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Zhu X, Liu S, Tian L, Li X, Yao R, Zhao Y, Gao Z, Liu XR, Liu XQ, Huo FQ, Liang L. Spinal interleukin-16 mediates inflammatory pain via promoting glial activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111411. [PMID: 38113689 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines are crucial contributors to neuroinflammation in the development of chronic pain. Here, we identified il16, which encodes interleukin-16 (IL-16), as a differentially expressed gene in spinal dorsal horn of a complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) inflammatory pain model in mice by RNA sequencing. We further investigated whether and how IL-16 regulates pain transmission in the spinal cord and contributes to the development of inflammatory pain hypersensitivity. RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis revealed elevated IL-16 transcript levels in the spinal dorsal horn after CFA injection. This increase was further confirmed by qPCR, immunofluorescence, and western blotting. Knockdown of IL-16 by intrathecal injection of IL-16 siRNA not only attenuated CFA-induced mechanical and thermal pain hypersensitivity, but also inhibited enhanced c-fos expression and glial activation in the spinal dorsal horn in male mice injected with CFA. Moreover, exogenous IL-16 induced nociceptive responses and increased c-fos expression and glial activation in spinal dorsal horn. This effect was largely impaired when CD4, the binding receptor for IL-16, was inhibited. In addition, CD4 expression was upregulated in the spinal dorsal horn after CFA injection and CD4 was present in microglia and in contact with astrocytes and activated spinal neurons. Taken together, these results suggest that enhanced IL-16-CD4 signaling triggers pain and activates microglia and astrocytes in the spinal dorsal horn, thus contributing to inflammatory pain. IL-16 may serve as a promising target for the treatment of inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Siyi Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Lixia Tian
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Rongrong Yao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yunhan Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Zihao Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xue-Ru Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xin-Qi Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Fu-Quan Huo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Lingli Liang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
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Liu S, Yang S, Zhu X, Li X, Zhang X, Zhou X, Cheng H, Huo FQ, Mao Q, Liang L. Spinal apolipoprotein E is involved in inflammatory pain via regulating lipid metabolism and glial activation in the spinal dorsal horn. Biol Direct 2023; 18:85. [PMID: 38071369 PMCID: PMC10710718 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-023-00444-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inflammation and nerve injury promote astrocyte activation, which regulates the development and resolution of pain, in the spinal dorsal horn. APOE regulates lipid metabolism and is predominantly expressed in the astrocytes. However, the effect of astrocytic APOE and lipid metabolism on spinal cellular function is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of spinal Apoe on spinal cellular functions using the complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain mouse model. METHODS After intraplantar injection of CFA, we assessed pain behaviors in C57BL6 and Apoe knockout (Apoe-/-) mice using von Frey and Hargreaves' tests and analyzed dorsal horn samples (L4-5) using western blotting, immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and RNA sequencing. RESULTS The Apoe levels were markedly upregulated at 2 h and on days 1 and 3 post-CFA treatment. Apoe was exclusively expressed in the astrocytes. Apoe-/- mice exhibited decreased pain on day 1, but not at 2 h, post-CFA treatment. Apoe-/- mice also showed decreased spinal neuron excitability and paw edema on day 1 post-CFA treatment. Global transcriptomic analysis of the dorsal horn on day 1 post-CFA treatment revealed that the differentially expressed mRNAs in Apoe-/- mice were associated with lipid metabolism and the immune system. Astrocyte activation was impaired in Apoe-/- mice on day 1 post-CFA treatment. The intrathecal injection of Apoe antisense oligonucleotide mitigated CFA-induced pain hypersensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Apoe deficiency altered lipid metabolism in astrocytes, exerting regulatory effects on immune response, astrocyte activation, and neuronal activity and consequently disrupting the maintenance of inflammatory pain after peripheral inflammation. Targeting APOE is a potential anti-nociception and anti-inflammatory strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuting Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqiong Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Quan Huo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxiang Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lingli Liang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Chen K, Wang M, Long D, Zou D, Li X, Wang R, Wang Y, Yang L. Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteomic Profiles in Patients with Postherpetic Neuralgia. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:3879-3892. [PMID: 37966014 PMCID: PMC10696610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic mechanism of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) remains unclear. Herein, we aimed to seek the hub proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which display significant changes between the PHN and nonpainful patients (Control). First, the proteomic results showed that compared with the Control-CSF, there were 100 upregulated and 50 downregulated differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the PHN-CSF. Besides, functional analyses including gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that biological processes and pathways including complement activation, infection, coagulation, and lipid metabolism were activated, while synaptic organization was suppressed. Next, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis indicated that increased PLG, F2, APOA1, APOA2, SERPINC1, and KNG1 and reduced APOE, which were all enriched in the top pathways according to the KEGG analysis, were defined as hub proteins. Finally, three of the hub proteins, such as PLG, APOA1, and APOE, were reconfirmed in a larger cohort using both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting methods. Above all, the results indicated that PLG, APOA1, and APOE and their involved processes such as infection, inflammation, cholesterol metabolism, and coagulation shall be potential therapeutic approaches. (The raw mass spectrometry proteome data and search results have been deposited to the iProx-integrated Proteome Resources (http://www.iprox.cn) with the data set identifier IPX0007372000.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Department
of Pain Management, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
- Department
of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Clinical
Research Center for Pain Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Hunan
Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department
of Pain Management, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
- Department
of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Clinical
Research Center for Pain Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Hunan
Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Dongju Long
- Department
of Pain Management, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
- Department
of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Clinical
Research Center for Pain Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Hunan
Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Dingquan Zou
- Department
of Pain Management, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
- Department
of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Clinical
Research Center for Pain Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Hunan
Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department
of Pain Management, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
- Department
of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Clinical
Research Center for Pain Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Hunan
Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Ruixuan Wang
- Bourns
Engineering, The University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department
of Pain Management, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
- Department
of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Clinical
Research Center for Pain Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Hunan
Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department
of Pain Management, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
- Department
of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Clinical
Research Center for Pain Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Hunan
Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
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Zhou X, Wei J, Cheng H, Tian L, Zhu X, Zhang Y, Xu L, Wei G, Huo FQ, Liang L. CoREST1 in primary sensory neurons regulates neuropathic pain in male mice. Life Sci 2023; 332:122088. [PMID: 37730112 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Epigenetic regulation is implicated in the neurogenesis of neuropathic pain. The repressor element 1 (RE1) silencing transcription factor (REST) corepressor (CoREST) proteins function as corepressors in the REST complex and/or LSD1 epigenetic complex. In the current study, we aimed to find the expression profile of CoREST1 in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and investigate whether it plays a role in neuropathic pain. MAIN METHODS The evoked pain behaviors in mice were examined by the von Frey test and thermal test in a spinal nerve ligation (SNL)-induced neuropathic pain mice model. CoREST1 siRNA or virus was administered by DRG microinjection or intrathecal injection. The CoREST1 expression in DRGs was examined by immunofluorescence, quantitative PCR, Western blotting, and co-immunoprecipitation. KEY FINDINGS CoREST1 was non-selectively expressed in large, medium, and small DRG neurons, and it exclusively colocalized with LSD1. In neuropathic pain models, peripheral nerve injury induced the upregulation of CoREST1 and increased binding of CoREST1 with LSD1 in injured DRGs in male mice. Furthermore, CoREST1 siRNA prevented the development of SNL-induced pain hypersensitivity as well as led to the reduction of established pain hypersensitivity during the maintenance period in SNL mice. Conversely, the overexpression of CoREST1 in DRGs by in vivo transfection of virus-induced pain hypersensitivity in naive mice. SIGNIFICANCE Our study demonstrated that CoREST1, along with LSD1, was expressed in primary sensory neurons specifically in response to nerve injury, and promoted nociceptive pain hypersensitivity in mice. Thus, CoREST1 might serve as a potential target for treating neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiong Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Jianxiong Wei
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Hong Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Lixia Tian
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Xuan Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yidan Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Linping Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, PR China
| | - Guihua Wei
- Institute of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, PR China
| | - Fu-Quan Huo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lingli Liang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, PR China.
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