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Brida KL, Jorgensen ET, Phillips RA, Newman CE, Tuscher JJ, Morring EK, Zipperly ME, Ianov L, Montgomery KD, Tippani M, Hyde TM, Maynard KR, Martinowich K, Day JJ. Reelin marks cocaine-activated striatal ensembles, promotes neuronal excitability, and regulates cocaine reward. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.17.599348. [PMID: 38948801 PMCID: PMC11212904 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.17.599348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Drugs of abuse activate defined neuronal ensembles in brain reward structures such as the nucleus accumbens (NAc), which are thought to promote the enduring synaptic, circuit, and behavioral consequences of drug exposure. While the molecular and cellular effects arising from experience with drugs like cocaine are increasingly well understood, the mechanisms that sculpt NAc ensemble participation are largely unknown. Here, we leveraged unbiased single-nucleus transcriptional profiling to identify expression of the secreted glycoprotein Reelin (encoded by the Reln gene) as a marker of cocaine-activated neuronal ensembles within the rat NAc. Multiplexed in situ detection confirmed selective expression of the immediate early gene Fos in Reln+ neurons after cocaine experience, and also revealed enrichment of Reln mRNA in Drd1 + medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in both the rat and human brain. Using a novel CRISPR interference strategy enabling selective Reln knockdown in the adult NAc, we observed altered expression of genes linked to calcium signaling, emergence of a transcriptional trajectory consistent with loss of cocaine sensitivity, and a striking decrease in MSN intrinsic excitability. At the behavioral level, loss of Reln prevented cocaine locomotor sensitization, abolished cocaine place preference memory, and decreased cocaine self-administration behavior. Together, these results identify Reelin as a critical mechanistic link between ensemble participation and cocaine-induced behavioral adaptations.
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2
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Martín-Cuevas C, Ramos-Herrero VD, Crespo-Facorro B, Sánchez-Hidalgo AC. Prenatal risk factors and postnatal cannabis exposure: Assessing dual models of schizophrenia-like rodents. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 154:105409. [PMID: 37783300 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorder caused by genetic and environmental alterations, especially during prenatal stages. On the other hand, cannabis consumption in adolescence has been also linked to an increased risk of developing SCZ. The combination of both hits has been proposed as the dual hit hypothesis of SCZ. We systematically reviewed prenatal environmental alterations and cannabis consumption during adolescence that are associated with an increased risk of SCZ, following the PRISMA model. The analysis focused on dual animal models where the first hit is prenatal environmental exposure and the second hit consists of postnatal cannabis exposure. The articles were evaluated by three independent reviewers based on inclusion criteria. We extracted the first author´s name, year, model species, sex and analysis. The articles reported on dual murine models and their effects on weight, behavior, genetics, electrophysiology and brain structure and function. We conclude that the defects caused by the dual hits depend on the sex of the model, as well as type of hits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Martín-Cuevas
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)/University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Sevilla, Manuel Siurot AV, 41013 Seville, Spain; Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM, ISCIII), Monforte de Lemos AV, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Víctor Darío Ramos-Herrero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)/University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Sevilla, Manuel Siurot AV, 41013 Seville, Spain.
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)/University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Sevilla, Manuel Siurot AV, 41013 Seville, Spain; Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM, ISCIII), Monforte de Lemos AV, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sevilla, Manuel Siurot AV, 41013 Seville, Spain.
| | - Ana C Sánchez-Hidalgo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)/University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Sevilla, Manuel Siurot AV, 41013 Seville, Spain; Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM, ISCIII), Monforte de Lemos AV, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Scheyer AF, Laviolette SR, Pelissier AL, Manzoni OJ. Cannabis in Adolescence: Lasting Cognitive Alterations and Underlying Mechanisms. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:12-23. [PMID: 36301550 PMCID: PMC9940816 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis consumption during adolescence is an area of particular concern, owing to changes in the social and political perception of the drug, and presents a scientific, medical, and economic challenge. Major social and economic interests continue to push toward cannabis legalization as well as pharmaceutical development. As a result, shifting perceptions of both legal and illicit cannabis use across the population have changed the collective evaluation of the potential dangers of the product. The wave of cannabis legalization therefore comes with new responsibility to educate the public on potential risks and known dangers associated with both recreational and medical cannabis. Among these is the risk of long-term cognitive and psychological consequences, particularly following early-life initiation of use, compounded by high-potency and/or synthetic cannabis, and heavy/frequent use of the drug. Underlying these cognitive and psychiatric consequences are lasting aberrations in the development of synaptic function, often secondary to epigenetic changes. Additional factors such as genetic risk and environmental influences or nondrug toxic insults during development are also profound contributors to these long-term functional alterations following adolescent cannabis use. Preclinical studies indicate that exposure to cannabinoids during specific windows of vulnerability (e.g., adolescence) impacts neurodevelopmental processes and behavior by durably changing dendritic structure and synaptic functions, including those normally mediated by endogenous cannabinoids and neuronal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F. Scheyer
- INMED, INSERM U1249, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Steven R. Laviolette
- Addiction Research Group, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology and Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne-Laure Pelissier
- INMED, INSERM U1249, Marseille, France
- APHM, CHU Timone Adultes, Service de Médecine Légale, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier J.J. Manzoni
- INMED, INSERM U1249, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Address correspondence to: Olivier J.J. Manzoni, PhD, INMED, INSERM U1249, Parc Scientifique de Luminy - BP 13 - 13273 MARSEILLE Cedex 09, France,
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Pardo M, Gregorio S, Montalban E, Pujadas L, Elias-Tersa A, Masachs N, Vílchez-Acosta A, Parent A, Auladell C, Girault JA, Vila M, Nairn AC, Manso Y, Soriano E. Adult-specific Reelin expression alters striatal neuronal organization: implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1143319. [PMID: 37153634 PMCID: PMC10157100 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1143319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to neuronal migration, brain development, and adult plasticity, the extracellular matrix protein Reelin has been extensively implicated in human psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. Moreover, heterozygous reeler mice exhibit features reminiscent of these disorders, while overexpression of Reelin protects against its manifestation. However, how Reelin influences the structure and circuits of the striatal complex, a key region for the above-mentioned disorders, is far from being understood, especially when altered Reelin expression levels are found at adult stages. In the present study, we took advantage of complementary conditional gain- and loss-of-function mouse models to investigate how Reelin levels may modify adult brain striatal structure and neuronal composition. Using immunohistochemical techniques, we determined that Reelin does not seem to influence the striatal patch and matrix organization (studied by μ-opioid receptor immunohistochemistry) nor the density of medium spiny neurons (MSNs, studied with DARPP-32). We show that overexpression of Reelin leads to increased numbers of striatal parvalbumin- and cholinergic-interneurons, and to a slight increase in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive projections. We conclude that increased Reelin levels might modulate the numbers of striatal interneurons and the density of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic projections, suggesting that these changes may be involved in the protection of Reelin against neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Pardo
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Gregorio
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrica Montalban
- Institut du Fer à Moulin UMR-S 1270, INSERM, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Lluís Pujadas
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experimental Sciences and Methodology, Faculty of Health Science and Welfare, University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- Tissue Repair and Regeneration Laboratory (TR2Lab), Institut de Recerca i Innovació en Ciències de la Vida i de la Salut a la Catalunya Central (IRIS-CC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Elias-Tersa
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Núria Masachs
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Vílchez-Acosta
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Annabelle Parent
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Auladell
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Miquel Vila
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
| | - Angus C. Nairn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Yasmina Manso
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Yasmina Manso,
| | - Eduardo Soriano
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Eduardo Soriano,
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Zuo Y, Iemolo A, Montilla-Perez P, Li HR, Yang X, Telese F. Chronic adolescent exposure to cannabis in mice leads to sex-biased changes in gene expression networks across brain regions. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:2071-2080. [PMID: 35995972 PMCID: PMC9556757 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01413-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During adolescence, frequent and heavy cannabis use can lead to serious adverse health effects and cannabis use disorder (CUD). Rodent models of adolescent exposure to the main psychoactive component of cannabis, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), mimic the behavioral alterations observed in adolescent users. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we treated female and male C57BL6/N mice with high doses of THC during early adolescence and assessed their memory and social behaviors in late adolescence. We then profiled the transcriptome of five brain regions involved in cognitive and addiction-related processes. We applied gene coexpression network analysis and identified gene coexpression modules, termed cognitive modules, that simultaneously correlated with THC treatment and memory traits reduced by THC. The cognitive modules were related to endocannabinoid signaling in the female dorsal medial striatum, inflammation in the female ventral tegmental area, and synaptic transmission in the male nucleus accumbens. Moreover, cross-brain region module-module interaction networks uncovered intra- and inter-region molecular circuitries influenced by THC. Lastly, we identified key driver genes of gene networks associated with THC in mice and genetic susceptibility to CUD in humans. This analysis revealed a common regulatory mechanism linked to CUD vulnerability in the nucleus accumbens of females and males, which shared four key drivers (Hapln4, Kcnc1, Elavl2, Zcchc12). These genes regulate transcriptional subnetworks implicated in addiction processes, synaptic transmission, brain development, and lipid metabolism. Our study provides novel insights into disease mechanisms regulated by adolescent exposure to THC in a sex- and brain region-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanning Zuo
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Attilio Iemolo
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Patricia Montilla-Perez
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Hai-Ri Li
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Xia Yang
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Francesca Telese
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
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6
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de Guglielmo G, Iemolo A, Nur A, Turner A, Montilla-Perez P, Martinez A, Crook C, Roberts A, Telese F. Reelin deficiency exacerbates cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion by enhancing neuronal activity in the dorsomedial striatum. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2022; 21:e12828. [PMID: 35906757 PMCID: PMC9744517 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Reln gene encodes for the extracellular glycoprotein Reelin, which regulates several brain functions from development to adulthood, including neuronal migration, dendritic growth and branching and synapse formation and plasticity. Human studies have implicated Reelin signaling in several neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Mouse studies using the heterozygous Reeler (HR) mice have shown that reduced levels of Reln expression are associated with deficits in learning and memory and increased disinhibition. Although these traits are relevant to substance use disorders, the role of Reelin in cellular and behavioral responses to addictive drugs remains largely unknown. Here, we compared HR mice to wild-type (WT) littermate controls to investigate whether Reelin signaling contributes to the hyperlocomotor and rewarding effects of cocaine. After a single or repeated cocaine injections, HR mice showed enhanced cocaine-induced locomotor activity compared with WT controls. This effect persisted after withdrawal. In contrast, Reelin deficiency did not induce cocaine sensitization, and did not affect the rewarding effects of cocaine measured in the conditioned place preference assay. The elevated cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion in HR mice was associated with increased protein Fos expression in the dorsal medial striatum (DMS) compared with WT. Lastly, we performed an RNA fluorescent in situ hybridization experiment and found that Reln was highly co-expressed with the Drd1 gene, which encodes for the dopamine receptor D1, in the DMS. These findings show that Reelin signaling contributes to the locomotor effects of cocaine and improve our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the cellular and behavioral effects of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giordano de Guglielmo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Attilio Iemolo
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Aisha Nur
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Andrew Turner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Angelica Martinez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Caitlin Crook
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Amanda Roberts
- Animal Models Core Facility, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Francesca Telese
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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7
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Torromino G, Loffredo V, Cavezza D, Sonsini G, Esposito F, Crevenna AH, Gioffrè M, De Risi M, Treves A, Griguoli M, De Leonibus E. Thalamo-hippocampal pathway regulates incidental memory capacity in mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4194. [PMID: 35859057 PMCID: PMC9300669 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31781-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Incidental memory can be challenged by increasing either the retention delay or the memory load. The dorsal hippocampus (dHP) appears to help with both consolidation from short-term (STM) to long-term memory (LTM), and higher memory loads, but the mechanism is not fully understood. Here we find that female mice, despite having the same STM capacity of 6 objects and higher resistance to distraction in our different object recognition task (DOT), when tested over 1 h or 24 h delays appear to transfer to LTM only 4 objects, whereas male mice have an STM capacity of 6 objects in this task. In male mice the dHP shows greater activation (as measured by c-Fos expression), whereas female mice show greater activation of the ventral midline thalamus (VMT). Optogenetic inhibition of the VMT-dHP pathway during off-line memory consolidation enables 6-object LTM retention in females, while chemogenetic VMT-activation impairs it in males. Thus, removing or enhancing sub-cortical inhibitory control over the hippocampus leads to differences in incidental memory. Incidental memory is affected by retention delay, and by memory load. Here the authors show that female and male mice process high memory load through different activation of thalamic-cortical pathways, that makes their incidental memory resistant to distraction and to memory decay, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Torromino
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Telethon Foundation, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council, Monterotondo (Rome), Italy
| | - V Loffredo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Telethon Foundation, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council, Monterotondo (Rome), Italy.,PhD Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - D Cavezza
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council, Monterotondo (Rome), Italy
| | - G Sonsini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council, Monterotondo (Rome), Italy
| | - F Esposito
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Telethon Foundation, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - A H Crevenna
- Neurobiology and Epigenetics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Monterotondo (Rome), Italy
| | - M Gioffrè
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems (ISASI), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - M De Risi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Telethon Foundation, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council, Monterotondo (Rome), Italy
| | - A Treves
- SISSA - Cognitive Neuroscience, Trieste, Italy
| | - M Griguoli
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Rome, Italy.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - E De Leonibus
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Telethon Foundation, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy. .,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council, Monterotondo (Rome), Italy.
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New Strategies for the Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Based on Reelin Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031829. [PMID: 35163751 PMCID: PMC8836358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is an extracellular matrix protein that is mainly produced in Cajal-Retzius cells and controls neuronal migration, which is important for the proper formation of cortical layers in the developmental stage of the brain. In the adult brain, Reelin plays a crucial role in the regulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-dependent synaptic function, and its expression decreases postnatally. Clinical studies showed reductions in Reelin protein and mRNA expression levels in patients with psychiatric disorders; however, the causal relationship remains unclear. Reelin-deficient mice exhibit an abnormal neuronal morphology and behavior, while Reelin supplementation ameliorates learning deficits, synaptic dysfunctions, and spine loss in animal models with Reelin deficiency. These findings suggest that the neuronal deficits and brain dysfunctions associated with the down-regulated expression of Reelin are attenuated by enhancements in its expression and functions in the brain. In this review, we summarize findings on the role of Reelin in neuropsychiatric disorders and discuss potential therapeutic approaches for neuropsychiatric disorders associated with Reelin dysfunctions.
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