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Tsunekawa H, Takahata K, Okano M, Ishikawa T, Satoyoshi H, Nishimura T, Hoshino N, Muraoka S. Selegiline increases on time without exacerbation of dyskinesia in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats displaying l-Dopa-induced wearing-off and abnormal involuntary movements. Behav Brain Res 2018. [PMID: 29526790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
3,4-Dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine (l-Dopa) remains the most effective drug for treating the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, its long-term use is limited due to motor complications such as wearing-off and dyskinesia. A clinical study in PD patients with motor complications has demonstrated that selegiline, a monoamine oxidase type B inhibitor, is effective in reducing off time without worsening dyskinesia, although another study has shown worsening dyskinesia. Here, using unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats showing degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and l-Dopa-induced motor complications, we determined the efficacy of selegiline in controlling l-Dopa-induced motor fluctuations and exacerbated dyskinesia. Repeated administration of l-Dopa/benserazide (25/6.25 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, twice daily for 22 days) progressively shortened rotational response duration (on time) and augmented peak rotation in lesioned rats. Single subcutaneous injection of selegiline (10 mg/kg) extended l-Dopa-induced shortened on time without augmenting peak rotation. Furthermore, l-Dopa/benserazide (25/6.25 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, once daily for 7 days) progressively increased abnormal involuntary movements (l-Dopa-induced dyskinesia, LID) and peak rotation. Single subcutaneous injection of selegiline (10 mg/kg) did not exacerbate LID or alter mRNA expression of prodynorphin (PDy) and activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc), both mRNAs associated with LID in the lesioned striatum. Despite undetectable plasma concentrations of selegiline and its metabolites at 24 h post-administration, these on time and LID effects did not decrease, suggesting involvement of irreversible mechanisms. Altogether, these results indicate that selegiline is effective in increasing on time without worsening dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Tsunekawa
- Department of Scientific Research, Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Corporation, 1-3-40 Nishiotsuka, Matsubara, Osaka 580-8503, Japan
| | - Kazue Takahata
- Department of Scientific Research, Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Corporation, 1-3-40 Nishiotsuka, Matsubara, Osaka 580-8503, Japan.
| | - Motoki Okano
- Department of Scientific Research, Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Corporation, 1-3-40 Nishiotsuka, Matsubara, Osaka 580-8503, Japan
| | - Toshiko Ishikawa
- Department of Scientific Research, Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Corporation, 1-3-40 Nishiotsuka, Matsubara, Osaka 580-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Satoyoshi
- Department of Scientific Research, Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Corporation, 1-3-40 Nishiotsuka, Matsubara, Osaka 580-8503, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nishimura
- Department of Scientific Research, Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Corporation, 1-3-40 Nishiotsuka, Matsubara, Osaka 580-8503, Japan
| | - Naoya Hoshino
- Department of Scientific Research, Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Corporation, 1-3-40 Nishiotsuka, Matsubara, Osaka 580-8503, Japan
| | - Shizuko Muraoka
- Department of Scientific Research, Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Corporation, 1-3-40 Nishiotsuka, Matsubara, Osaka 580-8503, Japan
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Caverzasio S, Amato N, Manconi M, Prosperetti C, Kaelin-Lang A, Hutchison WD, Galati S. Brain plasticity and sleep: Implication for movement disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 86:21-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ishida Y, Ebihara K, Tabuchi M, Imamura S, Sekiguchi K, Mizoguchi K, Kase Y, Koganemaru G, Abe H, Ikarashi Y. Yokukansan, a Traditional Japanese Medicine, Enhances the L-DOPA-Induced Rotational Response in 6-Hydroxydopamine-Lesioned Rats: Possible Inhibition of COMT. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:104-13. [PMID: 26725433 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the traditional Japanese medicine yokukansan (YKS) on the function of dopamine (DA) in the rat nigrostriatal system. Unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions were produced in the rat nigrostriatal system. Despite a marked loss in the striatal immunoreactivity of tyrosine hydroxylase on the lesion side, striatal serotonin (5-HT) immunoreactivity was not affected. Treatment using L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) in conjunction with benserazide for 15 d induced abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) such as locomotive (rotational response), axial, forelimb, and orolingual movements in the lesioned rats. The L-DOPA-induced locomotive and axial, but not forelimb and orolingual, AIMs were significantly increased and prolonged by the pre-administration of YKS. We next investigated the effects of YKS on the production of DA from L-DOPA in 5-HT synthetic RIN 14B cells. RIN 14B cells produced DA and its metabolite, 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT), following L-DOPA treatment. YKS significantly augmented DA production and inhibited its metabolism to 3-MT in a manner similar to the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor entacapone. YKS and some alkaloids (corynoxeine: CX, geissoschizine methyl ether: GM) in Uncaria hook, a constituent herb of YKS, also inhibited COMT activity, indicating that the augmenting effect of YKS on L-DOPA-induced DA production in 5-HT synthetic cells was due to the inhibition of COMT by CX and GM. Our results suggest that YKS facilitates the DA supplemental effect of L-DOPA, and that COMT inhibition by CX and GM contributes, at least in part, to the effects of YKS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Ishida
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki
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Bortolanza M, Padovan-Neto FE, Cavalcanti-Kiwiatkoski R, Dos Santos-Pereira M, Mitkovski M, Raisman-Vozari R, Del-Bel E. Are cyclooxygenase-2 and nitric oxide involved in the dyskinesia of Parkinson's disease induced by L-DOPA? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0190. [PMID: 26009769 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory mechanisms are proposed to play a role in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) contributes to inflammation pathways in the periphery and is constitutively expressed in the central nervous system. Considering that inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) formation attenuates L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia, this study aimed at investigating if a NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor would change COX2 brain expression in animals with L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. To this aim, male Wistar rats received unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine microinjection into the medial forebrain bundle were treated daily with L-DOPA (21 days) combined with 7-nitroindazole or vehicle. All hemi-Parkinsonian rats receiving l-DOPA showed dyskinesia. They also presented increased neuronal COX2 immunoreactivity in the dopamine-depleted dorsal striatum that was directly correlated with dyskinesia severity. Striatal COX2 co-localized with choline-acetyltransferase, calbindin and DARPP-32 (dopamine-cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein-32), neuronal markers of GABAergic neurons. NOS inhibition prevented L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia and COX2 increased expression in the dorsal striatum. These results suggest that increased COX2 expression after L-DOPA long-term treatment in Parkinsonian-like rats could contribute to the development of dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariza Bortolanza
- School of Odontology of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Morphology, University of São Paulo (USP), Physiology and Basic Pathology, Av. Café S/N, 14040-904, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando E Padovan-Neto
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Department of Behavioural Neurosciences, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta Cavalcanti-Kiwiatkoski
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Medical School, Department of Physiology, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maurício Dos Santos-Pereira
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Medical School, Department of Physiology, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miso Mitkovski
- Light Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rita Raisman-Vozari
- Institut de Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Sorbonne Université UPMC UM75 INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Elaine Del-Bel
- School of Odontology of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Morphology, University of São Paulo (USP), Physiology and Basic Pathology, Av. Café S/N, 14040-904, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Department of Behavioural Neurosciences, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil Medical School, Department of Physiology, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Yang X, Zhao H, Shi H, Wang X, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Zu J, Zhang W, Shen X, Cui G, Hua F. Intranigral administration of substance P receptor antagonist attenuated levodopa-induced dyskinesia in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2015; 271:168-74. [PMID: 26001615 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Levodopa (L-dopa) remains the most effective drug in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) has hindered its use for PD patients. The mechanisms of LID are not fully understood. Substance P (SP) receptor antagonist has been shown to reduce parkinsonism in animal models of PD, and ameliorate LID in PD rats. But the concrete mechanism is not fully understood. To address this issue, we produced a rat model of PD using 6-hydroxydompamine (6-OHDA) injections, and valid PD rats were intranigrally administrated with different doses of SP receptor antagonist LY303870 (5 nmol/day, 10 nmol/day and 20 nmol/day) following L-dopa (6 mg/kg/day, i.p.) plus benserazide (12 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for 23 days. We found that nigral SP levels were increased on days 3, 7 and 14 and decreased on day 21 after 6-hydroxydompamine lesions. But nigral SP levels kept increasing after repeated L-dopa administration in PD rats. Intranigral administration of low and moderate LY303870 reduced abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) while improving motor deficits in PD rats treated with L-dopa plus benserazide. Microdialysis revealed that LY303870 (10 nmol/day) treatment attenuated the increase of striatal dopamine and the reduction of γ-aminobutyric acid in ventromedial thalamus of PD rats primed with L-dopa. Additionally, LY303870 (10 nmol/day) treatment prior to L-dopa administration reduced the phosphorylated levels of dopamine- and cyclic adenosine monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa at Thr 34 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 as well as the levels of activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein and Penk in L-dopa-primed PD rats. Taken together, these data showed that low and moderate SP receptor antagonists LY303870 could ameliorate LID via neurokinin 1 receptor without affecting therapeutic effect of L-dopa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, China
| | - Hongjuan Shi
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, China
| | - Shenyang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, China
| | - Zunsheng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, China
| | - Jie Zu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, China
| | - Xia Shen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, China
| | - Guiyun Cui
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, China.
| | - Fang Hua
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, China.
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Galati S, Salvadè A, Pace M, Sarasso S, Baracchi F, Bassetti CL, Kaelin-Lang A, Städler C, Stanzione P, Möller JC. Evidence of an association between sleep and levodopa-induced dyskinesia in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:1577-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Nevalainen N, Af Bjerkén S, Gerhardt GA, Strömberg I. Serotonergic nerve fibers in L-DOPA-derived dopamine release and dyskinesia. Neuroscience 2013; 260:73-86. [PMID: 24361918 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The 5-HT (5-hydroxytryptamine) system has been assigned a key role in the development of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-l-alanine (l-DOPA)-induced dyskinesia, mainly due to 5-HT neuronal ability to decarboxylate l-DOPA into dopamine. Nevertheless, knowledge of l-DOPA-induced events that could lead to development of dyskinesias are limited and therefore the present work has evaluated (i) the role of the 5-HT system in l-DOPA-derived dopamine synthesis when dopamine neurons are present, (ii) l-DOPA-induced effects on striatal dopamine release and clearance, and on 5-HT nerve fiber density, and (iii) the behavioral outcome of altered 5-HT transmission in dyskinetic rats. Chronoamperometric recordings demonstrated attenuated striatal l-DOPA-derived dopamine release (∼30%) upon removal of 5-HT nerve fibers in intact animals. Interestingly, four weeks of daily l-DOPA treatment yielded similar-sized dopamine peak amplitudes in intact animals as found after a 5-HT-lesion. Moreover, chronic l-DOPA exposure attenuated striatal 5-HT nerve fiber density in the absence of dopamine nerve terminals. Furthermore, fluoxetine-induced altered 5-HT transmission blocked dyskinetic behavior via action on 5-HT1A receptors. Taken together, the results indicate a central role for the 5-HT system in l-DOPA-derived dopamine synthesis and in dyskinesia, and therefore potential l-DOPA-induced deterioration of 5-HT function might reduce l-DOPA efficacy as well as promote the upcoming of motor side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nevalainen
- Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - S Af Bjerkén
- Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - G A Gerhardt
- Department of Anatomy, Neurobiology, and Neurology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - I Strömberg
- Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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Aron Badin R, Spinnewyn B, Gaillard MC, Jan C, Malgorn C, Van Camp N, Dollé F, Guillermier M, Boulet S, Bertrand A, Savasta M, Auguet M, Brouillet E, Chabrier PE, Hantraye P. IRC-082451, a novel multitargeting molecule, reduces L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias in MPTP Parkinsonian primates. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52680. [PMID: 23300984 PMCID: PMC3536787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of dyskinesias following chronic L-DOPA replacement therapy remains a major problem in the long-term treatment of Parkinson's disease. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of IRC-082451 (base of BN82451), a novel multitargeting hybrid molecule, on L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias (LIDs) and hypolocomotor activity in a non-human primate model of PD. IRC-082451 displays multiple properties: it inhibits neuronal excitotoxicity (sodium channel blocker), oxidative stress (antioxidant) and neuroinflammation (cyclooxygenase inhibitor) and is endowed with mitochondrial protective properties. Animals received daily MPTP injections until stably parkinsonian. A daily treatment with increasing doses of L-DOPA was administered to parkinsonian primates until the appearance of dyskinesias. Then, different treatment regimens and doses of IRC-082451 were tested and compared to the benchmark molecule amantadine. Primates were regularly filmed and videos were analyzed with specialized software. A novel approach combining the analysis of dyskinesias and locomotor activity was used to determine efficacy. This analysis yielded the quantification of the total distance travelled and the incidence of dyskinesias in 7 different body parts. A dose-dependent efficacy of IRC-082451 against dyskinesias was observed. The 5 mg/kg dose was best at attenuating the severity of fully established LIDs. Its effect was significantly different from that of amantadine since it increased spontaneous locomotor activity while reducing LIDs. This dose was effective both acutely and in a 5-day sub-chronic treatment. Moreover, positron emission tomography scans using radiolabelled dopamine demonstrated that there was no direct interference between treatment with IRC-082451 and dopamine metabolism in the brain. Finally, post-mortem analysis indicated that this reduction in dyskinesias was associated with changes in cFOS, FosB and ARC mRNA expression levels in the putamen. The data demonstrates the antidyskinetic efficacy of IRC-082451 in a primate model of PD with motor complications and opens the way to the clinical application of this treatment for the management of LIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Aron Badin
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
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Yang X, Chen Y, Hong X, Wu N, Song L, Yuan W, Liu Z. Levodopa/benserazide microspheres reduced levodopa-induced dyskinesia by downregulating phosphorylated GluR1 expression in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2012. [PMID: 23185117 PMCID: PMC3506046 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s38008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Levodopa is the gold standard in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, long-term levodopa replacement therapy is accompanied by abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs), known as levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). Until now, the precise mechanisms of LID were only partially understood. Previous studies have shown that continuous dopamine stimulation was helpful in reducing the expression of LID. In addition to dopamine D1 receptor, glutamatergic receptors such as α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor also contribute to the expression of LID. The current authors have previously reported that levodopa/benserazide-loaded microspheres could ameliorate the expression of LID by reducing the protein kinase A signaling pathway in dyskinetic rats. However, whether AMPA receptor is involved in the mechanism by which levodopa/benserazide-loaded microspheres ameliorate the expression of LID in dyskinetic rats was unknown. Methods In the present study, as reported previously, levodopa and benserazide were loaded by poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres, which can release levodopa and benserazide in a sustained manner. 6-Hydroxydopamine was injected into the right medial forebrain bundle to produce a rat model of PD. Then valid PD rats were treated with levodopa plus benserazide for 3 weeks to induce a rat model of LID. Dyskinetic rats were treated with levodopa/beserazide-loaded microspheres containing levodopa (6 mg/kg) plus benserazide (15 mg/kg) or same dose of levodopa plus benserazide. Abnormal involuntary movements were measured in rats on days 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 during the treatment. The levels of GluR1 at serine-831 (pGluR1S831) and serine-845 (pGluR1S845) were determined by Western blot. Arc and proenkephalin (Penk) levels were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results Three-week levodopa plus benserazide treatment induced dyskinesia in PD rats. Levodopa/benserazide-loaded microsphere-treated dyskinetic rats showed lower AIM scores than levodopa plus benserazide-treated dyskinetic rats. Microsphere treatment downregulated the phosphrylated levels of pGluR1S831 and pGluR1S845 in the striatum of dyskinetic rats. In addition, microsphere treatment reduced the levels of Arc and Penk. Conclusion These data indicated that levodopa/benserazide-loaded microspheres could be used to ameliorate the expression of LID by reducing the expression of pGluR1S831 and pGluR1S845 as well as Arc and Penk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Sander SE, Lemm C, Lange N, Hamann M, Richter A. Retigabine, a K(V)7 (KCNQ) potassium channel opener, attenuates L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Neuropharmacology 2011; 62:1052-61. [PMID: 22079161 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias (LID) represent a severe complication of long-time pharmacotherapy in Parkinson's disease that necessitates novel therapeutics. The acute and chronic effects of K(V)7.2-7.5 channel openers (retigabine, flupirtine) on the severity of LID and parkinsonian signs were examined in comparison to the glutamate receptor antagonist amantadine (positive control) in a rat model of LID. Acute treatment with retigabine (2.5, 5 mg/kg i.p.) and flupirtine (5, 10 mg/kg i.p.) significantly reduced the severity of abnormal involuntary movements (AIM) to a comparable extent as amantadine (20, 40 mg/kg s.c.), but flupirtine delayed the disappearance of AIM. Chronic treatment with retigabine (daily 5 mg/kg i.p. over 19 days combined with l-DOPA 10 mg i.p.) did not prevent or delay the development of LID, but reduced the severity of AIM, while antidyskinetic effects of amantadine (40 mg/kg i.p.) were restricted to the first day of treatment. Retigabine caused sedation and ataxia which declined during the chronic treatment, but did not reduce the antiparkinsonian effects of l-DOPA in these experiments. Acute co-injections of retigabine (5 mg) together with l-DOPA (10 mg/kg) neither reduced the motor performance in the rotarod test nor exerted negative effects on the antiparkinsonian efficacy of l-DOPA in the block and stepping test. Nevertheless, the sedative effects of retigabine may limit its therapeutic potential for the treatment of LID. The present data indicate that K(V)7 channels deserve attention in the research of the pathophysiology of dyskinesias. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder'.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Sander
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Koserstr. 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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