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Fernández Ramírez MDC, Afrin S, Saelices L. Conformational inhibitors of protein aggregation. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2023; 83:102700. [PMID: 37717490 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Amyloidoses are fatal conditions associated with the aggregation of proteins into amyloid fibrils that deposit systemically and/or locally. Possibly because the causal mechanism of protein aggregation and deposition is not fully understood, this group of diseases remains uncurable. Advances in structural biology, such as the use of nuclear magnetic resonance and cryo-electron microscopy, have enabled the study of the structures and the conformational nature of the proteins whose aggregation is associated with the underlying pathogenesis of amyloidosis. As a result, the last years of research have translated into the development of directed therapeutic strategies that target the specific conformations of precursors, fibrils, and intermediary species. Current efforts include the use of small molecules, peptides, and antibodies. This review summarizes the recent progress in developing strategies that target specific protein conformations for the treatment of amyloidoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Carmen Fernández Ramírez
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biophysics, Peter O'Donnell Jr Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (UTSW), Dallas, TX, USA. https://twitter.com/FernandezR_MC
| | - Shumaila Afrin
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biophysics, Peter O'Donnell Jr Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (UTSW), Dallas, TX, USA. https://twitter.com/Shumyla44
| | - Lorena Saelices
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biophysics, Peter O'Donnell Jr Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (UTSW), Dallas, TX, USA.
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2
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Markitantova Y, Simirskii V. Endogenous and Exogenous Regulation of Redox Homeostasis in Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells: An Updated Antioxidant Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10776. [PMID: 37445953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) performs a range of necessary functions within the neural layers of the retina and helps ensure vision. The regulation of pro-oxidative and antioxidant processes is the basis for maintaining RPE homeostasis and preventing retinal degenerative processes. Long-term stable changes in the redox balance under the influence of endogenous or exogenous factors can lead to oxidative stress (OS) and the development of a number of retinal pathologies associated with RPE dysfunction, and can eventually lead to vision loss. Reparative autophagy, ubiquitin-proteasome utilization, the repair of damaged proteins, and the maintenance of their conformational structure are important interrelated mechanisms of the endogenous defense system that protects against oxidative damage. Antioxidant protection of RPE cells is realized as a result of the activity of specific transcription factors, a large group of enzymes, chaperone proteins, etc., which form many signaling pathways in the RPE and the retina. Here, we discuss the role of the key components of the antioxidant defense system (ADS) in the cellular response of the RPE against OS. Understanding the role and interactions of OS mediators and the components of the ADS contributes to the formation of ideas about the subtle mechanisms in the regulation of RPE cellular functions and prospects for experimental approaches to restore RPE functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Markitantova
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Simirskii
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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3
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Arrigo A, Aragona E, Bandello F. The Role of Inflammation in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Updates and Possible Therapeutic Approaches. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2023; 12:158-167. [PMID: 36650098 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common retinal disease characterized by complex pathogenesis and extremely heterogeneous characteristics. Both in "dry" and "wet" AMD forms, the inflammation has a central role to promote the degenerative process and to stimulate the onset of complications. AMD is characterized by several proinflammatory stimuli, cells and mediators involved, and metabolic pathways. Nowadays, inflammatory biomarkers may be unveiled and analyzed by means of several techniques, including laboratory approaches, histology, immunohistochemistry, and noninvasive multimodal retinal imaging. These methodologies allowed to perform remarkable steps forward for understanding the role of inflammation in AMD pathogenesis, also offering new opportunities to optimize the diagnostic workup of the patients and to develop new treatments. The main goal of the present paper is to provide an updated scenario of the current knowledge regarding the role of inflammation in "dry" and "wet" AMD and to discuss new possible therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Arrigo
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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4
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Markan A, Neupane S, Agrawal R, Gupta V. Newer therapeutic agents for retinal diseases. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2022.2030709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Markan
- Advanced Eye Centre, Department of Ophthalmology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Swechya Neupane
- Advanced Eye Centre, Department of Ophthalmology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Rupesh Agrawal
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Sen Hospital, Novena, Singapore
| | - Vishali Gupta
- Advanced Eye Centre, Department of Ophthalmology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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Oren O, Taube R, Papo N. Amyloid β structural polymorphism, associated toxicity and therapeutic strategies. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7185-7198. [PMID: 34643743 PMCID: PMC11072899 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03954-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A review of the multidisciplinary scientific literature reveals a large variety of amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomeric species, differing in molecular weight, conformation and morphology. These species, which may assemble via either on- or off-aggregation pathways, exhibit differences in stability, function and neurotoxicity, according to different experimental settings. The conformations of the different Aβ species are stabilized by intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bonds and by electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, all depending on the chemical and physical environment (e.g., solvent, ions, pH) and interactions with other molecules, such as lipids and proteins. This complexity and the lack of a complete understanding of the relationship between the different Aβ species and their toxicity is currently dictating the nature of the inhibitor (or inducer)-based approaches that are under development for interfering with (or inducing) the formation of specific species and Aβ oligomerization, and for interfering with the associated downstream neurotoxic effects. Here, we review the principles that underlie the involvement of different Aβ oligomeric species in neurodegeneration, both in vitro and in preclinical studies. In addition, we provide an overview of the existing inhibitors (or inducers) of Aβ oligomerization that serve as potential therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases. The review, which covers the exciting studies that have been published in the past few years, comprises three main parts: 1) on- and off-fibrillar assembly mechanisms and Aβ structural polymorphism; 2) interactions of Aβ with other molecules and cell components that dictate the Aβ aggregation pathway; and 3) targeting the on-fibrillar Aβ assembly pathway as a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofek Oren
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren, National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ran Taube
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Niv Papo
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren, National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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6
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Hofmann C, Sander A, Wang XX, Buerge M, Jungwirth B, Borgstedt L, Kreuzer M, Kopp C, Schorpp K, Hadian K, Wotjak CT, Ebert T, Ruitenberg M, Parsons CG, Rammes G. Inhalational Anesthetics Do Not Deteriorate Amyloid-β-Derived Pathophysiology in Alzheimer's Disease: Investigations on the Molecular, Neuronal, and Behavioral Level. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 84:1193-1218. [PMID: 34657881 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest that general anesthetics like isoflurane and sevoflurane may aggravate Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathogenesis, e.g., increased amyloid-β (Aβ) protein aggregation resulting in synaptotoxicity and cognitive dysfunction. Other studies showed neuroprotective effects, e.g., with xenon. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we want to detail the interactions of inhalational anesthetics with Aβ-derived pathology. We hypothesize xenon-mediated beneficial mechanisms regarding Aβ oligomerization and Aβ-mediated neurotoxicity on processes related to cognition. METHODS Oligomerization of Aβ 1-42 in the presence of anesthetics has been analyzed by means of TR-FRET and silver staining. For monitoring changes in neuronal plasticity due to anesthetics and Aβ 1-42, Aβ 1-40, pyroglutamate-modified amyloid-(AβpE3), and nitrated Aβ (3NTyrAβ), we quantified long-term potentiation (LTP) and spine density. We analyzed network activity in the hippocampus via voltage-sensitive dye imaging (VSDI) and cognitive performance and Aβ plaque burden in transgenic AD mice (ArcAβ) after anesthesia. RESULTS Whereas isoflurane and sevoflurane did not affect Aβ 1-42 aggregation, xenon alleviated the propensity for aggregation and partially reversed AβpE3 induced synaptotoxic effects on LTP. Xenon and sevoflurane reversed Aβ 1-42-induced spine density attenuation. In the presence of Aβ 1-40 and AβpE3, anesthetic-induced depression of VSDI-monitored signaling recovered after xenon, but not isoflurane and sevoflurane removal. In slices pretreated with Aβ 1-42 or 3NTyrAβ, activity did not recover after washout. Cognitive performance and plaque burden were unaffected after anesthetizing WT and ArcAβ mice. CONCLUSION None of the anesthetics aggravated Aβ-derived AD pathology in vivo. However, Aβ and anesthetics affected neuronal activity in vitro, whereby xenon showed beneficial effects on Aβ 1-42 aggregation, LTP, and spine density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Hofmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annika Sander
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Xing Xing Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Buerge
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina Jungwirth
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Laura Borgstedt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Kreuzer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Kopp
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kenji Schorpp
- Assay Development and Screening Platform, Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kamyar Hadian
- Assay Development and Screening Platform, Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Carsten T Wotjak
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Neuronal Plasticity, Munich, Germany.,Central Nervous System Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Tim Ebert
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Neuronal Plasticity, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Gerhard Rammes
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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7
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Nashine S. Potential Therapeutic Candidates for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Cells 2021; 10:cells10092483. [PMID: 34572131 PMCID: PMC8464988 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging contributes to the risk of development of ocular diseases including, but not limited to, Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) that is a leading cause of blindness in the United States as well as worldwide. Retinal aging, that contributes to AMD pathogenesis, is characterized by accumulation of drusen deposits, alteration in the composition of Bruch’s membrane and extracellular matrix, vascular inflammation and dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and subsequent retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell senescence. Since there are limited options available for the prophylaxis and treatment of AMD, new therapeutic interventions are constantly being looked into to identify new therapeutic targets for AMD. This review article discusses the potential candidates for AMD therapy and their known mechanisms of cytoprotection in AMD. These target therapeutic candidates include APE/REF-1, MRZ-99030, Ciliary NeuroTrophic Factor (CNTF), RAP1 GTPase, Celecoxib, and SS-31/Elamipretide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Nashine
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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8
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Hu ML, Quinn J, Xue K. Interactions between Apolipoprotein E Metabolism and Retinal Inflammation in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11070635. [PMID: 34210002 PMCID: PMC8305051 DOI: 10.3390/life11070635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multifactorial retinal disorder that is a major global cause of severe visual impairment. The development of an effective therapy to treat geographic atrophy, the predominant form of AMD, remains elusive due to the incomplete understanding of its pathogenesis. Central to AMD diagnosis and pathology are the hallmark lipid and proteinaceous deposits, drusen and reticular pseudodrusen, that accumulate in the subretinal pigment epithelium and subretinal spaces, respectively. Age-related changes and environmental stressors, such as smoking and a high-fat diet, are believed to interact with the many genetic risk variants that have been identified in several major biochemical pathways, including lipoprotein metabolism and the complement system. The APOE gene, encoding apolipoprotein E (APOE), is a major genetic risk factor for AMD, with the APOE2 allele conferring increased risk and APOE4 conferring reduced risk, in comparison to the wildtype APOE3. Paradoxically, APOE4 is the main genetic risk factor in Alzheimer’s disease, a disease with features of neuroinflammation and amyloid-beta deposition in common with AMD. The potential interactions of APOE with the complement system and amyloid-beta are discussed here to shed light on their roles in AMD pathogenesis, including in drusen biogenesis, immune cell activation and recruitment, and retinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L. Hu
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia;
| | - Joel Quinn
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;
| | - Kanmin Xue
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Correspondence:
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9
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Cabral de Guimaraes TA, Daich Varela M, Georgiou M, Michaelides M. Treatments for dry age-related macular degeneration: therapeutic avenues, clinical trials and future directions. Br J Ophthalmol 2021; 106:297-304. [PMID: 33741584 PMCID: PMC8867261 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-318452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the developed world. The identification of the central role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the pathogenesis of neovascular AMD and the introduction of anti-VEGF agents as gold-standard treatment, have drastically changed its prognosis-something yet to be seen in dry AMD. Several therapeutic avenues with a wide variability of targets are currently being investigated in dry AMD. The approaches being investigated to reduce the rate of disease progression include, (1) drugs with antioxidative properties, (2) inhibitors of the complement cascade, (3) neuroprotective agents, (4) visual cycle inhibitors, (5) gene therapy and (6) cell-based therapies. A number of early phase clinical trials have provided promising results, with many more ongoing and anticipated in the near future. In this review, we aim to provide an update of the interventional trials to date and future prospects for the treatment of dry AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thales Antonio Cabral de Guimaraes
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, London, UK.,Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, London, UK
| | - Malena Daich Varela
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, London, UK.,Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, London, UK
| | - Michalis Georgiou
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, London, UK.,Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, London, UK
| | - Michel Michaelides
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, London, UK .,Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, London, UK
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10
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Wu J, Gao G, Shi F, Xie H, Yang Q, Liu D, Qu S, Qin H, Zhang C, Xu GT, Liu F, Zhang J. Activated microglia-induced neuroinflammatory cytokines lead to photoreceptor apoptosis in Aβ-injected mice. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:713-728. [PMID: 33575853 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is mainly characterized by the progressive accumulation of drusen deposits and loss of photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Because amyloid β (Aβ) is the main component of drusen, Aβ-induced activated microglia most likely lead to neuroinflammation and play a critical role in the pathogenesis of AMD. However, the relationship between activated microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory cytokines and photoreceptor death has not been clarified. By subretinal injection of Aβ42 in mice, we mimicked an inflammatory milieu of AMD to better understand how activated microglia-induced neuroinflammatory cytokines lead to photoreceptor apoptosis in the AMD progression. We demonstrated that subretinal injection of Aβ42 induces microglial activation and increases inflammatory cytokine release, which gives rise to photoreceptor apoptosis in mice. Our results were verified in vitro by co-culture of Aβ42 activated primary microglia and the photoreceptor cell line 661W. We also demonstrated that the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway was involved in Aβ42-induced microglial activation and inflammatory cytokine release. Overall, our findings indicate that activated microglia-derived neuroinflammatory cytokines could contribute to photoreceptor apoptosis under the stimulation of Aβ42. Moreover, this study may provide a potential therapeutic approach for AMD. KEY MESSAGES: Further explore the association between activated microglia-derived neuroinflammatory cytokine secretion and photoreceptor apoptosis under the stimulation of Aβ42. Subretinal injection of Aβ42 induces the activation of microglia and increases proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and COX-2 expression in the retina, which could give rise to the deterioration of visual function and aggravate photoreceptor apoptosis in mice. Primary microglial are activated and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines are increased by Aβ42 stimulation, which could increase the apoptosis of photoreceptor cell line 661W in vitro. The p38 MAPK signaling pathway is involved in microglial activation and photoreceptor apoptosis under Aβ42 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ge Gao
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fanjun Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hai Xie
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sichang Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Tong Xu
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jingfa Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Therapeutic Options Under Development for Nonneovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Geographic Atrophy. Drugs Aging 2020; 38:17-27. [PMID: 33355716 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-020-00822-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic, multifactorial disease and a leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly population in the Western Hemisphere. Among the two major subtypes of AMD, the prevalence of the nonneovascular (dry) type is approximately 85-90% and the neovascular (wet) type is 10-15%. Healthy lifestyle and nutritional supplements of anti-oxidative micronutrients have been shown to delay the progression of dry AMD and lower the risk of development of wet AMD, and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injections have been shown to improve visual acuity for wet AMD patients. However, to date, there is no approved treatment for geographic atrophy (GA), a debilitating late stage of dry AMD. Thus, this represents a large unmet need in this patient population. This review focuses on the current management and treatment of nonneovascular AMD, the drugs and devices that have been under investigation for the treatment of GA, and the latest clinical trial results. A few therapeutic options have shown initial promising clinical trial results, but failed to show efficacy in larger trials, while others are awaiting future clinical trial results and long-term follow-up to evaluate safety and efficacy.
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12
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Rationally designed peptide-based inhibitor of Aβ42 fibril formation and toxicity: a potential therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease. Biochem J 2020; 477:2039-2054. [PMID: 32427336 PMCID: PMC7293109 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta peptide (Aβ42) aggregation in the brain is thought to be responsible for the onset of Alzheimer's disease, an insidious condition without an effective treatment or cure. Hence, a strategy to prevent aggregation and subsequent toxicity is crucial. Bio-inspired peptide-based molecules are ideal candidates for the inhibition of Aβ42 aggregation, and are currently deemed to be a promising option for drug design. In this study, a hexapeptide containing a self-recognition component unique to Aβ42 was designed to mimic the β-strand hydrophobic core region of the Aβ peptide. The peptide is comprised exclusively of D-amino acids to enhance specificity towards Aβ42, in conjunction with a C-terminal disruption element to block the recruitment of Aβ42 monomers on to fibrils. The peptide was rationally designed to exploit the synergy between the recognition and disruption components, and incorporates features such as hydrophobicity, β-sheet propensity, and charge, that all play a critical role in the aggregation process. Fluorescence assays, native ion-mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) and cell viability assays were used to demonstrate that the peptide interacts with Aβ42 monomers and oligomers with high specificity, leading to almost complete inhibition of fibril formation, with essentially no cytotoxic effects. These data define the peptide-based inhibitor as a potentially potent anti-amyloid drug candidate for this hitherto incurable disease.
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13
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The Aβ aggregation modulator MRZ-99030 prevents and even reverses synaptotoxic effects of Aβ 1-42 on LTP even following serial dilution to a 500:1 stoichiometric excess of Aβ 1-42, suggesting a beneficial prion-like seeding mechanism. Neuropharmacology 2020; 179:108267. [PMID: 32758564 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MRZ-99030 (GAL-101) is a small molecule that promotes the formation of off-pathway, non-toxic amorphous clusters of Aβ thereby reducing the amount of toxic soluble oligomeric Aβ species. MRZ-99030 clearly prevents synaptotoxic effects of Aβ1-42 oligomers on synaptic plasticity and cognition. Long lasting in vivo effects indicate that MRZ-99030 seeds a beneficial self-replication of non-toxic Aβ aggregates - "trigger effect". To test this, we prepared a serial dilution of MRZ-99030 starting with a 20:1 stoichiometric excess to Aβ1-42. After incubating the Aβ1-42/MRZ-99030 mixture for 20 min, 10% was transferred to a freshly prepared Aβ1-42 solution. This dilution step was repeated 3 times finally resulting in a 500:1 stoichiometric excess of Aβ1-42 over MRZ-99030. This solution was tested for its ability to impair long-term potentiation (LTP) in CA1 neurons. Even following serial dilution, MRZ-99030 prevented the synaptotoxic effect of Aβ1-42 on CA1-LTP after tetanic stimulation of the Schaffer collaterals whereas incubation with MRZ-99030 (0.1 nM) without serial dilution did not prevent the synaptic deficits caused by Aβ1-42 (50 nM). Time course experiments revealed that this protective effect was still evident even when the serially diluted Aβ1-42/MRZ-99030 mixture was prepared up to 1 week before the LTP experiment. MRZ-99030, when serially diluted with Aβ1-42, was also capable of detoxifying/reversing an already established neurotoxic process. In TEM experiments, Aβ oligomers/annular protofibrils were converted to amorphous Aβ clusters following incubation with serially diluted MRZ-99030 to a final concentration of MRZ-99030 (20 nM) and Aβ1-42 (10 μM).
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Veritti D, Sarao V, Samassa F, Danese C, Löwenstein A, Schmidt-Erfurth U, Lanzetta P. State-of-the art pharmacotherapy for non-neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:773-784. [PMID: 32153203 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1736557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of blindness among the elderly in the industrialized world. While effective treatment is available for neovascular AMD, no therapy is successful for the non-neovascular form. Herein, the authors report the current knowledge on non-neovascular AMD pathogenesis and the promising research on treatments. AREAS COVERED In the present review, the authors summarize the most recent advances in the treatment of non-neovascular AMD and provide an update on current treatment strategies. Evidence available from preclinical and clinical studies and from a selective literature search is reported. EXPERT OPINION When investigating AMD, numerous pathological cascades and alterations of physiological processes have been investigated. It is well-known that AMD is a multifactorial disease, with environmental causes and genetics playing a role. Perturbations in multiple pathogenic pathways have been identified and this led to the development of several molecules directed at specific therapeutic targets. However, despite the huge research effort, the only proven approach so far is oral antioxidant supplementation. We believe that, in addition to successful advancement of promising drugs, further research should be directed at tailoring therapy to specific patient groups, eventually employing a combinational therapy strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Veritti
- Department of Medicine - Ophthalmology, University of Udine , Udine, Italy
| | - Valentina Sarao
- Department of Medicine - Ophthalmology, University of Udine , Udine, Italy.,Istituto Europeo Di Microchirurgia Oculare (IEMO) , Udine, Italy
| | - Francesco Samassa
- Department of Medicine - Ophthalmology, University of Udine , Udine, Italy
| | - Carla Danese
- Department of Medicine - Ophthalmology, University of Udine , Udine, Italy
| | - Anat Löwenstein
- Division of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Medical Center , Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Paolo Lanzetta
- Department of Medicine - Ophthalmology, University of Udine , Udine, Italy.,Istituto Europeo Di Microchirurgia Oculare (IEMO) , Udine, Italy
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15
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Gemenetzi M, Lotery AJ. Epigenetics in age-related macular degeneration: new discoveries and future perspectives. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:807-818. [PMID: 31897542 PMCID: PMC7058675 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03421-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The study of epigenetics has explained some of the 'missing heritability' of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The epigenome also provides a substantial contribution to the organisation of the functional retina. There is emerging evidence of specific epigenetic mechanisms associated with AMD. This 'AMD epigenome' may offer the chance to develop novel AMD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gemenetzi
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre At Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 162 City Road, London, EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - A J Lotery
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, University of Southampton, South Lab and Path Block, Mailpoint 806, Level D, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
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16
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Cline EN, Bicca MA, Viola KL, Klein WL. The Amyloid-β Oligomer Hypothesis: Beginning of the Third Decade. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 64:S567-S610. [PMID: 29843241 PMCID: PMC6004937 DOI: 10.3233/jad-179941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 535] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid-β oligomer (AβO) hypothesis was introduced in 1998. It proposed that the brain damage leading to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was instigated by soluble, ligand-like AβOs. This hypothesis was based on the discovery that fibril-free synthetic preparations of AβOs were potent CNS neurotoxins that rapidly inhibited long-term potentiation and, with time, caused selective nerve cell death (Lambert et al., 1998). The mechanism was attributed to disrupted signaling involving the tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn, mediated by an unknown toxin receptor. Over 4,000 articles concerning AβOs have been published since then, including more than 400 reviews. AβOs have been shown to accumulate in an AD-dependent manner in human and animal model brain tissue and, experimentally, to impair learning and memory and instigate major facets of AD neuropathology, including tau pathology, synapse deterioration and loss, inflammation, and oxidative damage. As reviewed by Hayden and Teplow in 2013, the AβO hypothesis “has all but supplanted the amyloid cascade.” Despite the emerging understanding of the role played by AβOs in AD pathogenesis, AβOs have not yet received the clinical attention given to amyloid plaques, which have been at the core of major attempts at therapeutics and diagnostics but are no longer regarded as the most pathogenic form of Aβ. However, if the momentum of AβO research continues, particularly efforts to elucidate key aspects of structure, a clear path to a successful disease modifying therapy can be envisioned. Ensuring that lessons learned from recent, late-stage clinical failures are applied appropriately throughout therapeutic development will further enable the likelihood of a successful therapy in the near-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika N Cline
- Department of Neurobiology, Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, International Institute for Nanotechnology, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Maíra Assunção Bicca
- Department of Neurobiology, Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, International Institute for Nanotechnology, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Kirsten L Viola
- Department of Neurobiology, Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, International Institute for Nanotechnology, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - William L Klein
- Department of Neurobiology, Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, International Institute for Nanotechnology, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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Xu J, Wang K, Yuan Y, Li H, Zhang R, Guan S, Wang L. A Novel Peroxidase Mimics and Ameliorates Alzheimer's Disease-Related Pathology and Cognitive Decline in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113304. [PMID: 30352982 PMCID: PMC6274722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly, which is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques, oxidative stress, and neuronal loss. Therefore, clearing Aβ aggregates and reducing oxidative stress could be an effective therapeutic strategy for AD. Deuterohemin-AlaHisThrValGluLys (DhHP-6), a novel deuterohemin-containing peptide mimetic of the natural microperoxidase-11 (MP-11), shows higher antioxidant activity and stability compared to the natural microperoxidases. DhHP-6 possesses the ability of extending lifespan and alleviating paralysis in the Aβ1-42 transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans CL4176 model of AD, as shown in our previous study. Therefore, this study was aimed at exploring the neuroprotective effect of DhHP-6 in the APPswe/PSEN1dE9 transgenic mouse model of AD. DhHP-6 reduced the diameter and fiber structure of Aβ1-42 aggregation in vitro, as shown by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscope. DhHP-6 exerted its neuroprotective effect by inhibiting Aβ aggregation and plaque formation, and by reducing Aβ1-42 oligomers-induced neurotoxicity on HT22 (mouse hippocampal neuronal) and SH-SY5Y (human neuroblastoma) cells. In the AD mouse model, DhHP-6 significantly ameliorated cognitive decline and improved spatial learning ability in behavioral tests including the Morris water maze, Y-maze, novel object recognition, open field, and nest-building test. Moreover, DhHP-6 reduced the deposition of Aβ plaques in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. More importantly, DhHP-6 restored the morphology of astrocytes and microglia, and significantly reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our findings provide a basis for considering the non-toxic, peroxidase mimetic DhHP-6 as a new candidate drug against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Ye Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Hui Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Ruining Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Shuwen Guan
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
- Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, Jilin Universtiy, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Liping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
- Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, Jilin Universtiy, Changchun 130012, China.
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CNS repurposing - Potential new uses for old drugs: Examples of screens for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and spasticity. Neuropharmacology 2018; 147:4-10. [PMID: 30165077 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Drug repurposing is recently gaining increasing attention, not just from pharmaceutical companies but also from government agencies in an attempt to generate new medications to address increasing unmet medical needs in a cost effective and expedite manner. There are several approaches to identify novel indications for known drugs. Many are based on rational selection e.g. the known or a new mechanism of action of a drug. This review will focus rather on phenotypic or high content screening of compounds in models that are believed to be predictive of effectiveness of compounds irrespective of their mechanism of action. Three short cases studies of screens for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and spasticity will be given as examples. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Drug Repurposing: old molecules, new ways to fast track drug discovery and development for CNS disorders'.
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Parsons CG, Rammes G. Preclinical to phase II amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide modulators under investigation for Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 26:579-592. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1313832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris G. Parsons
- Non-Clinical Science, Merz Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rammes
- Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universitat Munchen – Department of Anesthesiology, Munchen, Germany
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Abstract
Glaucoma is both the most common optic neuropathy worldwide and the most common cause of irreversible blindness in the world. The only proven treatment for glaucomatous optic neuropathy is lowering the intraocular pressure, achieved with a variety of pharmacological, laser, and surgical approaches. Over the past 2 decades there has been much basic and clinical research into achieving treatment of the underlying optic nerve damage with neuroprotective approaches. However, none has resulted in regulatory approval based on successful phase 3 studies. This chapter discusses the reasons for this "lost in translation" aspect of glaucoma neuroprotection, and outlines issues at the laboratory and clinical trial level that need to be addressed for successful development of neuroprotective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard A Levin
- Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- McGill Academic Eye Centre, 5252 de Maisonneuve West, Suite 400, Montreal, QC, Canada, H4A 3S5
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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21
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Hanus J, Zhao F, Wang S. Current therapeutic developments in atrophic age-related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol 2015; 100:122-7. [PMID: 26553922 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-306972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a degenerative disorder of the central retina, is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly. The underlying mechanism of the advanced form of dry AMD, also named geographic atrophy (GA) or atrophic AMD, remains unclear. Consequently, no cure is available for dry AMD or GA. The only prevention option currently available is the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) formulation, which has been demonstrated to slow down the progression of dry AMD. This review summarises recent advances in therapy for dry AMD and GA. Building on the new understanding of the disease and recent technological breakthroughs, numerous ongoing clinical trials have the goal of meeting the need to cure AMD. Therapeutic agents are being developed to target the key features of the disease, including inhibiting the complement pathway and other inflammatory pathways, reducing oxidative stress and protecting retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, inhibiting lipofuscin and visual cycle, regenerating RPE cells from stem cells and restoring choroidal blood flow. Some of these therapeutic options, especially the stem cell-based therapy, hold great promise, which brings great hope for this devastating blinding disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Hanus
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Fangkun Zhao
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Shusheng Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA Department of Ophthalmology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Zhu W, Wu Y, Meng YF, Wang JY, Xu M, Tao JJ, Lu J. Effect of curcumin on aging retinal pigment epithelial cells. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:5337-44. [PMID: 26445530 PMCID: PMC4590412 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s84979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is now one of the leading causes of blindness in the elderly population. The antioxidative effects of curcumin on aging retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are still unclear. We conducted an in vitro study to investigate the effects of curcumin on aging RPE cells. A pulsed H2O2 exposure aging model was adopted. Aging RPE cells were treated with curcumin 20 µM, 40 µM, and 80 µM. Apoptosis of RPE cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. The intracellular reactive oxygen species concentration was detected using a specific probe and apoptosis-associated proteins were detected by Western blot. Expression of oxidative biomarkers, including superoxide dismutase, maleic dialdehyde, and glutathione, was detected commercially available assay kits. Compared with normal cells, lower cell viability, higher apoptosis rates, and more severe oxidation status were identified in the aging RPE cell model. Curcumin improved cell viability and decreased apoptosis and oxidative stress. Further, curcumin had a significant influence on expression of apoptosis-associated proteins and oxidative stress biomarkers. In conclusion, treatment with curcumin was able to regulate proliferation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in aging RPE cells. Accordingly, application of curcumin may be a novel strategy to protect against age-related change in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changshu No 2 People's Hospital, Changshu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Fang Meng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changshu No 2 People's Hospital, Changshu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Yu Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changshu No 2 People's Hospital, Changshu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changshu No 2 People's Hospital, Changshu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Jun Tao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changshu No 2 People's Hospital, Changshu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiong Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changshu No 2 People's Hospital, Changshu, People's Republic of China
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MRZ-99030 – A novel modulator of Aβ aggregation: II – Reversal of Aβ oligomer-induced deficits in long-term potentiation (LTP) and cognitive performance in rats and mice. Neuropharmacology 2015; 92:170-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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