1
|
Amohashemi E, Alaei H, Reisi P. Effects of GABA B receptor blockade on lateral habenula glutamatergic neuron activity following morphine injection in the rat: an electrophysiological study. Res Pharm Sci 2022; 18:16-23. [PMID: 36846735 PMCID: PMC9951782 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.363592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose The lateral habenula (LHb), a key area in the regulation of the reward system, exerts a major influence on midbrain neurons. It has been shown that the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)- ergic system plays the main role in morphine dependency. The role of GABA type B receptors (GABABRs) in the regulation of LHb neural activity in response to morphine, remains unknown. In this study, the effect of GABABRs blockade in response to morphine was assessed on the neuronal activity in the LHb. Experimental approach The baseline firing rate was recorded for 15 min, then morphine (5 mg/kg; s.c) and phaclofen (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 μg/rat), a GABABRs' antagonist, were microinjected into the LHb. Their effects on firing LHb neurons were investigated using an extracellular single-unit recording in male rats. Findings/Results The results revealed that morphine decreased neuronal activity, and GABABRs blockade alone did not have any effect on the neuronal activity of the LHb. A low dose of the antagonist had no significant effect on neuronal firing rate, while blockade with doses of 1 and 2 μg/rat of the antagonist could significantly prevent the inhibitory effects of morphine on the LHb neuronal activity. Conclusion and implications This result indicated that GABABRs have a potential modulator effect, in response to morphine in the LHb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Amohashemi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Hojjatallah Alaei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Parham Reisi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran,Corresponding author: P. Reisi Tel.: +98-3137929033; Fax: +98-3136688597
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wilkerson JL, Hiranita T, Koek W, McMahon LR. The discriminative stimulus effects of baclofen and gamma hydroxybutyrate in C57BL/6J mice. Behav Pharmacol 2022; 33:427-434. [PMID: 35947069 PMCID: PMC9373713 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Baclofen and γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) exert γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)B receptor agonism and have therapeutic utility but possess different pharmacological activities. We examined whether separate groups of mice could be trained to discriminate either baclofen or GHB, and the contribution of GABAB receptors to discriminative stimulus effects. Male C57BL/6J mice were trained to discriminate either baclofen (3.2 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) or GHB (178 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) from saline under a fixed-ratio 10 schedule. The GABAB antagonist 3-aminopropyl(diethoxymethyl)phosphinic acid (CGP 35348) was used to pharmacologically assess GABAB receptor involvement. The selectivity of the resulting discriminations was assessed with the opioid agonist morphine and the benzodiazepine midazolam. In baclofen-trained mice, both baclofen and GHB were readily discriminated. Baclofen produced a maximum of 86% baclofen-appropriate responding. CGP 35348 (320 mg/kg, i.p.) produced a 4.7-fold rightward shift in the dose-effect function. GHB produced a maximum of 85.8% baclofen-appropriate responding. In GHB-trained mice, both GHB and baclofen were readily discriminated. In GHB-trained mice, GHB produced a maximum of 85.3% drug-appropriate responding; CGP 35348 (320 mg/kg, i.p.) produced a 1.8-fold rightward shift in the GHB discrimination dose-effect function. Baclofen produced up to 70.0% GHB-appropriate responding. CGP 35348 (320 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly antagonized baclofen discrimination and baclofen produced up to 37% GHB-appropriate responding up to doses that disrupted operant responding. Morphine did not produce substitution for either baclofen or GHB. Midazolam produced partial substitution for both. GHB and baclofen discrimination assays in mice provide a useful approach for examining different receptor types mediating the effects of these two drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Wilkerson
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Takato Hiranita
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Wouter Koek
- Departments of Pharmacology
- Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Lance R McMahon
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Departments of Pharmacology
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wilkerson JL, Felix JS, Restrepo LF, Ansari MI, Coop A, McMahon LR. The Effects of Morphine, Baclofen, and Buspirone Alone and in Combination on Schedule-Controlled Responding and Hot Plate Antinociception in Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:380-389. [PMID: 31235534 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.255844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Better therapeutic options are needed for pain. Baclofen, buspirone, and morphine are characterized as having analgesic properties. However, little is known about potential interactions between analgesic effects of these drugs when combined. Furthermore, it is not known if the magnitude of these potential interactions will be similar for all drug effects. Thus, we tested the effects of these drugs alone and in combination for their capacity to produce thermal antinociception and to decrease food-maintained responding. Four male and four female Sprague-Dawley rats responded for food under a fixed-ratio 10 schedule; afterward they were immediately placed on a 52°C hot plate. Morphine, baclofen, and buspirone were examined alone and in 1:1 combinations, based upon ED50 values. Morphine and baclofen effects were evaluated with the opioid antagonist naltrexone and the GABAB antagonist (3-Aminopropyl)(diethoxymethyl)phosphinic acid (CGP35348), respectively. Morphine, baclofen, and buspirone dose dependently decreased operant responding, with the calculated ED50 values being 7.09, 3.42, and 0.57 mg/kg, respectively. The respective antinociception ED50 values were 16.15, 8.75, and 2.20 mg/kg. Analysis of 1:1 combinations showed the effects of morphine plus baclofen to decrease schedule-controlled responding and to produce thermal antinociception were synergistic. Effects of morphine plus buspirone and baclofen plus buspirone to decrease schedule-controlled responding were additive. Effects of the two combinations to produce thermal antinociception were synergistic. Naltrexone and CGP35348 antagonized the effects of morphine and baclofen, respectively. Synergistic antinociceptive effects, in conjunction with additive effects on food-maintained responding, highlight the therapeutic utility of opioid and non-opioid drug combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Wilkerson
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (J.L.W., J.S.F., L.F.R., L.R.M.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (M.I.A., A.C.)
| | - Jasmine S Felix
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (J.L.W., J.S.F., L.F.R., L.R.M.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (M.I.A., A.C.)
| | - Luis F Restrepo
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (J.L.W., J.S.F., L.F.R., L.R.M.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (M.I.A., A.C.)
| | - Mohd Imran Ansari
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (J.L.W., J.S.F., L.F.R., L.R.M.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (M.I.A., A.C.)
| | - Andrew Coop
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (J.L.W., J.S.F., L.F.R., L.R.M.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (M.I.A., A.C.)
| | - Lance R McMahon
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (J.L.W., J.S.F., L.F.R., L.R.M.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (M.I.A., A.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sato J, Tanaka R, Ishikawa H, Suzuki T, Shino M. A preliminary study of the effect of naldemedine tosylate on opioid-induced nausea and vomiting. Support Care Cancer 2019; 28:1083-1088. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-019-04884-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
5
|
Sugino S, Janicki PK. Pharmacogenetics of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:149-60. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is associated with distressing adverse effects observed in patients during cytotoxic chemotherapy. One of the potential factors explaining suboptimal response to currently used antiemetics is variability in genes encoding enzymes and proteins that play a role in the action of antiemetic drugs. Pharmacogenomics studies of CINV are sparse and focus mainly on polymorphisms associated with serotonin receptor, drug metabolism and drug transport. Currently, the role of pharmacogenetics in mechanisms of CINV has not been fully unraveled, and it is premature to implement results of pharmacogenetic association studies of antiemetic drugs in clinical practice. More uniform studies, with genetic profiles and biomarkers relevant for the proposed target and transporter mechanisms, are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Sugino
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Perioperative Genomics, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Piotr K Janicki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Perioperative Genomics, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tanaka KI, Nakanishi Y, Sekino S, Ikegami M, Ikeda H, Kamei J. Fentanyl produces an anti-hyperalgesic effect through the suppression of sodium channels in mice with painful diabetic neuropathy. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 733:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
7
|
Andrews PL, Sanger GJ. Nausea and the quest for the perfect anti-emetic. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 722:108-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
8
|
Bashashati M, McCallum RW. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacologic strategies in managing nausea and vomiting related to cyclic vomiting syndrome and other gastrointestinal disorders. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 722:79-94. [PMID: 24161560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nausea and vomiting are common gastrointestinal complaints which could be triggered by stimuli in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. They may be considered as defense mechanisms when threatening toxins/agents enter the gastrointestinal tract or there is excessive retention of gastrointestinal contents due to obstruction. The pathophysiology of nausea and vomiting is complex and much still remains unknown. Therefore, treatments are restricted or ineffective in many cases. Nausea and vomiting with functional etiologies including cyclic vomiting syndrome are challenging in gastroenterology. In this article, we review potential pathways, neurochemical transmitters, and their receptors which are possibly involved in the pathophysiology of nausea and vomiting including the entity cyclic vomiting syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bashashati
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Richard W McCallum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Takase H, Sakata T, Yamano T, Sueta T, Nomoto S, Nakagawa T. Advantage of early induction of opioid to control pain induced by irradiation in head and neck cancer patients. Auris Nasus Larynx 2011; 38:495-500. [PMID: 21277720 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2010.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 12/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although radiotherapy is effective for head and neck cancer patients, the local pain evoked by the irradiation itself reduces food intake and frequently halts the treatment. Thus, pain control is an important problem in radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. We performed to examine whether early induction of low-dose, opioid from mild pain improves dietary and caloric intake, while reducing weight loss. METHODS The subjects were 43 patients who were hospitalized for head and neck cancer from 2004 to 2008. They were patients who underwent radiation treatment but those who did not undergo preoperative treatment. They were divided into two groups, depending on whether the pain was mild or moderate when an opioid was introduced (MILD and MODERATE, N=23 and 20, respectively). RESULTS The visual analog scale scores for pain were significantly lower in the MILD than in the MODERATE group at between 25 and 50 Gy. The amount of oxycodone used for pain was significantly lower in the MILD than the MODERATE group. A regular diet was maintained for significantly longer in the MILD group. Caloric intake was significantly higher in the MILD group at over 20 Gy. Weight loss was significantly lower in the MILD group at over 20 Gy. The incidence of side effects was equal in both groups. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that the introduction of opioids for mild pain during radiotherapy controls the level of pain, improving food intake in head and neck cancer patients.
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain which acts through different receptor subtypes. Metabotropic GABA(B) receptors are widely distributed throughout the brain. Alterations in GABA signaling through pharmacological activation or deactivation of the GABA(B) receptor regulate behavior and brain reward processes. GABA(B) receptor agonists and, most recently, positive modulators have been found to inhibit the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, amphetamine, nicotine, ethanol, and opiates. This converging evidence of the effects of GABA(B) compounds on the reinforcing properties of addictive drugs is based on behavioral studies that used a variety of procedures with relevance to reward processes and drug abuse liability, including intracranial self-stimulation, intravenous self-administration under both fixed- and progressive-ratio schedules of reinforcement, reinstatement, and conditioned place preference. GABA(B) receptor agonists and positive modulators block the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse in these animal models. However, GABA(B) receptor agonists also have undesirable side-effects. GABA(B) receptor modulators have potential advantages as medications for drug addiction. These compounds have a better side-effect profile than GABA(B) agonists because they are devoid of intrinsic agonistic activity in the absence of GABA. They only exert their modulatory actions in concert with endogenous GABAergic activity. Thus, GABA(B) receptor positive modulators are promising therapeutics for the treatment of various aspects of dependence (e.g., initiation, maintenance, and relapse) on various drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, nicotine, heroin, and alcohol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Styliani Vlachou
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fattore L, Spano MS, Cossu G, Scherma M, Fratta W, Fadda P. Baclofen prevents drug-induced reinstatement of extinguished nicotine-seeking behaviour and nicotine place preference in rodents. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2009; 19:487-98. [PMID: 19250803 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA)-B receptor agonist baclofen is known to reduce drug intake in both animals and humans and to prevent reinstatement of cocaine-, opioid-, and alcohol-seeking in rats after a period of extinction, but its effect on nicotine reinstatement is unknown. This study investigated the effect of baclofen on nicotine-seeking reinstatement both using the extinction/reinstatement model of nicotine self-administration and conditioned place preference (CPP). Results showed that in rats previously trained to intravenously self-administer nicotine (30 microg/kg/inf) under a FR-1 schedule of reinforcement, acute nicotine (0.15 mg/kg) priming effectively reinstates nicotine-seeking behaviour following extinction. At doses used in this study (up to 2.5 mg/kg) baclofen alone did not affect locomotor activity and did not reinstate responding. However, baclofen dose-dependently attenuated drug-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking in rats. Moreover, baclofen (1.25 mg/kg) completely blocked nicotine-induced reinstatement of extinguished nicotine (0.3 mg/kg) CPP in mice. Altogether, our results showed that baclofen is able to antagonise reinstatement of nicotine-seeking and CPP triggered by nicotine primings, suggesting its potential clinical utility as an anti-relapse agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liana Fattore
- Institute of Neuroscience, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council CNR, c/o Department of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria of Monserrato, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
The GABA(B) receptors belong to the family of class C metabotropic receptors. They are inhibitory receptors forming obligatory heterodimers. Their analgesic role in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord is well established since more than 25 years ago. However, Baclofen, the reference agonist of the GABA(B) receptor, proved to have little efficiency in clinics in neuropathic patients. It seems therefore useful to decipher GABA(B) functions in the nociceptive circuitry, and their regulation in conditions of chronic pain. In the present review, we will focus first on the distribution of the GABA(B) subtypes. Then, we will consider their pre- and post-synaptic functions in the dorsal horn of naïve rats. Finally, we will document the mechanisms that may lead to receptor impairment in neuropathic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Landry
- Université Bordeaux 2, INSERM U862, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yomiya K, Matsuo N, Tomiyasu S, Yoshimoto T, Tamaki T, Suzuki T, Matoba M. Baclofen as an adjuvant analgesic for cancer pain. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2008; 26:112-8. [PMID: 19114602 DOI: 10.1177/1049909108327968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Baclofen is a g-aminobutyric acid receptor agonist commonly used for managing many types of neuropathic pain. The effect of baclofen on cancer pain has not previously been studied. This retrospective study evaluated the efficacy of baclofen in patients with cancer pain. METHODS We reviewed the medical records of all patients given baclofen orally as an analgesic for cancer at 5 institutions. RESULT Twenty-five patients received 10 to 40 mg of baclofen for cancer pain relief. Twenty patients have undergone neuropathic pain such as paroxysmal or lancing, sharp, or like an electric shock. Baclofen was effective in 21 of 25 patients and significantly reduced Numeric Rating Scale (pain score, 0-10; P < .0001). Nine patients reported mild adverse events: none of these 9 patients had to discontinue baclofen due to adverse events. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that baclofen may be a useful adjuvant analgesic in the treatment of cancer pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kinomi Yomiya
- Palliative Care Unit, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Glutamate and gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) are respectively two major excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters of the adult mammalian central nervous system. These neurotransmitters exert their action through two types of receptors: ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. While ionotropic receptors are ligand gated ion channels involved in fast synaptic transmission, metabotropic receptors belong to the superfamily of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and are responsible for the neuromodulatory effect of glutamate and GABA. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and metabotropic GABA receptors (GABA-B) are present at different levels of the pain neuraxis where they regulate nociceptive transmission and pain. The present review will focus on the role of these receptors in the modulation of pain perception.
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen TC, Cheng YY, Sun WZ, Shyu BC. Differential regulation of morphine antinociceptive effects by endogenous enkephalinergic system in the forebrain of mice. Mol Pain 2008; 4:41. [PMID: 18826595 PMCID: PMC2569012 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-4-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mice lacking the preproenkephalin (ppENK) gene are hyperalgesic and show more anxiety and aggression than wild-type (WT) mice. The marked behavioral changes in ppENK knock-out (KO) mice appeared to occur in supraspinal response to painful stimuli. However the functional role of enkephalins in the supraspinal nociceptive processing and their underlying mechanism is not clear. The aim of present study was to compare supraspinal nociceptive and morphine antinociceptive responses between WT and ppENK KO mice. RESULTS The genotypes of bred KO mice were confirmed by PCR. Met-enkephalin immunoreactive neurons were labeled in the caudate-putamen, intermediated part of lateral septum, lateral globus pallidus, intermediated part of lateral septum, hypothalamus, and amygdala of WT mice. Met-enkephalin immunoreactive neurons were not found in the same brain areas in KO mice. Tail withdrawal and von Frey test results did not differ between WT and KO mice. KO mice had shorter latency to start paw licking than WT mice in the hot plate test. The maximal percent effect of morphine treatments (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) differed between WT and KO mice in hot plate test. The current source density (CSD) profiles evoked by peripheral noxious stimuli in the primary somatosenstory cortex (S1) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) were similar in WT and KO mice. After morphine injection, the amplitude of the laser-evoked sink currents was decreased in S1 while the amplitude of electrical-evoked sink currents was increased in the ACC. These differential morphine effects in S1 and ACC were enhanced in KO mice. Facilitation of synaptic currents in the ACC is mediated by GABA inhibitory interneurons in the local circuitry. Percent increases in opioid receptor binding in S1 and ACC were 5.1% and 5.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION The present results indicate that the endogenous enkephalin system is not involved in acute nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord, S1, and ACC. However, morphine preferentially suppressed supraspinal related nociceptive behavior in KO mice. This effect was reflected in the potentiated differential effects of morphine in the S1 and ACC in KO mice. This potentiation may be due to an up-regulation of opioid receptors. Thus these findings strongly suggest an antagonistic interaction between the endogenous enkephalinergic system and exogenous opioid analgesic actions in the supraspinal brain structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Chieh Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hansen CR, Gooch JL, Such-Neibar T. Prolonged, severe intrathecal baclofen withdrawal syndrome: a case report. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2007; 88:1468-71. [PMID: 17964889 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Intrathecal baclofen (ITB) withdrawal is a well-recognized complication when drug delivery is disrupted for any reason. ITB withdrawal varies widely in its severity and poses the very real possibility of death if not promptly managed. Cases of withdrawal lasting greater than 1 or 2 weeks, however, are sparse. We report the case of an 11-year-old girl with spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy who developed an infected pump and subsequent meningitis, prompting the removal of her pump and catheter. She subsequently developed a severe, prolonged baclofen withdrawal syndrome marked by increased spasticity, agitation, hypertension, and tachycardia that lasted nearly 2 months, requiring intensive care and continuous intravenous sedation with benzodiazepines and opiates. Her pump was eventually replaced on hospital day 56 and within 24 hours her symptoms dramatically improved. She was eventually weaned off sedating medications and returned to baseline functional status. Typical management of baclofen withdrawal is reviewed. To date, the literature has not discussed the potential role for opiates in managing baclofen withdrawal, yet a growing body of literature is examining the interplay between opiates and gamma-aminobutyric acid B pathways. A potential role for opiates in managing severe baclofen withdrawal is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colby R Hansen
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Nausea and vomiting occur in a large number of disease conditions and as side effects of many drug treatments, including use of analgesics and anesthesia in surgery and chemotherapy in cancer treatment. Current anti-emetics provide relief from only some sources of vomiting, with more limited benefits for the control of nausea. Elucidation of forebrain pathways that generate nausea and brainstem circuitry controlling emesis are significant obstacles for the development of effective universal anti-nausea and anti-emetic treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Horn
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tzschentke TM. Measuring reward with the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm: update of the last decade. Addict Biol 2007; 12:227-462. [PMID: 17678505 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2007.00070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1004] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Conditioned place preference (CPP) continues to be one of the most popular models to study the motivational effects of drugs and non-drug treatments in experimental animals. This is obvious from a steady year-to-year increase in the number of publications reporting the use this model. Since the compilation of the preceding review in 1998, more than 1000 new studies using place conditioning have been published, and the aim of the present review is to provide an overview of these recent publications. There are a number of trends and developments that are obvious in the literature of the last decade. First, as more and more knockout and transgenic animals become available, place conditioning is increasingly used to assess the motivational effects of drugs or non-drug rewards in genetically modified animals. Second, there is a still small but growing literature on the use of place conditioning to study the motivational aspects of pain, a field of pre-clinical research that has so far received little attention, because of the lack of appropriate animal models. Third, place conditioning continues to be widely used to study tolerance and sensitization to the rewarding effects of drugs induced by pre-treatment regimens. Fourth, extinction/reinstatement procedures in place conditioning are becoming increasingly popular. This interesting approach is thought to model certain aspects of relapse to addictive behavior and has previously almost exclusively been studied in drug self-administration paradigms. It has now also become established in the place conditioning literature and provides an additional and technically easy approach to this important phenomenon. The enormous number of studies to be covered in this review prevented in-depth discussion of many methodological, pharmacological or neurobiological aspects; to a large extent, the presentation of data had to be limited to a short and condensed summary of the most relevant findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Tzschentke
- Grünenthal GmbH, Preclinical Research and Development, Department of Pharmacology, Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Shiokawa M, Narita M, Nakamura A, Kurokawa K, Inoue T, Suzuki T. Usefulness of the dopamine system-stabilizer aripiprazole for reducing morphine-induced emesis. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 570:108-10. [PMID: 17678644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Revised: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the management of pain, nausea and vomiting are some of the most distressing adverse effects induced by opioids. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the dopamine system-stabilizer aripiprazole on morphine-induced emesis. Morphine induced retching and vomiting in a dose-dependent manner in ferrets. The emetic effect of morphine was significantly suppressed by pretreatment with either the dopamine receptor antagonist haloperidol or aripiprazole. These results suggest that the co-administration of aripiprazole may be useful for reducing the severity of morphine-induced emesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Shiokawa
- Department of Toxicology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Barbaresi P. Cellular and subcellular localization of the GABAB receptor 1a/b subunit in the rat periaqueductal gray matter. J Comp Neurol 2007; 505:478-92. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.21509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
21
|
Chan SW, Rudd JA, Lin G, Li P. Action of anti-tussive drugs on the emetic reflex of Suncus murinus (house musk shrew). Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 559:196-201. [PMID: 17254564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2006] [Revised: 12/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cough and emetic reflexes involve a synchronized firing of motor neurones involved in respiratory control. Tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonists and 5-HT1A receptor agonists are examples of centrally acting drugs that reduce cough and emesis. In the present studies, therefore, we examined the possibility that other classes of drugs known to reducing cough have anti-emetic properties to prevent emesis induced by diverse challenges. We examined the potential of codeine (1-10 mg/kg), baclofen (1-10 mg/kg), scopolamine (0.3-10 mg/kg), diphenhydramine (1-10 mg/kg), imperialine (1-30 mg/kg) and verticine (0.3-3 mg/kg) to inhibit emesis induced by nicotine (5 mg/kg, s.c.), copper sulphate (120 mg/kg, intragastric), and provocative motion (4 cm horizontal displacement, delivered at 1 Hz) in Suncus murinus (house musk shrew). Only codeine had broad inhibitory properties (P<0.05) to antagonize emesis induced by all challenges with ID50 values ranging from 1.2 to 2.3 mg/kg. Baclofen antagonized emesis induced by nicotine (maximum reduction was 44.9%, P<0.05) and motion (maximum reduction was 97.3%, P<0.01), but potentiated copper sulphate-induced emesis (maximum potentiation was 73.0%, P<0.05). Scopolamine antagonized copper sulphate-induced emesis (maximum reduction was 61.2%, P<0.05) and imperialine antagonized nicotine-induced emesis (maximum reduction was 30.2%, P<0.01), but verticine potentiated motion-induced emesis (maximum potentiation was 60.0%, P<0.05). Diphenhydramine did not significantly reduce emesis induced by any of the challenges (P>0.05). In conclusion, codeine has broad inhibitory anti-emetic actions but a known ability to reduce coughing does not necessarily predict broad inhibitory anti-emetic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Wan Chan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It summarizes papers published during 2005 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity, neurophysiology and transmitter release (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); immunological responses (Section 17).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
The past 20 years have seen notable advances in our understanding of the physiology and pharmacology of the emetic reflex leading to the identification of the anti-emetic effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine(3) (5-HT(3)) and neurokinin(1) receptor (NK(1)) antagonists. The introduction of 5-HT(3) and NK(1) receptor antagonists into the clinic has had a major impact in alleviating the nausea and vomiting associated with the treatment of cancer and the sequelae to anaesthesia and surgery (post-operative nausea and vomiting, PONV). Despite these advances there are major gaps in our understanding. Interestingly, one of these is the relatively poor ability to treat nausea. Additional gaps in our knowledge are highlighted to provide a framework within which directions for research can be proposed. Particular attention is drawn to: lacunae in knowledge of some currently used anti-emetics such as the source of dopamine required to initiate emesis; the theoretical assumptions and mechanisms underlying the concept of a "universal anti-emetic"; the variety of receptors at which agonists act to have anti-emetic effects (GABA (B), CB(1), 5-HT(1A), ghrelin, opioid); issues of translation from animals to humans and the relationship between the pathways involved in emesis and certain gastrointestinal disorders such as dyspepsia and gastroesophageal reflux, with the latter being of particular interest as some agents affecting reflux are also anti-emetic. Together, the unmet clinical need to adequately control nausea, possibly by new drugs acting within the brainstem, and the significant gaps in understanding key aspects of the emetic reflex, suggest an important need to focus and re-direct research into the distressing and sometimes life-threatening symptoms of nausea and vomiting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J Sanger
- Neurology and Gastrointestinal Centre of Excellence in Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park, Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Diaz SL, Barros VG, Antonelli MC, Rubio MC, Balerio GN. Morphine withdrawal syndrome and its prevention with baclofen: Autoradiographic study of mu-opioid receptors in prepubertal male and female mice. Synapse 2006; 60:132-40. [PMID: 16715492 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the expression of the morphine (MOR) withdrawal syndrome is more marked in male mice than in females, we have demonstrated that the GABAB agonist baclofen (BAC) is able to attenuate MOR withdrawal signs in either sex. In order to extend these previous observations, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the mu-opioid receptor labeling in various brain areas in mice of either sex, during MOR withdrawal and its prevention with BAC. Prepubertal Swiss-Webster mice were rendered dependent by intraperitonial (i.p.) injection of MOR (2 mg/kg) twice daily for 9 days. On the 10th day, dependent animals received naloxone (NAL; 6 mg/kg, i.p.) 60 min after MOR, and another pool of dependent mice received BAC (2 mg/kg, i.p.) previous to NAL. Thirty minutes after NAL, mice were sacrificed and autoradiography with [3H]-[D-Ala2, N-Me-Phe4, -glycol5] enkephalin (DAMGO) was carried out on mice brains at five different anatomical levels. Autoradiographic mapping showed a significant increase of mu-opioid receptor labeling during MOR withdrawal in nucleus accumbens core (NAcC), caudate putamen (CPu), mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MDTh), basolateral and basomedial amygdala, and ventral tegmental area vs. respective control groups in male mice. In contrast, opiate receptor labeling was not significantly modified in any of the brain areas studied in withdrawn females. BAC reestablished mu-opioid receptor binding sites during MOR withdrawal only in NAcC of males, and a similar tendency was observed in CPu and MDTh, even when it was not statistically significant. The sexual dimorphism observed in the present study confirms previous reports indicating a greater sensitivity of males in response to MOR pharmacological properties. The present results suggest that the effect of BAC in preventing the expression of MOR withdrawal signs could be related with the ability of BAC to reestablish the mu-opioid receptor labeling in certain brain areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvina L Diaz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (UBA-CONICET), Junín 956, 5 piso, (C1113AAD), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
|