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Day-Cooney J, Dalangin R, Zhong H, Mao T. Genetically encoded fluorescent sensors for imaging neuronal dynamics in vivo. J Neurochem 2023; 164:284-308. [PMID: 35285522 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The brain relies on many forms of dynamic activities in individual neurons, from synaptic transmission to electrical activity and intracellular signaling events. Monitoring these neuronal activities with high spatiotemporal resolution in the context of animal behavior is a necessary step to achieve a mechanistic understanding of brain function. With the rapid development and dissemination of highly optimized genetically encoded fluorescent sensors, a growing number of brain activities can now be visualized in vivo. To date, cellular calcium imaging, which has been largely used as a proxy for electrical activity, has become a mainstay in systems neuroscience. While challenges remain, voltage imaging of neural populations is now possible. In addition, it is becoming increasingly practical to image over half a dozen neurotransmitters, as well as certain intracellular signaling and metabolic activities. These new capabilities enable neuroscientists to test previously unattainable hypotheses and questions. This review summarizes recent progress in the development and delivery of genetically encoded fluorescent sensors, and highlights example applications in the context of in vivo imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Day-Cooney
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Rochelin Dalangin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Haining Zhong
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Tianyi Mao
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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2
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Melzer S, Newmark ER, Mizuno GO, Hyun M, Philson AC, Quiroli E, Righetti B, Gregory MR, Huang KW, Levasseur J, Tian L, Sabatini BL. Bombesin-like peptide recruits disinhibitory cortical circuits and enhances fear memories. Cell 2021; 184:5622-5634.e25. [PMID: 34610277 PMCID: PMC8556345 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Disinhibitory neurons throughout the mammalian cortex are powerful enhancers of circuit excitability and plasticity. The differential expression of neuropeptide receptors in disinhibitory, inhibitory, and excitatory neurons suggests that each circuit motif may be controlled by distinct neuropeptidergic systems. Here, we reveal that a bombesin-like neuropeptide, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), recruits disinhibitory cortical microcircuits through selective targeting and activation of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-expressing cells. Using a genetically encoded GRP sensor, optogenetic anterograde stimulation, and trans-synaptic tracing, we reveal that GRP regulates VIP cells most likely via extrasynaptic diffusion from several local and long-range sources. In vivo photometry and CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of the GRP receptor (GRPR) in auditory cortex indicate that VIP cells are strongly recruited by novel sounds and aversive shocks, and GRP-GRPR signaling enhances auditory fear memories. Our data establish peptidergic recruitment of selective disinhibitory cortical microcircuits as a mechanism to regulate fear memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Melzer
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elena R Newmark
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Grace Or Mizuno
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Minsuk Hyun
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adrienne C Philson
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eleonora Quiroli
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Beatrice Righetti
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Malika R Gregory
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kee Wui Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James Levasseur
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lin Tian
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bernardo L Sabatini
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Knox D, Della Valle R, Mohammadmirzaei N, Shultz B, Biddle M, Farkash A, Chamness M, Moulton E. PI3K-Akt Signaling in the Basolateral Amygdala Facilitates Traumatic Stress Enhancements in Fear Memory. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 24:229-238. [PMID: 33151288 PMCID: PMC7968623 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyaa083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A core symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder is persistent fear memory, which can be defined as fear memory that is resistant to updating, inhibition, or extinction. posttraumatic stress disorder emerges after traumatic stress exposure, but neurobiological mechanisms via which traumatic stress leads to persistent fear memory are not well defined. Akt signaling within the amygdala (Amy) is enhanced with traumatic stress, and phosphatidylinositol kinase 3 (PI3K) activation of Akt within the basolateral Amy (BLA) has been implicated as critical to fear memory formation. These findings raise the possibility that traumatic stress enhances PI3K→Akt signaling in the BLA, which leads to persistent fear memory. METHODS To test this hypothesis, rats were exposed to traumatic stress using the single prolonged stress model, and changes in Akt phosphorylation were assayed in the Amy at 0 and 30 minutes after fear conditioning (FC). In a separate experiment, we inhibited PI3K→Akt signaling in the BLA prior to FC and observed the effect this had on acquisition, expression, and extinction of FC in stressed and control rats. RESULTS Enhanced Akt phosphorylation in the Amy at both time points was observed in stressed rats, but not in control rats. PI3K→Akt inhibition in the BLA had no effect on freezing in control rats but decreased freezing during extinction training and testing in stressed rats. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that PI3K→Akt signaling in the BLA could be a mechanism via which traumatic stress leads to fear memory that is resistant to extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayan Knox
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA,Correspondence: Dayan Knox, PhD, 217 Wolf Hall, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 ()
| | - Rebecca Della Valle
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Negin Mohammadmirzaei
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Brianna Shultz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Matt Biddle
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Abigail Farkash
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Marisa Chamness
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Emily Moulton
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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Xiang D, Wang H, Sun S, Yao L, Li R, Zong X, Wang G, Liu Z. GRP Receptor Regulates Depression Behavior via Interaction With 5-HT2a Receptor. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:1020. [PMID: 32047449 PMCID: PMC6997338 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accumulating evidences indicate that gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) may contribute to the pathophysiology of depression. However, the mechanism of the involvement of GRPR in the progression of depression remains unclear. Here, we showed the extent to which stress and antidepressant treatment impact GRPR expression, and explored the interactions between 5-HT2a receptor (5-HT2aR) and GRPR at the cellular level. METHODS The rat depression models were created with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Then, these rats were treated with fluoxetine for 4 weeks after CUMS. We measured body weight and performed behavioral tests to determine the effects of stress and fluoxetine on depressive-like behaviors. Real-time PCR and western blotting were used to measure the mRNA and protein expression levels of GRPR in the hypothalamus. Then, Flag-tagged protein (pcmv-Flag-5HT2aR) and Myc-tagged protein (pcmv-Myc-GRPR) expression vectors were constructed, identified, and transfected into human embryo kidney 293 (HEK293) cells. The interaction between 5-HT2aR and GRPR was detected by coimmunoprecipitation and double-label immunofluorescence. RESULTS The rats subjected to 4 weeks of CUMS showed depressive-like behaviors, including decreased body weight, sucrose preference, and distance traveled, rearing frequency and velocity in the open field test and increased immobility time in the forced swimming test. Fluoxetine treatment reversed CUMS-induced depressive-like behavior. The mRNA and protein expression of GRPR in the hypothalamus was significantly increased after 4 weeks CUMS exposure, and treatment with fluoxetine reversed these changes. Coimmunoprecipitation showed that 5-HT2aR and GRPR combine with each other in vitro. Immunofluorescence revealed that the 5-HT2aR and GRPR were colocalization in both the cell membrane and cytoplasm. CONCLUSION Our study enhances the understanding of the involvement of GRPR in depression. This study also provides in vitro experimental evidence of the interaction between 5-HT2aR and GRPR, which may play an important role in the pathogenesis of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xiang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiling Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siqi Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lihua Yao
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruiting Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaofen Zong
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gaohua Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongchun Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Agoglia AE, Herman MA. The center of the emotional universe: Alcohol, stress, and CRF1 amygdala circuitry. Alcohol 2018; 72:61-73. [PMID: 30220589 PMCID: PMC6165695 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The commonalities between different phases of stress and alcohol use as well as the high comorbidity between alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and anxiety disorders suggest common underlying cellular mechanisms governing the rewarding and aversive aspects of these related conditions. As an integrative center that assigns emotional salience to a wide variety of internal and external stimuli, the amygdala complex plays a major role in how alcohol and stress influence cellular physiology to produce disordered behavior. Previous work has illustrated the broad role of the amygdala in alcohol, stress, and anxiety. However, the challenge of current and future studies is to identify the specific dysregulations that occur within distinct amygdala circuits and subpopulations and the commonalities between these alterations in each disorder, with the long-term goal of identifying potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Specific intra-amygdala circuits and cell type-specific subpopulations are emerging as critical targets for stress- and alcohol-induced plasticity, chief among them the corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) and CRF receptor 1 (CRF1) system. CRF and CRF1 have been implicated in the effects of alcohol in several amygdala nuclei, including the basolateral (BLA) and central amygdala (CeA); however, the precise circuitry involved in these effects and the role of these circuits in stress and anxiety are only beginning to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail E Agoglia
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Melissa A Herman
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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Changes in Gene Expression in the Locus Coeruleus-Amygdala Circuitry in Inhibitory Avoidance PTSD Model. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 38:273-280. [PMID: 28889197 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0548-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC)-amygdala circuit is implicated in playing a key role in responses to emotionally arousing stimuli and in the manifestation of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Here, we examined changes in gene expression of a number of important mediators of the LC-amygdala circuitry in the inhibition avoidance model of PTSD. After testing for basal acoustic startle response (ASR), rats were exposed to a severe footshock (1.5 mA for 10 s) in the inhibitory avoidance apparatus. They were given contextual situational reminders every 5 day for 25 days. Controls were treated identically but with the footshock inactivated. Animals were re-tested on second ASR and decapitated 1 h later. The shock group had enhanced hyperarousal and several changes in gene expression compared to controls. In the LC, mRNA levels of norepinephrine (NE) biosynthetic enzymes (TH, DBH), NE transporter (NET), NPY receptors (Y1R, Y2R), and CB1 receptor of endocannabinoid system were elevated. In the basolateral amygdala (BLA), there were marked reductions in gene expression for CB1, and especially Y1R, with rise for corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) system (CRH, CRH receptor 1), and no significant changes in the central amygdala. Our results suggest a fast forward mechanism in the LC-amygdala circuitry in the shock group.
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Involvement of CRFR 1 in the Basolateral Amygdala in the Immediate Fear Extinction Deficit. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-NWR-0084-16. [PMID: 27844053 PMCID: PMC5093152 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0084-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several animal and clinical studies have highlighted the ineffectiveness of fear extinction sessions delivered shortly after trauma exposure. This phenomenon, termed the immediate extinction deficit, refers to situations in which extinction programs applied shortly after fear conditioning may result in the reduction of fear behaviors (in rodents, frequently measured as freezing responses to the conditioned cue) during extinction training, but failure to consolidate this reduction in the long term. The molecular mechanisms driving this immediate extinction resistance remain unclear. Here we present evidence for the involvement of the corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) system in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in male Wistar rats. Intra-BLA microinfusion of the CRFR1 antagonist NBI30775 enhances extinction recall, whereas administration of the CRF agonist CRF6–33 before delayed extinction disrupts recall of extinction. We link the immediate fear extinction deficit with dephosphorylation of GluA1 glutamate receptors at Ser845 and enhanced activity of the protein phosphatase calcineurin in the BLA. Their reversal after treatment with the CRFR1 antagonist indicates their dependence on CRFR1 actions. These findings can have important implications for the improvement of therapeutic approaches to trauma, as well as furthering our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying fear-related disorders.
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8
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Severe stress hormone conditions cause an extended window of excitability in the mouse basolateral amygdala. Neuropharmacology 2016; 110:175-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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9
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Kent P, Awadia A, Zhao L, Ensan D, Silva D, Cayer C, James JS, Anisman H, Merali Z. Effects of intranasal and peripheral oxytocin or gastrin-releasing peptide administration on social interaction and corticosterone levels in rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 64:123-30. [PMID: 26658172 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The intranasal route of drug administration has gained increased popularity as it is thought to allow large molecules, such as peptide hormones, more direct access to the brain, while limiting systemic exposure. Several studies have investigated the effects of intranasal oxytocin administration in humans as this peptide is associated with prosocial behavior. There are, however, few preclinical studies investigating the effects of intranasal oxytocin administration in rodents. Oxytocin modulates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning and it has been suggested that oxytocin's ability to increase sociability may occur through a reduction in stress reactivity. Another peptide that appears to influence both social behavior and HPA axis activity is gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), but it is not known if these GRP-induced effects are related. With this in mind, in the present study, we assessed the effects of intranasal and intraperitoneal oxytocin and GRP administration on social interaction and release of corticosterone in rats. Intranasal and intraperitoneal administration of 20, but not 5 μg, of oxytocin significantly increased social interaction, whereas intranasal and peripheral administration of GRP (20 but not 5 μg) significantly decreased levels of social interaction. In addition, while intranasal oxytocin (20 μg) had no effect on blood corticosterone levels, a marked increase in blood corticosterone levels was observed following intraperitoneal oxytocin administration. With GRP, intranasal (20 μg) but not peripheral administration increased corticosterone levels. These findings provide further evidence that intranasal peptide delivery can induce behavioral alterations in rodents which is consistent with findings from human studies. In addition, the peptide-induced changes in social interaction were not linked to fluctuations in corticosterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Kent
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7K4, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Alisha Awadia
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7K4, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Leah Zhao
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7K4, Canada
| | - Donna Ensan
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7K4, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Dinuka Silva
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7K4, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Christian Cayer
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7K4, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jonathan S James
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7K4, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Hymie Anisman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Zul Merali
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7K4, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
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10
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Sotnikov SV, Chekmareva NY, Schmid B, Harbich D, Malik V, Bauer S, Kuehne C, Markt PO, Deussing JM, Schmidt MV, Landgraf R. Enriched environment impacts trimethylthiazoline-induced anxiety-related behavior and immediate early gene expression: critical role ofCrhr1. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:2691-700. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. V. Sotnikov
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry; Kraepelinstrasse 2 80804 Munich Germany
- Department of Normal Physiology; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University; Moscow Russia
| | - N. Y. Chekmareva
- Department of Normal Physiology; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University; Moscow Russia
- P.K. Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology; Russian Academy of Medical Sciences; Moscow Russia
| | - B. Schmid
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry; Kraepelinstrasse 2 80804 Munich Germany
| | - D. Harbich
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry; Kraepelinstrasse 2 80804 Munich Germany
| | - V. Malik
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry; Kraepelinstrasse 2 80804 Munich Germany
| | - S. Bauer
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry; Kraepelinstrasse 2 80804 Munich Germany
| | - C. Kuehne
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry; Kraepelinstrasse 2 80804 Munich Germany
| | - P. O. Markt
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry; Kraepelinstrasse 2 80804 Munich Germany
| | - J. M. Deussing
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry; Kraepelinstrasse 2 80804 Munich Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group Molecular Neurogenetics; Institute of Developmental Genetics; Helmholtz Center Munich; Neuherberg Germany
| | - M. V. Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry; Kraepelinstrasse 2 80804 Munich Germany
| | - R. Landgraf
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry; Kraepelinstrasse 2 80804 Munich Germany
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Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor signaling in the integration of stress and memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 112:44-52. [PMID: 24001571 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides act as signaling molecules that regulate a range of aspects of brain function. Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is a 27-amino acid mammalian neuropeptide, homolog of the amphibian peptide bombesin. GRP acts by binding to the GRP receptor (GRPR, also called BB2), a member of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. GRP produced by neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) plays a role in synaptic transmission by activating GRPRs located on postsynaptic membranes, influencing several aspects of brain function. Here we review the role of GRP/GRPR as a system mediating both stress responses and the formation and expression of memories for fearful events. GRPR signaling might integrate the processing of stress and fear with synaptic plasticity and memory, serving as an important component of the set of neurobiological systems underlying the enhancement of memory storage by aversive information.
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12
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Merali Z, Mountney C, Kent P, Anisman H. Activation of gastrin-releasing peptide receptors at the infralimbic cortex elicits gastrin-releasing peptide release at the basolateral amygdala: implications for conditioned fear. Neuroscience 2013; 243:97-103. [PMID: 23567813 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The basolateral amygdala (BLA) and infralimbic (IL) cortex share strong reciprocal interconnections and are key structures in conditioned fear circuitry. Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) or its receptor antagonists can modulate the conditioned fear response when exogenously administered at either of these sites, and increased release of GRP at the BLA occurs in response to conditioned fear recall. The present study sought to determine whether a functional pathway utilizing GRP exists between the IL cortex and BLA and whether this pathway is also influenced by amygdala corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) release. To this end, we assessed the effects of intra-IL cortex injection of GRP or GRP co-administered with a receptor antagonist, RC-3095, on the downstream release of GRP and/or CRF at the BLA. Results showed that microinjection of GRP at the IL cortex increased the release of GRP, but not CRF, at the BLA, an effect blocked by co-administration of RC-3095. Administration of RC-3095 into the IL cortex on its own, however, also elicited the release of GRP (but not CRF) at the BLA. These findings suggest that a functional pathway utilizing GRP (among other factors) exists between the IL cortex and BLA that may be relevant to conditioned fear, but that GRP and CRF do not interact within this circuitry. Moreover, the finding that the release profile of GRP was similar following administration of either GRP or its receptor antagonist, lends support to the view that RC-3095 has partial agonist properties. Together these findings provide further evidence for the involvement of GRP in fear and anxiety-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Merali
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5.
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13
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Roesler R, Schwartsmann G. Gastrin-releasing peptide receptors in the central nervous system: role in brain function and as a drug target. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:159. [PMID: 23251133 PMCID: PMC3523293 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides acting on specific cell membrane receptors of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily regulate a range of important aspects of nervous and neuroendocrine function. Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is a mammalian neuropeptide that binds to the GRP receptor (GRPR, BB2). Increasing evidence indicates that GRPR-mediated signaling in the central nervous system (CNS) plays an important role in regulating brain function, including aspects related to emotional responses, social interaction, memory, and feeding behavior. In addition, some alterations in GRP or GRPR expression or function have been described in patients with neurodegenerative, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric disorders, as well as in brain tumors. Findings from preclinical models are consistent with the view that the GRPR might play a role in brain disorders, and raise the possibility that GRPR agonists might ameliorate cognitive and social deficits associated with neurological diseases, while antagonists may reduce anxiety and inhibit the growth of some types of brain cancer. Further preclinical and translational studies evaluating the potential therapeutic effects of GRPR ligands are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Roesler
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Neural Tumor Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University Hospital Research Center (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
- National Institute for Translational MedicinePorto Alegre, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Rafael Roesler, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Neural Tumor Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. e-mail:
| | - Gilberto Schwartsmann
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University Hospital Research Center (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
- National Institute for Translational MedicinePorto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
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