Nervous System Development and Plasticity Section, The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Dong Ho Woo
- Nervous System Development and Plasticity Section, The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter J Basser
- Section on Tissue Biophysics and Biomimetics, Program on Pediatric Imaging and Tissue Sciences, The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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31
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Edelmann E, Cepeda-Prado E, Franck M, Lichtenecker P, Brigadski T, Leßmann V. Theta Burst Firing Recruits BDNF Release and Signaling in Postsynaptic CA1 Neurons in Spike-Timing-Dependent LTP. Neuron 2015; 86:1041-1054. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Saïghi S, Mayr CG, Serrano-Gotarredona T, Schmidt H, Lecerf G, Tomas J, Grollier J, Boyn S, Vincent AF, Querlioz D, La Barbera S, Alibart F, Vuillaume D, Bichler O, Gamrat C, Linares-Barranco B. Plasticity in memristive devices for spiking neural networks. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:51. [PMID: 25784849 PMCID: PMC4345885 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Memristive devices present a new device technology allowing for the realization of compact non-volatile memories. Some of them are already in the process of industrialization. Additionally, they exhibit complex multilevel and plastic behaviors, which make them good candidates for the implementation of artificial synapses in neuromorphic engineering. However, memristive effects rely on diverse physical mechanisms, and their plastic behaviors differ strongly from one technology to another. Here, we present measurements performed on different memristive devices and the opportunities that they provide. We show that they can be used to implement different learning rules whose properties emerge directly from device physics: real time or accelerated operation, deterministic or stochastic behavior, long term or short term plasticity. We then discuss how such devices might be integrated into a complete architecture. These results highlight that there is no unique way to exploit memristive devices in neuromorphic systems. Understanding and embracing device physics is the key for their optimal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Saïghi
- Laboratoire d'Intégration du Matériau au Système, UMR CNRS 5218, Université de BordeauxTalence, France
| | - Christian G. Mayr
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Heidemarie Schmidt
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technische Universität ChemnitzChemnitz, Germany
| | - Gwendal Lecerf
- Laboratoire d'Intégration du Matériau au Système, UMR CNRS 5218, Université de BordeauxTalence, France
| | - Jean Tomas
- Laboratoire d'Intégration du Matériau au Système, UMR CNRS 5218, Université de BordeauxTalence, France
| | - Julie Grollier
- Unité Mixte de Physique CNRS/Thales, Palaiseau, France Associated to University Paris-SudOrsay, France
| | - Sören Boyn
- Unité Mixte de Physique CNRS/Thales, Palaiseau, France Associated to University Paris-SudOrsay, France
| | - Adrien F. Vincent
- Institut d'Electronique Fondamentale, Université Paris-Sud, CNRSOrsay, France
| | - Damien Querlioz
- Institut d'Electronique Fondamentale, Université Paris-Sud, CNRSOrsay, France
| | - Selina La Barbera
- Institut d'Electronique, Microelectronique et Nanotechnologies, UMR CNRS 8520Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Fabien Alibart
- Institut d'Electronique, Microelectronique et Nanotechnologies, UMR CNRS 8520Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Dominique Vuillaume
- Institut d'Electronique, Microelectronique et Nanotechnologies, UMR CNRS 8520Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | | | | | - Bernabé Linares-Barranco
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Sevilla, IMSE-CNM, Universidad de Sevilla and CSICSevilla, Spain
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Kawamura Y, Nakayama H, Hashimoto K, Sakimura K, Kitamura K, Kano M. Spike timing-dependent selective strengthening of single climbing fibre inputs to Purkinje cells during cerebellar development. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2732. [PMID: 24225482 PMCID: PMC3868216 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shaping functional neural circuits in developing brain involves activity-dependent refinement of early-formed redundant synapses. In the developing cerebellum, a one-to-one connection between a climbing fibre (CF) and a Purkinje cell (PC) is established by selective strengthening of a single CF followed by elimination of surplus CFs. Here we investigate developmental changes in CF-mediated responses in PCs by using in vivo whole-cell recordings and two-photon Ca2+ imaging. We show that each neonatal PC receives temporally clustered inputs from multiple CFs and temporal integration of these inputs is required to induce burst spiking and Ca2+ rise in PCs. Importantly, a single CF input closest to PC’s spike output is selectively strengthened during postnatal development. This spike timing-dependent selective strengthening is much less prominent in PC-selective P/Q-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel knockout mice. Thus, spike timing- and Ca2+-dependent plasticity appears to underlie the selection of a single ‘winner’ CF and the establishment of mature CF–PC connections. Cerebellar development involves activity-dependent strengthening of synaptic contacts between climbing fibres and Purkinje cells. Kawamura et al. show that temporally clustered multiple climbing fibre inputs contribute to characteristic burst spiking in immature Purkinje cells before specific contacts are strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Kawamura
- 1] Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan [2]
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Glaucoma – Diabetes of the brain: A radical hypothesis about its nature and pathogenesis. Med Hypotheses 2014; 82:535-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Synapse elimination and learning rules co-regulated by MHC class I H2-Db. Nature 2014; 509:195-200. [PMID: 24695230 PMCID: PMC4016165 DOI: 10.1038/nature13154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The formation of precise connections between retina and LGN involves the activity-dependent elimination of some synapses, with strengthening and retention of others. Here we show that the MHC Class I (MHCI) molecule H2-Db is necessary and sufficient for synapse elimination in the retinogeniculate system. In mice lacking both H2-Kb and H2-Db (KbDb−/−) despite intact retinal activity and basal synaptic transmission, the developmentally-regulated decrease in functional convergence of retinal ganglion cell synaptic inputs to LGN neurons fails and eye-specific layers do not form. Neuronal expression of just H2-Db in KbDb−/− mice rescues both synapse elimination and eye specific segregation despite a compromised immune system. When patterns of stimulation mimicking endogenous retinal waves are used to probe synaptic learning rules at retinogeniculate synapses, LTP is intact but LTD is impaired in KbDb−/− mice. This change is due to an increase in Ca2+ permeable AMPA receptors. Restoring H2-Db to KbDb−/− neurons renders AMPA receptors Ca2+ impermeable and rescues LTD. These observations reveal an MHCI mediated link between developmental synapse pruning and balanced synaptic learning rules enabling both LTD and LTP, and demonstrate a direct requirement for H2-Db in functional and structural synapse pruning in CNS neurons.
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36
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Shen W, Liu HH, Schiapparelli L, McClatchy D, He HY, Yates JR, Cline HT. Acute synthesis of CPEB is required for plasticity of visual avoidance behavior in Xenopus. Cell Rep 2014; 6:737-47. [PMID: 24529705 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural plasticity requires protein synthesis, but the identity of newly synthesized proteins generated in response to plasticity-inducing stimuli remains unclear. We used in vivo bio-orthogonal noncanonical amino acid tagging (BONCAT) with the methionine analog azidohomoalanine (AHA) combined with the multidimensional protein identification technique (MudPIT) to identify proteins that are synthesized in the tadpole brain over 24 hr. We induced conditioning-dependent plasticity of visual avoidance behavior, which required N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and Ca(2+)-permeable α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors, αCaMKII, and rapid protein synthesis. Combining BONCAT with western blots revealed that proteins including αCaMKII, MEK1, CPEB, and GAD65 are synthesized during conditioning. Acute synthesis of CPEB during conditioning is required for behavioral plasticity as well as conditioning-induced synaptic and structural plasticity in the tectal circuit. We outline a signaling pathway that regulates protein-synthesis-dependent behavioral plasticity in intact animals, identify newly synthesized proteins induced by visual experience, and demonstrate a requirement for acute synthesis of CPEB in plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanhua Shen
- Key Lab of Organ Development and Regeneration of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China; The Dorris Neuroscience Center, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Han-Hsuan Liu
- The Dorris Neuroscience Center, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Kellogg School of Science and Technology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lucio Schiapparelli
- The Dorris Neuroscience Center, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniel McClatchy
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hai-Yan He
- The Dorris Neuroscience Center, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hollis T Cline
- The Dorris Neuroscience Center, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Kellogg School of Science and Technology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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37
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Cossenza M, Socodato R, Portugal CC, Domith ICL, Gladulich LFH, Encarnação TG, Calaza KC, Mendonça HR, Campello-Costa P, Paes-de-Carvalho R. Nitric oxide in the nervous system: biochemical, developmental, and neurobiological aspects. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2014; 96:79-125. [PMID: 25189385 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800254-4.00005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a very reactive molecule, and its short half-life would make it virtually invisible until its discovery. NO activates soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), increasing 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels to activate PKGs. Although NO triggers several phosphorylation cascades due to its ability to react with Fe II in heme-containing proteins such as sGC, it also promotes a selective posttranslational modification in cysteine residues by S-nitrosylation, impacting on protein function, stability, and allocation. In the central nervous system (CNS), NO synthesis usually requires a functional coupling of nitric oxide synthase I (NOS I) and proteins such as NMDA receptors or carboxyl-terminal PDZ ligand of NOS (CAPON), which is critical for specificity and triggering of selected pathways. NO also modulates CREB (cAMP-responsive element-binding protein), ERK, AKT, and Src, with important implications for nerve cell survival and differentiation. Differences in the regulation of neuronal death or survival by NO may be explained by several mechanisms involving localization of NOS isoforms, amount of NO being produced or protein sets being modulated. A number of studies show that NO regulates neurotransmitter release and different aspects of synaptic dynamics, such as differentiation of synaptic specializations, microtubule dynamics, architecture of synaptic protein organization, and modulation of synaptic efficacy. NO has also been associated with synaptogenesis or synapse elimination, and it is required for long-term synaptic modifications taking place in axons or dendrites. In spite of tremendous advances in the knowledge of NO biological effects, a full description of its role in the CNS is far from being completely elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Cossenza
- Programa de Neurociências, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato Socodato
- Programa de Neurociências, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Camila C Portugal
- Programa de Neurociências, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ivan C L Domith
- Programa de Neurociências, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luis F H Gladulich
- Programa de Neurociências, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thaísa G Encarnação
- Programa de Neurociências, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Karin C Calaza
- Programa de Neurociências, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Henrique R Mendonça
- Programa de Neurociências, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paula Campello-Costa
- Programa de Neurociências, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Roberto Paes-de-Carvalho
- Programa de Neurociências, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
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38
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Yuan WJ, Zhou JF, Zhou C. Network evolution induced by asynchronous stimuli through spike-timing-dependent plasticity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84644. [PMID: 24391971 PMCID: PMC3877323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In sensory neural system, external asynchronous stimuli play an important role in perceptual learning, associative memory and map development. However, the organization of structure and dynamics of neural networks induced by external asynchronous stimuli are not well understood. Spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) is a typical synaptic plasticity that has been extensively found in the sensory systems and that has received much theoretical attention. This synaptic plasticity is highly sensitive to correlations between pre- and postsynaptic firings. Thus, STDP is expected to play an important role in response to external asynchronous stimuli, which can induce segregative pre- and postsynaptic firings. In this paper, we study the impact of external asynchronous stimuli on the organization of structure and dynamics of neural networks through STDP. We construct a two-dimensional spatial neural network model with local connectivity and sparseness, and use external currents to stimulate alternately on different spatial layers. The adopted external currents imposed alternately on spatial layers can be here regarded as external asynchronous stimuli. Through extensive numerical simulations, we focus on the effects of stimulus number and inter-stimulus timing on synaptic connecting weights and the property of propagation dynamics in the resulting network structure. Interestingly, the resulting feedforward structure induced by stimulus-dependent asynchronous firings and its propagation dynamics reflect both the underlying property of STDP. The results imply a possible important role of STDP in generating feedforward structure and collective propagation activity required for experience-dependent map plasticity in developing in vivo sensory pathways and cortices. The relevance of the results to cue-triggered recall of learned temporal sequences, an important cognitive function, is briefly discussed as well. Furthermore, this finding suggests a potential application for examining STDP by measuring neural population activity in a cultured neural network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Jie Yuan
- College of Physics and Electronic Information, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
- Department of Physics, Centre for Nonlinear Studies and the Beijing-Hong Kong-Singapore Joint Centre for Nonlinear and Complex Systems (Hong Kong), Institute of Computational and Theoretical Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
- * E-mail: (WJY); (CZ)
| | - Jian-Fang Zhou
- College of Physics and Electronic Information, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Changsong Zhou
- Department of Physics, Centre for Nonlinear Studies and the Beijing-Hong Kong-Singapore Joint Centre for Nonlinear and Complex Systems (Hong Kong), Institute of Computational and Theoretical Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing, China
- Research Centre, HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Virtual University Park Building, South Area Hi-tech Industrial Park, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail: (WJY); (CZ)
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Nishimura Y, Perlmutter SI, Eaton RW, Fetz EE. Spike-timing-dependent plasticity in primate corticospinal connections induced during free behavior. Neuron 2013; 80:1301-9. [PMID: 24210907 PMCID: PMC4079851 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Motor learning and functional recovery from brain damage involve changes in the strength of synaptic connections between neurons. Relevant in vivo evidence on the underlying cellular mechanisms remains limited and indirect. We found that the strength of neural connections between motor cortex and spinal cord in monkeys can be modified with an autonomous recurrent neural interface that delivers electrical stimuli in the spinal cord triggered by action potentials of corticospinal cells during free behavior. The activity-dependent stimulation modified the strength of the terminal connections of single corticomotoneuronal cells, consistent with a bidirectional spike-timing-dependent plasticity rule previously derived from in vitro experiments. For some cells, the changes lasted for days after the end of conditioning, but most effects eventually reverted to preconditioning levels. These results provide direct evidence of corticospinal synaptic plasticity in vivo at the level of single neurons induced by normal firing patterns during free behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Nishimura
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7290, USA
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Steve I. Perlmutter
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7290, USA
| | - Ryan W. Eaton
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7290, USA
| | - Eberhard E. Fetz
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7290, USA
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40
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Franosch JMP, Urban S, van Hemmen JL. Supervised Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity: A Spatiotemporal Neuronal Learning Rule for Function Approximation and Decisions. Neural Comput 2013; 25:3113-30. [PMID: 24047322 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
How can an animal learn from experience? How can it train sensors, such as the auditory or tactile system, based on other sensory input such as the visual system? Supervised spike-timing-dependent plasticity (supervised STDP) is a possible answer. Supervised STDP trains one modality using input from another one as “supervisor.” Quite complex time-dependent relationships between the senses can be learned. Here we prove that under very general conditions, supervised STDP converges to a stable configuration of synaptic weights leading to a reconstruction of primary sensory input.
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41
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Favero M, Cangiano A, Busetto G. The timing of activity is a regulatory signal during development of neural connections. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 53:324-9. [PMID: 24114571 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0128-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In PNS and CNS remarkable rearrangements occur soon after the connections are laid down in the course of embryonic life. These processes clearly follow the period of developmental cell death and mostly take place during the very beginning of postnatal life. They consist in changes of the peripheral fields of neurons, marked by elimination of many inputs, while others undergo further maturation and strengthening. Along the efforts to uncover the signals that regulate development, it turned out that while the initial construction of the circuits is heavily based on chemical cues, the subsequent rearrangement is markedly influence by activity. Here we describe experiments testing the influence on developmental plasticity of a particular aspect of activity, the timing of nerve impulses in the competing inputs. Two recent investigations are reviewed, indicating strikingly similar developmental features in quite different systems, neuromuscular and visual. A sharp contrast between the effects of synchrony and asynchrony emerges, indicating that Hebb-related activity rules are important not only for learning but also for development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgana Favero
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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42
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Pratt KG, Khakhalin AS. Modeling human neurodevelopmental disorders in the Xenopus tadpole: from mechanisms to therapeutic targets. Dis Model Mech 2013; 6:1057-65. [PMID: 23929939 PMCID: PMC3759326 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.012138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Xenopus tadpole model offers many advantages for studying the molecular, cellular and network mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental disorders. Essentially every stage of normal neural circuit development, from axon outgrowth and guidance to activity-dependent homeostasis and refinement, has been studied in the frog tadpole, making it an ideal model to determine what happens when any of these stages are compromised. Recently, the tadpole model has been used to explore the mechanisms of epilepsy and autism, and there is mounting evidence to suggest that diseases of the nervous system involve deficits in the most fundamental aspects of nervous system function and development. In this Review, we provide an update on how tadpole models are being used to study three distinct types of neurodevelopmental disorders: diseases caused by exposure to environmental toxicants, epilepsy and seizure disorders, and autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara G. Pratt
- University of Wyoming, 1000 E University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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43
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Pre- and postsynaptic twists in BDNF secretion and action in synaptic plasticity. Neuropharmacology 2013; 76 Pt C:610-27. [PMID: 23791959 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Overwhelming evidence collected since the early 1990's strongly supports the notion that BDNF is among the key regulators of synaptic plasticity in many areas of the mammalian central nervous system. Still, due to the extremely low expression levels of endogenous BDNF in most brain areas, surprisingly little data i) pinpointing pre- and postsynaptic release sites, ii) unraveling the time course of release, and iii) elucidating the physiological levels of synaptic activity driving this secretion are available. Likewise, our knowledge regarding pre- and postsynaptic effects of endogenous BDNF at the single cell level in mediating long-term potentiation still is sparse. Thus, our review will discuss the data currently available regarding synaptic BDNF secretion in response to physiologically relevant levels of activity, and will discuss how endogenously secreted BDNF affects synaptic plasticity, giving a special focus on spike timing-dependent types of LTP and on mossy fiber LTP. We will attempt to open up perspectives how the remaining challenging questions regarding synaptic BDNF release and action might be addressed by future experiments. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'BDNF Regulation of Synaptic Structure, Function, and Plasticity'.
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Abstract
The motor system is capable of adapting to changed conditions such as amputations or lesions by reorganizing cortical representations of peripheral musculature. To investigate the underlying mechanisms we induced targeted reorganization of motor output effects by establishing an artificial recurrent connection between a forelimb muscle and an unrelated site in the primary motor cortex (M1) of macaques. A head-fixed computer transformed forelimb electromyographic activity into proportional subthreshold intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) during hours of unrestrained volitional behavior. This conditioning paradigm stimulated the cortical site for a particular muscle in proportion to activation of another muscle and induced robust site- and input-specific reorganization of M1 output effects. Reorganization was observed within 25 min and could be maintained with intermittent conditioning for successive days. Control stimulation that was independent of muscle activity, termed "pseudoconditioning," failed to produce reorganization. Preconditioning output effects were gradually restored during volitional behaviors following the end of conditioning. The ease of changing the relationship between cortical sites and associated muscle responses suggests that under normal conditions these relations are maintained through physiological feedback loops. These findings demonstrate that motor cortex outputs may be reorganized in a targeted and sustainable manner through artificial afferent feedback triggered from controllable and readily recorded muscle activity. Such cortical reorganization has implications for therapeutic treatment of neurological injuries.
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Song W, Kerr CC, Lytton WW, Francis JT. Cortical plasticity induced by spike-triggered microstimulation in primate somatosensory cortex. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57453. [PMID: 23472086 PMCID: PMC3589388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical stimulation of the nervous system for therapeutic purposes, such as deep brain stimulation in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, has been used for decades. Recently, increased attention has focused on using microstimulation to restore functions as diverse as somatosensation and memory. However, how microstimulation changes the neural substrate is still not fully understood. Microstimulation may cause cortical changes that could either compete with or complement natural neural processes, and could result in neuroplastic changes rendering the region dysfunctional or even epileptic. As part of our efforts to produce neuroprosthetic devices and to further study the effects of microstimulation on the cortex, we stimulated and recorded from microelectrode arrays in the hand area of the primary somatosensory cortex (area 1) in two awake macaque monkeys. We applied a simple neuroprosthetic microstimulation protocol to a pair of electrodes in the area 1 array, using either random pulses or pulses time-locked to the recorded spiking activity of a reference neuron. This setup was replicated using a computer model of the thalamocortical system, which consisted of 1980 spiking neurons distributed among six cortical layers and two thalamic nuclei. Experimentally, we found that spike-triggered microstimulation induced cortical plasticity, as shown by increased unit-pair mutual information, while random microstimulation did not. In addition, there was an increased response to touch following spike-triggered microstimulation, along with decreased neural variability. The computer model successfully reproduced both qualitative and quantitative aspects of the experimental findings. The physiological findings of this study suggest that even simple microstimulation protocols can be used to increase somatosensory information flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Song
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Cliff C. Kerr
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - William W. Lytton
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Kings County Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- The Robert Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- Joint Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering SUNY Downstate and NYU-POLY, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Joseph T. Francis
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- The Robert Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- Joint Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering SUNY Downstate and NYU-POLY, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
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Srinivasa N, Jiang Q. Stable learning of functional maps in self-organizing spiking neural networks with continuous synaptic plasticity. Front Comput Neurosci 2013; 7:10. [PMID: 23450808 PMCID: PMC3583036 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2013.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes a spiking model that self-organizes for stable formation and maintenance of orientation and ocular dominance maps in the visual cortex (V1). This self-organization process simulates three development phases: an early experience-independent phase, a late experience-independent phase and a subsequent refinement phase during which experience acts to shape the map properties. The ocular dominance maps that emerge accommodate the two sets of monocular inputs that arise from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) to layer 4 of V1. The orientation selectivity maps that emerge feature well-developed iso-orientation domains and fractures. During the last two phases of development the orientation preferences at some locations appear to rotate continuously through ±180° along circular paths and referred to as pinwheel-like patterns but without any corresponding point discontinuities in the orientation gradient maps. The formation of these functional maps is driven by balanced excitatory and inhibitory currents that are established via synaptic plasticity based on spike timing for both excitatory and inhibitory synapses. The stability and maintenance of the formed maps with continuous synaptic plasticity is enabled by homeostasis caused by inhibitory plasticity. However, a prolonged exposure to repeated stimuli does alter the formed maps over time due to plasticity. The results from this study suggest that continuous synaptic plasticity in both excitatory neurons and interneurons could play a critical role in the formation, stability, and maintenance of functional maps in the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Srinivasa
- Center for Neural and Emergent Systems, HRL Laboratories LLC Malibu, CA, USA
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Serrano-Gotarredona T, Masquelier T, Prodromakis T, Indiveri G, Linares-Barranco B. STDP and STDP variations with memristors for spiking neuromorphic learning systems. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:2. [PMID: 23423540 PMCID: PMC3575074 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we review several ways of realizing asynchronous Spike-Timing-Dependent-Plasticity (STDP) using memristors as synapses. Our focus is on how to use individual memristors to implement synaptic weight multiplications, in a way such that it is not necessary to (a) introduce global synchronization and (b) to separate memristor learning phases from memristor performing phases. In the approaches described, neurons fire spikes asynchronously when they wish and memristive synapses perform computation and learn at their own pace, as it happens in biological neural systems. We distinguish between two different memristor physics, depending on whether they respond to the original "moving wall" or to the "filament creation and annihilation" models. Independent of the memristor physics, we discuss two different types of STDP rules that can be implemented with memristors: either the pure timing-based rule that takes into account the arrival time of the spikes from the pre- and the post-synaptic neurons, or a hybrid rule that takes into account only the timing of pre-synaptic spikes and the membrane potential and other state variables of the post-synaptic neuron. We show how to implement these rules in cross-bar architectures that comprise massive arrays of memristors, and we discuss applications for artificial vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Serrano-Gotarredona
- Department of Analog and Mixed-Signal Design, Instituto de Microelectrónica de Sevilla, IMSE-CNM-CSICSevilla, Spain
| | - T. Masquelier
- Unit for Brain and Cognition, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelona, Spain
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Adaptive Processes, UMR 7102, CNRS - University Pierre and Marie CurieParis, France
| | - T. Prodromakis
- Centre for Bio-inspired Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London
| | - G. Indiveri
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - B. Linares-Barranco
- Department of Analog and Mixed-Signal Design, Instituto de Microelectrónica de Sevilla, IMSE-CNM-CSICSevilla, Spain
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Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)--a member of a small family of secreted proteins that includes nerve growth factor, neurotrophin 3 and neurotrophin 4--has emerged as a key regulator of neural circuit development and function. The expression, secretion and actions of BDNF are directly controlled by neural activity, and secreted BDNF is capable of mediating many activity-dependent processes in the mammalian brain, including neuronal differentiation and growth, synapse formation and plasticity, and higher cognitive functions. This Review summarizes some of the recent progress in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying neurotrophin regulation of neural circuits. The focus of the article is on BDNF, as this is the most widely expressed and studied neurotrophin in the mammalian brain.
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McFarlane S, Lom B. The Xenopus retinal ganglion cell as a model neuron to study the establishment of neuronal connectivity. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72:520-36. [PMID: 21634016 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurons receive inputs through their multiple branched dendrites and pass this information on to the next neuron via long axons, which branch within the target. The shape the neuron acquires is thus the key to its proper functioning in the neural circuit in which it participates. Both axons and dendrites grow in a directed fashion to their target partner neurons by responding to a large number of molecular cues in the milieu through which they extend. They then go through the process of synaptogenesis, first choosing a neuron on which to synapse, and then the appropriate subcellular location. How a neuron acquires its unique shape, establishes and modifies appropriate synaptic connectivity, and the molecular signals involved, are key questions in developmental neurobiology. Such questions of nervous system wiring are being pursued actively with a variety of different animal models and neuron types, each with its own unique advantages. Among these, the developing retinal ganglion cell (RGC) of the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, has proven particularly fruitful for revealing the secrets of how axons and dendrites acquire their final morphology and connectivity. In this review, we describe how this system can be used to understand the multiple molecular events that instruct the incorporation of RGCs into the neural circuit that controls vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McFarlane
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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50
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Abstract
In spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP), the order and precise temporal interval between presynaptic and postsynaptic spikes determine the sign and magnitude of long-term potentiation (LTP) or depression (LTD). STDP is widely utilized in models of circuit-level plasticity, development, and learning. However, spike timing is just one of several factors (including firing rate, synaptic cooperativity, and depolarization) that govern plasticity induction, and its relative importance varies across synapses and activity regimes. This review summarizes this broader view of plasticity, including the forms and cellular mechanisms for the spike-timing dependence of plasticity, and, the evidence that spike timing is an important determinant of plasticity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Feldman
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA.
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