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Xu M, Neelands T, Powers AS, Liu Y, Miller SD, Pintilie GD, Bois JD, Dror RO, Chiu W, Maduke M. CryoEM structures of the human CLC-2 voltage-gated chloride channel reveal a ball-and-chain gating mechanism. eLife 2024; 12:RP90648. [PMID: 38345841 PMCID: PMC10942593 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
CLC-2 is a voltage-gated chloride channel that contributes to electrical excitability and ion homeostasis in many different tissues. Among the nine mammalian CLC homologs, CLC-2 is uniquely activated by hyperpolarization, rather than depolarization, of the plasma membrane. The molecular basis for the divergence in polarity of voltage gating among closely related homologs has been a long-standing mystery, in part because few CLC channel structures are available. Here, we report cryoEM structures of human CLC-2 at 2.46 - 2.76 Å, in the presence and absence of the selective inhibitor AK-42. AK-42 binds within the extracellular entryway of the Cl--permeation pathway, occupying a pocket previously proposed through computational docking studies. In the apo structure, we observed two distinct conformations involving rotation of one of the cytoplasmic C-terminal domains (CTDs). In the absence of CTD rotation, an intracellular N-terminal 15-residue hairpin peptide nestles against the TM domain to physically occlude the Cl--permeation pathway. This peptide is highly conserved among species variants of CLC-2 but is not present in other CLC homologs. Previous studies suggested that the N-terminal domain of CLC-2 influences channel properties via a "ball-and-chain" gating mechanism, but conflicting data cast doubt on such a mechanism, and thus the structure of the N-terminal domain and its interaction with the channel has been uncertain. Through electrophysiological studies of an N-terminal deletion mutant lacking the 15-residue hairpin peptide, we support a model in which the N-terminal hairpin of CLC-2 stabilizes a closed state of the channel by blocking the cytoplasmic Cl--permeation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Torben Neelands
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Alexander S Powers
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Yan Liu
- Division of CryoEM and Bioimaging, SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Steven D Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Grigore D Pintilie
- Department of Bioengineering and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - J Du Bois
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Ron O Dror
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Wah Chiu
- Division of CryoEM and Bioimaging, SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of Bioengineering and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Merritt Maduke
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
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Xu M, Neelands T, Powers AS, Liu Y, Miller SD, Pintilie G, Bois JD, Dror RO, Chiu W, Maduke M. CryoEM structures of the human CLC-2 voltage gated chloride channel reveal a ball and chain gating mechanism. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.13.553136. [PMID: 37645939 PMCID: PMC10462068 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.13.553136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
CLC-2 is a voltage-gated chloride channel that contributes to electrical excitability and ion homeostasis in many different mammalian tissues and cell types. Among the nine mammalian CLC homologs, CLC-2 is uniquely activated by hyperpolarization, rather than depolarization, of the plasma membrane. The molecular basis for the divergence in polarity of voltage gating mechanisms among closely related CLC homologs has been a long-standing mystery, in part because few CLC channel structures are available, and those that exist exhibit high conformational similarity. Here, we report cryoEM structures of human CLC-2 at 2.46 - 2.76 Å, in the presence and absence of the potent and selective inhibitor AK-42. AK-42 binds within the extracellular entryway of the Cl--permeation pathway, occupying a pocket previously proposed through computational docking studies. In the apo structure, we observed two distinct apo conformations of CLC-2 involving rotation of one of the cytoplasmic C-terminal domains (CTDs). In the absence of CTD rotation, an intracellular N-terminal 15-residue hairpin peptide nestles against the TM domain to physically occlude the Cl--permeation pathway from the intracellular side. This peptide is highly conserved among species variants of CLC-2 but is not present in any other CLC homologs. Previous studies suggested that the N-terminal domain of CLC-2 influences channel properties via a "ball-and-chain" gating mechanism, but conflicting data cast doubt on such a mechanism, and thus the structure of the N-terminal domain and its interaction with the channel has been uncertain. Through electrophysiological studies of an N-terminal deletion mutant lacking the 15-residue hairpin peptide, we show that loss of this short sequence increases the magnitude and decreases the rectification of CLC-2 currents expressed in mammalian cells. Furthermore, we show that with repetitive hyperpolarization WT CLC-2 currents increase in resemblance to the hairpin-deleted CLC-2 currents. These functional results combined with our structural data support a model in which the N-terminal hairpin of CLC-2 stabilizes a closed state of the channel by blocking the cytoplasmic Cl--permeation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Torben Neelands
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Alexander S. Powers
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Yan Liu
- Division of CryoEM and Bioimaging, SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park 94025
| | - Steven D. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Grigore Pintilie
- Department of Bioengineering and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305
| | - J. Du Bois
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Ron O. Dror
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Wah Chiu
- Division of CryoEM and Bioimaging, SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park 94025
- Department of Bioengineering and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305
| | - Merritt Maduke
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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Ma T, Wang L, Chai A, Liu C, Cui W, Yuan S, Wing Ngor Au S, Sun L, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Lu J, Gao Y, Wang P, Li Z, Liang Y, Vogel H, Wang YT, Wang D, Yan K, Zhang H. Cryo-EM structures of ClC-2 chloride channel reveal the blocking mechanism of its specific inhibitor AK-42. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3424. [PMID: 37296152 PMCID: PMC10256776 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
ClC-2 transports chloride ions across plasma membranes and plays critical roles in cellular homeostasis. Its dysfunction is involved in diseases including leukodystrophy and primary aldosteronism. AK-42 was recently reported as a specific inhibitor of ClC-2. However, experimental structures are still missing to decipher its inhibition mechanism. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of apo ClC-2 and its complex with AK-42, both at 3.5 Å resolution. Residues S162, E205 and Y553 are involved in chloride binding and contribute to the ion selectivity. The side-chain of the gating glutamate E205 occupies the putative central chloride-binding site, indicating that our structure represents a closed state. Structural analysis, molecular dynamics and electrophysiological recordings identify key residues to interact with AK-42. Several AK-42 interacting residues are present in ClC-2 but not in other ClCs, providing a possible explanation for AK-42 specificity. Taken together, our results experimentally reveal the potential inhibition mechanism of ClC-2 inhibitor AK-42.
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Grants
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- National Science and Technology Innovation 2030 Major Program (No. 2022ZD0211900)
- the Science and Technology Innovation Committee of Shenzhen(No. JCYJ20200109150700942), the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province (2019B030335001), the Shenzhen Fund for Guangdong Provincial High Level Clinical Key Specialties (No. SZGSP013), and the Shenzhen Key Medical Discipline Construction Fund (No. SZXK042)
- The Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Computer Aided Drug Discovery, Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China, Funding number: ZDSYS20201230165400001. The Chinese Academy of Science President’s International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI) (No. 2020FSB0003), Guangdong Retired Expert (granted by Guangdong Province), National Overseas High Level Talent Introduction Plan-Foreign Expert from Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee (1000 talent project), Shenzhen Pengcheng Scientist, NSFC-SNSF Funding (No. 32161133022), AlphaMol & SIAT Joint Laboratory, Shenzhen Government Top-talent Working Funding and Guangdong Province Academician Work Funding.
- NSFC-Guangdong Joint Fund-U20A6005, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Brain Diseases (ZDSYS20200828154800001)
- Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (No. JCYJ20220530115214033 and No. KQTD20210811090115021)
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Anping Chai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, 518055, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenqiang Cui
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuguang Yuan
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shannon Wing Ngor Au
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Shenzhen Shuli Tech Co., Ltd, 518126, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaokang Zhang
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, 518055, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Interdisciplinary Center for Brain Information, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianping Lu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Yuanzhu Gao
- Cryo-EM Facility Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Peiyi Wang
- Cryo-EM Facility Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhifang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yujie Liang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Horst Vogel
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, Shenzhen, China.
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques (ISIC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Yu Tian Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
- Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Daping Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China.
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Intelligent Orthopaedics and Biomedical Innovation Platform, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Kaige Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Huawei Zhang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, Shenzhen, China.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China.
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Nutritional biology of chestnuts: A perspective review. Food Chem 2022; 395:133575. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Göppner C, Soria AH, Hoegg-Beiler MB, Jentsch TJ. Cellular basis of ClC-2 Cl - channel-related brain and testis pathologies. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100074. [PMID: 33187987 PMCID: PMC7949093 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.016031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ClC-2 chloride channel is expressed in the plasma membrane of almost all mammalian cells. Mutations that cause the loss of ClC-2 function lead to retinal and testicular degeneration and leukodystrophy, whereas gain-of-function mutations cause hyperaldosteronism. Leukodystrophy is also observed with a loss of GlialCAM, a cell adhesion molecule that binds to ClC-2 in glia. GlialCAM changes the localization of ClC-2 and opens the channel by altering its gating. We now used cell type-specific deletion of ClC-2 in mice to show that retinal and testicular degeneration depend on a loss of ClC-2 in retinal pigment epithelial cells and Sertoli cells, respectively, whereas leukodystrophy was fully developed only when ClC-2 was disrupted in both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The leukodystrophy of Glialcam-/- mice could not be rescued by crosses with Clcn2op/op mice in which a mutation mimics the "opening" of ClC-2 by GlialCAM. These data indicate that GlialCAM-induced changes in biophysical properties of ClC-2 are irrelevant for GLIALCAM-related leukodystrophy. Taken together, our findings suggest that the pathology caused by Clcn2 disruption results from disturbed extracellular ion homeostasis and identifies the cells involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Göppner
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany; Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Audrey H Soria
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany; Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Maja B Hoegg-Beiler
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany; Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas J Jentsch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany; Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany; NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
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6
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Koster AK, Reese AL, Kuryshev Y, Wen X, McKiernan KA, Gray EE, Wu C, Huguenard JR, Maduke M, Du Bois J. Development and validation of a potent and specific inhibitor for the CLC-2 chloride channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:32711-32721. [PMID: 33277431 PMCID: PMC7768775 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009977117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CLC-2 is a voltage-gated chloride channel that is widely expressed in mammalian tissues. In the central nervous system, CLC-2 appears in neurons and glia. Studies to define how this channel contributes to normal and pathophysiological function in the central nervous system raise questions that remain unresolved, in part due to the absence of precise pharmacological tools for modulating CLC-2 activity. Herein, we describe the development and optimization of AK-42, a specific small-molecule inhibitor of CLC-2 with nanomolar potency (IC50 = 17 ± 1 nM). AK-42 displays unprecedented selectivity (>1,000-fold) over CLC-1, the closest CLC-2 homolog, and exhibits no off-target engagement against a panel of 61 common channels, receptors, and transporters expressed in brain tissue. Computational docking, validated by mutagenesis and kinetic studies, indicates that AK-42 binds to an extracellular vestibule above the channel pore. In electrophysiological recordings of mouse CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons, AK-42 acutely and reversibly inhibits CLC-2 currents; no effect on current is observed on brain slices taken from CLC-2 knockout mice. These results establish AK-42 as a powerful tool for investigating CLC-2 neurophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Koster
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Austin L Reese
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Yuri Kuryshev
- Charles River Laboratories Cleveland, Inc., Cleveland, OH 44128
| | - Xianlan Wen
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Keri A McKiernan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Erin E Gray
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Caiyun Wu
- Charles River Laboratories Cleveland, Inc., Cleveland, OH 44128
| | - John R Huguenard
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305;
| | - Merritt Maduke
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305;
| | - J Du Bois
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;
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7
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Estévez R, Elorza-Vidal X, Gaitán-Peñas H, Pérez-Rius C, Armand-Ugón M, Alonso-Gardón M, Xicoy-Espaulella E, Sirisi S, Arnedo T, Capdevila-Nortes X, López-Hernández T, Montolio M, Duarri A, Teijido O, Barrallo-Gimeno A, Palacín M, Nunes V. Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts: A personal biochemical retrospective. Eur J Med Genet 2018; 61:50-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Barrallo-Gimeno A, Gradogna A, Zanardi I, Pusch M, Estévez R. Regulatory-auxiliary subunits of CLC chloride channel-transport proteins. J Physiol 2016; 593:4111-27. [PMID: 25762128 DOI: 10.1113/jp270057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The CLC family of chloride channels and transporters is composed by nine members, but only three of them, ClC-Ka/b, ClC-7 and ClC-2, have been found so far associated with auxiliary subunits. These CLC regulatory subunits are small proteins that present few common characteristics among them, both structurally and functionally, and their effects on the corresponding CLC protein are different. Barttin, a protein with two transmembrane domains, is essential for the membrane localization of ClC-K proteins and their activity in the kidney and inner ear. Ostm1 is a protein with a single transmembrane domain and a highly glycosylated N-terminus. Unlike the other two CLC auxiliary subunits, Ostm1 shows a reciprocal relationship with ClC-7 for their stability. The subcellular localization of Ostm1 depends on ClC-7 and not the other way around. ClC-2 is active on its own, but GlialCAM, a transmembrane cell adhesion molecule with two extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains, regulates its subcellular localization and activity in glial cells. The common theme for these three proteins is their requirement for a proper homeostasis, since their malfunction leads to distinct diseases. We will review here their properties and their role in normal chloride physiology and the pathological consequences of their improper function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Barrallo-Gimeno
- Sección de Fisiología, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas II, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,U-750, Centro de investigación en red de enfermedades raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ilaria Zanardi
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michael Pusch
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Genoa, Italy
| | - Raúl Estévez
- Sección de Fisiología, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas II, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,U-750, Centro de investigación en red de enfermedades raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Sirisi S, Folgueira M, López-Hernández T, Minieri L, Pérez-Rius C, Gaitán-Peñas H, Zang J, Martínez A, Capdevila-Nortes X, De La Villa P, Roy U, Alia A, Neuhauss S, Ferroni S, Nunes V, Estévez R, Barrallo-Gimeno A. Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts protein 1 regulates glial surface localization of GLIALCAM from fish to humans. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:5069-86. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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