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Pinard M, Dastpeyman S, Poitras C, Bernard G, Gauthier MS, Coulombe B. Riluzole partially restores RNA polymerase III complex assembly in cells expressing the leukodystrophy-causative variant POLR3B R103H. Mol Brain 2022; 15:98. [PMID: 36451185 PMCID: PMC9710144 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00974-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of assembly of RNA polymerase III (Pol III), the 17-subunit enzyme that synthesizes tRNAs, 5 S rRNA, and other small-nuclear (sn) RNAs in eukaryotes, is not clearly understood. The recent discovery of the HSP90 co-chaperone PAQosome (Particle for Arrangement of Quaternary structure) revealed a function for this machinery in the biogenesis of nuclear RNA polymerases. However, the connection between Pol III subunits and the PAQosome during the assembly process remains unexplored. Here, we report the development of a mass spectrometry-based assay that allows the characterization of Pol III assembly. This assay was used to dissect the stages of Pol III assembly, to start defining the function of the PAQosome in this process, to dissect the assembly defects driven by the leukodystrophy-causative R103H substitution in POLR3B, and to discover that riluzole, an FDA-approved drug for alleviation of ALS symptoms, partly corrects these assembly defects. Together, these results shed new light on the mechanism and regulation of human nuclear Pol III biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Pinard
- grid.511547.30000 0001 2106 1695Translational Proteomics Laboratory, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec Canada
| | - Samaneh Dastpeyman
- grid.511547.30000 0001 2106 1695Translational Proteomics Laboratory, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec Canada
| | - Christian Poitras
- grid.511547.30000 0001 2106 1695Translational Proteomics Laboratory, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec Canada
| | - Geneviève Bernard
- grid.63984.300000 0000 9064 4811Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada ,grid.63984.300000 0000 9064 4811Department of Specialized Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marie-Soleil Gauthier
- grid.511547.30000 0001 2106 1695Translational Proteomics Laboratory, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec Canada
| | - Benoit Coulombe
- grid.511547.30000 0001 2106 1695Translational Proteomics Laboratory, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec Canada ,grid.14848.310000 0001 2292 3357Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec Canada
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Quantum-dot-labeled synuclein seed assay identifies drugs modulating the experimental prion-like transmission. Commun Biol 2022; 5:636. [PMID: 35768587 PMCID: PMC9243017 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03590-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson disease (PD), dementia with Lewy body (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA) that involve deposits of the protein alpha-synuclein (α-syn) in the brain. The inoculation of α-syn aggregates derived from synucleinopathy or preformed fibrils (PFF) formed in vitro induces misfolding and deposition of endogenous α-syn. This is referred to as prion-like transmission, and the mechanism is still unknown. In this study, we label α-syn PFF with quantum dots and visualize their movement directly in acute slices of brain tissue inoculated with α-syn PFF seeds. Using this system, we find that the trafficking of α-syn seeds is dependent on fast axonal transport and the seed spreading is dependent on endocytosis and neuronal activity. We also observe pharmacological effects on α-syn seed spreading; clinically available drugs including riluzole are effective in reducing the spread of α-syn seeds and this effect is also observed in vivo. Our quantum-dot-labeled α-syn seed assay system combined with in vivo transmission experiment reveals an early phase of transmission, in which uptake and spreading of seeds occur depending on neuronal activity, and a later phase, in which seeds induce the propagation of endogenous misfolded α-syn.
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Preclinical Marmoset Model for Targeting Chronic Inflammation as a Strategy to Prevent Alzheimer's Disease. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040388. [PMID: 33920929 PMCID: PMC8071309 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the aging population, modern society is facing an increasing prevalence of neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is an age-related chronic neurodegenerative disorder for which no satisfying therapy exists. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the onset of AD is necessary to find targets for protective treatment. There is growing awareness of the essential role of the immune system in the early AD pathology. Amyloidopathy, the main feature of early-stage AD, has a deregulating effect on the immune function. This is reciprocal as the immune system also affects amyloidopathy. It seems that the inflammatory reaction shows a heterogeneous pattern depending on the stage of the disease and the variation between individuals, making not only the target but also the timing of treatment important. The lack of relevant translational animal models that faithfully reproduce clinical and pathogenic features of AD is a major cause of the delay in developing new disease-modifying therapies and their optimal timing of administration. This review describes the communication between amyloidopathy and inflammation and the possibility of using nonhuman primates as a relevant animal model for preclinical AD research.
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Kmita LC, Ilkiw JL, Rodrigues LS, Targa AD, Noseda ACD, Dos-Santos P, Fagotti J, Trindade ES, Lima MM. Absence of a synergic nigral proapoptotic effect triggered by REM sleep deprivation in the rotenone model of Parkinson´s disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 12:196-202. [PMID: 31890096 PMCID: PMC6932851 DOI: 10.5935/1984-0063.20190078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Excitotoxicity has been related to play a crucial role in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) represents one of the major sources of glutamatergic afferences to nigrostriatal pathway and putative reciprocal connectivity between these structures may exert a potential influence on rapid eye movement (REM) sleep control. Also, PPT could be overactive in PD, it seems that dopaminergic neurons are under abnormally high levels of glutamate and consequently might be more vulnerable to neurodegeneration. We decided to investigate the neuroprotective effect of riluzole administration, a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, in rats submitted simultaneously to nigrostrial rotenone and 24h of REM sleep deprivation (REMSD). Our findings showed that blocking NMDA glutamatergic receptors in the SNpc, after REMSD challenge, protected the dopaminergic neurons from rotenone lesion. Concerning rotenone-induced hypolocomotion, riluzole reversed this impairment in the control groups. Also, REMSD prevented the occurrence of rotenone-induced motor impairment as a result of dopaminergic supersensitivity. In addition, higher Fluoro Jade C (FJC) staining within the SNpc was associated with decreased cognitive performance observed in rotenone groups. Such effect was counteracted by riluzole suggesting the occurrence of an antiapoptotic effect. Moreover, riluzole did not rescue cognitive impairment impinged by rotenone, REMSD or their combination. These data indicated that reductions of excitotoxicity, by riluzole, partially protected dopamine neurons from neuronal death and appeared to be effective in relieve specific rotenone-induce motor disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana C Kmita
- Federal University of Paraná. Department of Physiology - Curitiba - Paraná - Brazil
| | - Jessica L Ilkiw
- Federal University of Paraná. Department of Physiology - Curitiba - Paraná - Brazil
| | - Lais S Rodrigues
- Federal University of Paraná. Department of Physiology - Curitiba - Paraná - Brazil.,Federal University of Paraná, Department of Pharmacology - Curitiba - Paraná - Brazil
| | - Adriano Ds Targa
- Federal University of Paraná. Department of Physiology - Curitiba - Paraná - Brazil.,Federal University of Paraná, Department of Pharmacology - Curitiba - Paraná - Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina D Noseda
- Federal University of Paraná. Department of Physiology - Curitiba - Paraná - Brazil.,Federal University of Paraná, Department of Pharmacology - Curitiba - Paraná - Brazil
| | - Patrícia Dos-Santos
- Federal University of Paraná. Department of Physiology - Curitiba - Paraná - Brazil
| | - Juliane Fagotti
- Federal University of Paraná. Department of Physiology - Curitiba - Paraná - Brazil
| | - Edvaldo S Trindade
- Federal University of Paraná, Department of Cell Biology - Curitiba - Paraná - Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ms Lima
- Federal University of Paraná. Department of Physiology - Curitiba - Paraná - Brazil.,Federal University of Paraná, Department of Pharmacology - Curitiba - Paraná - Brazil
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Effect of Riluzole, a Glutamate Release Inhibitor, on Synaptic Plasticity in the Intrahippocampal Aβ Rat Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-019-09820-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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6
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Masi A, Narducci R, Mannaioni G. Harnessing ionic mechanisms to achieve disease modification in neurodegenerative disorders. Pharmacol Res 2019; 147:104343. [PMID: 31279830 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Progressive neuronal death is the key pathogenic event leading to clinical symptoms in neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). Neuroprotective treatments are virtually unavailable, partly because of the marked internal heterogeneity of the mechanisms underlying pathology. Targeted neuroprotection would require deep mechanistic knowledge across the entire aetiological spectrum of each NDD and the development of tailored treatments. Although ideal, this strategy appears challenging, as it would require a degree of characterization of both the disease and the patient that is currently unavailable. The alternate strategy is to search for commonalities across molecularly distinct NDD forms and exploit these for the development of drugs with broad-spectrum efficacy. In this view, mounting evidence points to ionic mechanisms (IMs) as targets with potential therapeutic efficacy across distinct NDD subtypes. The scope of this review is to present clinical and preclinical evidence supporting the link between disruption of IMs and neuronal death in specific NDDs and to critically revise past and ongoing attempts of harnessing IMs for the development of neuroprotective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Masi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
| | - R Narducci
- Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Genova, Italy
| | - G Mannaioni
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Toxicology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
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Mechanism of Neuroprotection Against Experimental Spinal Cord Injury by Riluzole or Methylprednisolone. Neurochem Res 2017; 44:200-213. [PMID: 29290040 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Any spinal cord injury carries the potential for persistent disability affecting motor, sensory and autonomic functions. To prevent this outcome, it is highly desirable to block a chain of deleterious reactions developing in the spinal areas immediately around the primary lesion. Thus, early timing of pharmacological neuroprotection should be one major strategy whose impact may be first studied with preclinical models. Using a simple in vitro model of the rat spinal cord it is possible to mimic pathological processes like excitotoxicity that damages neurons because of excessive glutamate receptor activation due to injury, or hypoxic/dysmetabolic insult that preferentially affects glia following vascular dysfunction. While ongoing research is exploring the various components of pathways leading to cell death, current treatment principally relies on the off-label use of riluzole (RLZ) or methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS). The mechanism of action of these drugs is diverse as RLZ targets mainly neurons and MPSS targets glia. Even when applied after a transient excitotoxic stimulus, RLZ can provide effective prevention of secondary excitotoxic damage to premotoneurons, although not to motoneurons that remain very vulnerable. This observation indicates persistent inability to express locomotor activity despite pharmacological treatment conferring some histological protection. MPSS can protect glia from dysmetabolic insult, yet it remains poorly effective to prevent neuronal death. In summary, it appears that these pharmacological agents can produce delayed protection for certain cell types only, and that their combined administration does not provide additional benefit. The search should continue for better, mechanism-based neuroprotective agents.
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Kreiner G, Rafa-Zabłocka K, Chmielarz P, Bagińska M, Nalepa I. Lack of riluzole efficacy in the progression of the neurodegenerative phenotype in a new conditional mouse model of striatal degeneration. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3240. [PMID: 28462043 PMCID: PMC5410142 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huntington's disease (HD) is a rare familial autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) located in the striatum. Currently available treatments of HD are only limited to alleviating symptoms; therefore, high expectations for an effective therapy are associated with potential replacement of lost neurons through stimulation of postnatal neurogenesis. One of the drugs of potential interest for the treatment of HD is riluzole, which may act as a positive modulator of adult neurogenesis, promoting replacement of damaged MSNs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of chronic riluzole treatment on a novel HD-like transgenic mouse model, based on the genetic ablation of the transcription factor TIF-IA. This model is characterized by selective and progressive degeneration of MSNs. METHODS Selective ablation of TIF-IA in MSNs (TIF-IAD1RCre mice) was achieved by Cre-based recombination driven by the dopamine 1 receptor (D1R) promoter in the C57Bl/6N mouse strain. Riluzole was administered for 14 consecutive days (5 mg/kg, i.p.; 1× daily) starting at six weeks of age. Behavioral analysis included a motor coordination test performed on 13-week-old animals on an accelerated rotarod (4-40 r.p.m.; 5 min). To visualize the potential effects of riluzole treatment, the striata of the animals were stained by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and/or immunofluorescence (IF) with Ki67 (marker of proliferating cells), neuronal markers (NeuN, MAP2, DCX), and markers associated with neurodegeneration (GFAP, 8OHdG, FluoroJade C). Additionally, the morphology of dendritic spines of neurons was assessed by a commercially available FD Rapid Golgi Stain™ Kit. RESULTS A comparative analysis of IHC staining patterns with chosen markers for the neurodegeneration process in MSNs did not show an effect of riluzole on delaying the progression of MSN cell death despite an observed enhancement of cell proliferation as visualized by the Ki67 marker. A lack of a riluzole effect was also reflected by the behavioral phenotype associated with MSN degeneration. Moreover, the analysis of dendritic spine morphology did not show differences between mutant and control animals. DISCUSSION Despite the observed increase in newborn cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) after riluzole administration, our study did not show any differences between riluzole-treated and non-treated mutants, revealing a similar extent of the neurodegenerative phenotype evaluated in 13-week-old TIF-IAD1RCre animals. This could be due to either the treatment paradigm (relatively low dose of riluzole used for this study) or the possibility that the effects were simply too weak to have any functional meaning. Nevertheless, this study is in line with others that question the effectiveness of riluzole in animal models and raise concerns about the utility of this drug due to its rather modest clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Kreiner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Dept. Brain Biochemistry, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Rafa-Zabłocka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Dept. Brain Biochemistry, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Chmielarz
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Dept. Brain Biochemistry, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Bagińska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Dept. Brain Biochemistry, Kraków, Poland
| | - Irena Nalepa
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Dept. Brain Biochemistry, Kraków, Poland
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9
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Non-human primate models of PD to test novel therapies. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 125:291-324. [PMID: 28391443 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Non-human primate (NHP) models of Parkinson disease show many similarities with the human disease. They are very useful to test novel pharmacotherapies as reviewed here. The various NHP models of this disease are described with their characteristics including the macaque, the marmoset, and the squirrel monkey models. Lesion-induced and genetic models are described. There is no drug to slow, delay, stop, or cure Parkinson disease; available treatments are symptomatic. The dopamine precursor, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-Dopa) still remains the gold standard symptomatic treatment of Parkinson. However, involuntary movements termed L-Dopa-induced dyskinesias appear in most patients after chronic treatment and may become disabling. Dyskinesias are very difficult to manage and there is only amantadine approved providing only a modest benefit. In this respect, NHP models have been useful to seek new drug targets, since they reproduce motor complications observed in parkinsonian patients. Therapies to treat motor symptoms in NHP models are reviewed with a discussion of their translational value to humans. Disease-modifying treatments tested in NHP are reviewed as well as surgical treatments. Many biochemical changes in the brain of post-mortem Parkinson disease patients with dyskinesias are reviewed and compare well with those observed in NHP models. Non-motor symptoms can be categorized into psychiatric, autonomic, and sensory symptoms. These symptoms are present in most parkinsonian patients and are already installed many years before the pre-motor phase of the disease. The translational usefulness of NHP models of Parkinson is discussed for non-motor symptoms.
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Mokhtari Z, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Nikbakht F, Mansouri M, Roghani M. Riluzole ameliorates learning and memory deficits in Aβ25-35-induced rat model of Alzheimer’s disease and is independent of cholinoceptor activation. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 87:135-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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12
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Zhang Q, Chen W, Tan S, Lin T. Stem Cells for Modeling and Therapy of Parkinson's Disease. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 28:85-98. [PMID: 27762639 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease, which is characterized by a low level of dopamine being expressing in the striatum and a deterioration of dopaminergic neurons (DAn) in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Generation of PD-derived DAn, including differentiation of human embryonic stem cells, human neural stem cells, human-induced pluripotent stem cells, and direct reprogramming, provides an ideal tool to model PD, creating the possibility of mimicking key essential pathological processes and charactering single-cell changes in vitro. Furthermore, thanks to the understanding of molecular neuropathogenesis of PD and new advances in stem-cell technology, it is anticipated that optimal functionally transplanted DAn with targeted correction and transgene-free insertion will be generated for use in cell transplantation. This review elucidates stem-cell technology for modeling PD and offering desired safe cell resources for cell transplantation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxi Zhang
- 1 Center for Regenerative and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine) , Guangzhou, China .,2 Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanling Chen
- 1 Center for Regenerative and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine) , Guangzhou, China .,2 Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Tan
- 2 Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Tongxiang Lin
- 1 Center for Regenerative and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine) , Guangzhou, China .,3 Stem Cell Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou, China
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Asakawa T, Fang H, Sugiyama K, Nozaki T, Hong Z, Yang Y, Hua F, Ding G, Chao D, Fenoy AJ, Villarreal SJ, Onoe H, Suzuki K, Mori N, Namba H, Xia Y. Animal behavioral assessments in current research of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 65:63-94. [PMID: 27026638 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is traditionally classified as a movement disorder. Patients typically suffer from many motor dysfunctions. Presently, clinicians and scientists recognize that many non-motor symptoms are associated with PD. There is an increasing interest in both motor and non-motor symptoms in clinical studies on PD patients and laboratory research on animal models that imitate the pathophysiologic features and symptoms of PD patients. Therefore, appropriate behavioral assessments are extremely crucial for correctly understanding the mechanisms of PD and accurately evaluating the efficacy and safety of novel therapies. This article systematically reviews the behavioral assessments, for both motor and non-motor symptoms, in various animal models involved in current PD research. We addressed the strengths and weaknesses of these behavioral tests and their appropriate applications. Moreover, we discussed potential mechanisms behind these behavioral tests and cautioned readers against potential experimental bias. Since most of the behavioral assessments currently used for non-motor symptoms are not particularly designed for animals with PD, it is of the utmost importance to greatly improve experimental design and evaluation in PD research with animal models. Indeed, it is essential to develop specific assessments for non-motor symptoms in PD animals based on their characteristics. We concluded with a prospective view for behavioral assessments with real-time assessment with mobile internet and wearable device in future PD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Asakawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Huan Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kenji Sugiyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takao Nozaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Zhen Hong
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yilin Yang
- The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Soochow University School of Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Fei Hua
- The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Soochow University School of Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Guanghong Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongman Chao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School,Houston, TX, USA
| | - Albert J Fenoy
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School,Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sebastian J Villarreal
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School,Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hirotaka Onoe
- Functional Probe Research Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Norio Mori
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Namba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School,Houston, TX, USA.
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Fifel K, Piggins H, Deboer T. Modeling sleep alterations in Parkinson's disease: How close are we to valid translational animal models? Sleep Med Rev 2016; 25:95-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Segura-Aguilar J, Kostrzewa RM. Neurotoxin mechanisms and processes relevant to Parkinson's disease: an update. Neurotox Res 2015; 27:328-54. [PMID: 25631236 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9519-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism responsible for degenerative process in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unknown. One major advance in this field has been the discovery of several genes associated to familial PD, including alpha synuclein, parkin, LRRK2, etc., thereby providing important insight toward basic research approaches. There is an consensus in neurodegenerative research that mitochon dria dysfunction, protein degradation dysfunction, aggregation of alpha synuclein to neurotoxic oligomers, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and neuroinflammation are involved in degeneration of the neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons that are lost in the disease. An update of the mechanisms relating to neurotoxins that are used to produce preclinical models of Parkinson´s disease is presented. 6-Hydroxydopamine, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, and rotenone have been the most wisely used neurotoxins to delve into mechanisms involved in the loss of dopaminergic neurons containing neuromelanin. Neurotoxins generated from dopamine oxidation during neuromelanin formation are likewise reviewed, as this pathway replicates neurotoxin-induced cellular oxidative stress, inactivation of key proteins related to mitochondria and protein degradation dysfunction, and formation of neurotoxic aggregates of alpha synuclein. This survey of neurotoxin modeling-highlighting newer technologies and implicating a variety of processes and pathways related to mechanisms attending PD-is focused on research studies from 2012 to 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla, 70000, Santiago 7, Chile,
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Philippens IH, Joosen MJ, Ahnaou A, Andres I, Drinkenburg W(PH. Anti-Parkinson effects of a selective alpha2C-adrenoceptor antagonist in the MPTP marmoset model. Behav Brain Res 2014; 269:81-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Majláth Z, Vécsei L. NMDA antagonists as Parkinson’s disease therapy: disseminating the evidence. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2014; 4:23-30. [DOI: 10.2217/nmt.13.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Oral levodopa is the current baseline therapy in the management of Parkinson’s disease, but nonmotor complications and therapy-related dyskinesias pose an important challenge for clinicians. Glutamate receptors have been implicated in the neurodegenerative process of Parkinson’s disease and also in the development of levodopa-induced dyskinesias. This article discusses the role of NMDA receptors in Parkinson’s disease and their modulation as a possible therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Majláth
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Semmelweis utca 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Neuroscience Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences & University of Szeged, Semmelweis utca 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
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Sanacora G, Banasr M. From pathophysiology to novel antidepressant drugs: glial contributions to the pathology and treatment of mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73:1172-9. [PMID: 23726152 PMCID: PMC3688253 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several structural and cellular changes, including marked glial anomalies, have been observed in association with major depressive disorder. Here we review these cellular alterations and highlight the importance of glial cell pathology, especially astroglial dysfunction, in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders with a particular interest in major depressive disorder. The functional role of astrocytes in glutamate uptake and glutamate/glutamine cycling is discussed, as is the deleterious effects of chronic stress on glial cell function. Lastly, we discuss the effect of antidepressants on glial cell function and the possibility of targeting glial cells in the quest to develop novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Sanacora
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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Sámano C, Nasrabady S, Nistri A. A study of the potential neuroprotective effect of riluzole on locomotor networks of the neonatal rat spinal cord in vitro damaged by excitotoxicity. Neuroscience 2012; 222:356-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Gerecke KM, Jiao Y, Pagala V, Smeyne RJ. Exercise does not protect against MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in BDNF haploinsufficient mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43250. [PMID: 22912838 PMCID: PMC3422268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise has been demonstrated to potently protect substantia nigra pars compacta (SN) dopaminergic neurons from 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced neurotoxicity. One mechanism proposed to account for this neuroprotection is the upregulation of neurotrophic factors. Several neurotrophic factors, including Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), have been shown to upregulate in response to exercise. In order to determine if exercise-induced neuroprotection is dependent upon BDNF, we compared the neuroprotective effects of voluntary exercise in mice heterozygous for the BDNF gene (BDNF+/-) with strain-matched wild-type (WT) mice. Stereological estimates of SNpc DA neurons from WT mice allowed 90 days exercise via unrestricted running demonstrated complete protection against the MPTP-induced neurotoxicity. However, BDNF+/- mice allowed 90 days of unrestricted exercise were not protected from MPTP-induced SNpc DA neuron loss. Proteomic analysis comparing SN and striatum from 90 day exercised WT and BDNF+/- mice showed differential expression of proteins related to energy regulation, intracellular signaling and trafficking. These results suggest that a full genetic complement of BDNF is critical for the exercise-induced neuroprotection of SNpc DA neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Gerecke
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Rhodes College, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America.
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Carbone M, Duty S, Rattray M. Riluzole neuroprotection in a Parkinson's disease model involves suppression of reactive astrocytosis but not GLT-1 regulation. BMC Neurosci 2012; 13:38. [PMID: 22480308 PMCID: PMC3349538 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Riluzole is a neuroprotective drug used in the treatment of motor neurone disease. Recent evidence suggests that riluzole can up-regulate the expression and activity of the astrocyte glutamate transporter, GLT-1. Given that regulation of glutamate transport is predicted to be neuroprotective in Parkinson's disease, we tested the effect of riluzole in parkinsonian rats which had received a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine injection into the median forebrain bundle. Results Rats were treated with intraperitoneal riluzole (4 mg/kg or 8 mg/kg), 1 hour before the lesion then once daily for seven days. Riluzole produced a modest but significant attenuation of dopamine neurone degeneration, assessed by suppression of amphetamine-induced rotations, preservation of tyrosine hydroxylase positive neuronal cell bodies in the substantia nigra pars compacta and attenuation of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase protein loss. Seven days after 6-hydroxydopamine lesion, reactive astrocytosis was observed in the striatum, as determined by increases in expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, however the glutamate transporter, GLT-1, which is also expressed in astrocytes was not regulated by the lesion. Conclusions The results confirm that riluzole is a neuroprotective agent in a rodent model of parkinson's disease. Riluzole administration did not regulate GLT-1 levels but significantly reduced GFAP levels, in the lesioned striatum. Riluzole suppression of reactive astrocytosis is an intriguing finding which might contribute to the neuroprotective effects of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Carbone
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
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