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Calancie OG, Parr AC, Brien DC, Coe BC, Booij L, Khalid-Khan S, Munoz DP. Impairment of Visual Fixation and Preparatory Saccade Control in Borderline Personality Disorder with and without co-morbid Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2024:S2451-9022(24)00191-5. [PMID: 39032694 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is associated with heightened impulsivity, evidenced by increased substance abuse, self-harm and suicide attempts. Addressing impulsivity in individuals with BPD is a therapeutic objective; but its underlying neural basis in this clinical population remains unclear, partly due to its frequent co-morbidity with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS We employed a response inhibition paradigm - the interleaved pro-/anti-saccade task (IPAST) - among adolescents diagnosed with BPD with and without comorbid ADHD (N=25 and N=24, respectively) during concomitant video-based eye-tracking. We quantified various eye movement response parameters reflective of impulsive action during the task, including delay to fixation acquisition, fixation breaks, anticipatory saccades, and direction errors with express saccade (Saccade Reaction Time [SRT]: 90-140 ms) and regular saccade latencies (SRT > 140 ms). RESULTS Individuals with BPD exhibited deficient response preparation, exampled by reduced visual fixation on task cues and greater variability of saccade responses (i.e., SRT and peak velocity). The ADHD/BPD group shared these traits, as well as produced an increased frequency of anticipatory responses and direction errors with express saccade latencies and reduced error correction. CONCLUSIONS Saccadic deficits in BPD and ADHD/BPD stem not from an inability to execute anti-saccades, but rather from an inadequate preparation for the upcoming task set. These distinctions may arise due to abnormal signaling in cortical areas like the frontal eye fields, posterior parietal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex. Understanding these mechanisms could provide insights into targeted interventions focusing on task set preparation to manage response inhibition deficits in BPD and ADHD/BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia G Calancie
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada;; School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada;.
| | - Ashley C Parr
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Don C Brien
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Brian C Coe
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Linda Booij
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada;; Research Centre and Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarosh Khalid-Khan
- School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada;; Division of Child and Youth Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Doug P Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Lee H, Kim HF, Hikosaka O. Implication of regional selectivity of dopamine deficits in impaired suppressing of involuntary movements in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 162:105719. [PMID: 38759470 PMCID: PMC11167649 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
To improve the initiation and speed of intended action, one of the crucial mechanisms is suppressing unwanted movements that interfere with goal-directed behavior, which is observed relatively aberrant in Parkinson's disease patients. Recent research has highlighted that dopamine deficits in Parkinson's disease predominantly occur in the caudal lateral part of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) in human patients. We previously found two parallel circuits within the basal ganglia, primarily divided into circuits mediated by the rostral medial part and caudal lateral part of the SNc dopamine neurons. We have further discovered that the indirect pathway in caudal basal ganglia circuits, facilitated by the caudal lateral part of the SNc dopamine neurons, plays a critical role in suppressing unnecessary involuntary movements when animals perform voluntary goal-directed actions. We thus explored recent research in humans and non-human primates focusing on the distinct functions and networks of the caudal lateral part of the SNc dopamine neurons to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the impairment of suppressing involuntary movements in Parkinson's disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunchan Lee
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4435, USA.
| | - Hyoung F Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Okihide Hikosaka
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4435, USA
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Hapakova L, Necpal J, Kosutzka Z. The antisaccadic paradigm: A complementary neuropsychological tool in basal ganglia disorders. Cortex 2024; 178:116-140. [PMID: 38991475 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
This review explores the role of the antisaccadic task in understanding inhibitory mechanisms in basal ganglia disorders. It conducts a comparative analysis of saccadic profiles in conditions such as Parkinson's disease, Tourette syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Huntington's disease, and dystonia, revealing distinct patterns and proposing mechanisms for impaired performance. The primary focus is on two inhibitory mechanisms: global, pre-emptive inhibition responsible for suppressing prepotent responses, and slower, selective response inhibition. The antisaccadic task demonstrates practicality in clinical applications, aiding in differential diagnoses, treatment monitoring and reflecting gait control. To further enhance its differential diagnostic value, future directions should address issues such as the standardization of eye-tracking protocol and the integration of eye-tracking data with other disease indicators in a comprehensive dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Hapakova
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Comenius University Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Jan Necpal
- Neurology Department, Hospital Zvolen, a. s., Zvolen, Slovakia.
| | - Zuzana Kosutzka
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Comenius University Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Li D, Butala AA, Moro-Velazquez L, Meyer T, Oh ES, Motley C, Villalba J, Dehak N. Automating the analysis of eye movement for different neurodegenerative disorders. Comput Biol Med 2024; 170:107951. [PMID: 38219646 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.107951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The clinical observation and assessment of extra-ocular movements is common practice in assessing neurodegenerative disorders but remains observer-dependent. In the present study, we propose an algorithm that can automatically identify saccades, fixation, smooth pursuit, and blinks using a non-invasive eye tracker. Subsequently, response-to-stimuli-derived interpretable features were elicited that objectively and quantitatively assess patient behaviors. The cohort analysis encompasses persons with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Parkinson's disease mimics (PDM), and controls (CTRL). Overall, results suggested that the AD/MCI and PD groups had significantly different saccade and pursuit characteristics compared to CTRL when the target moved faster or covered a larger visual angle during smooth pursuit. These two groups also displayed more omitted antisaccades and longer average antisaccade latency than CTRL. When reading a text passage silently, people with AD/MCI had more fixations. During visual exploration, people with PD demonstrated a more variable saccade duration than other groups. In the prosaccade task, the PD group showed a significantly smaller average hypometria gain and accuracy, with the most statistical significance and highest AUC scores of features studied. The minimum saccade gain was a PD-specific feature different from CTRL and PDM. These features, as oculographic biomarkers, can be potentially leveraged in distinguishing different types of NDs, yielding more objective and precise protocols to diagnose and monitor disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deming Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21218, MD, USA.
| | - Ankur A Butala
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA
| | - Laureano Moro-Velazquez
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21218, MD, USA
| | - Trevor Meyer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21218, MD, USA
| | - Esther S Oh
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA
| | - Chelsey Motley
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA
| | - Jesús Villalba
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21218, MD, USA
| | - Najim Dehak
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21218, MD, USA
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Antoniades CA, Spering M. Eye movements in Parkinson's disease: from neurophysiological mechanisms to diagnostic tools. Trends Neurosci 2024; 47:71-83. [PMID: 38042680 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD) impact oculomotor function - the ability to move the eyes accurately and purposefully to serve a multitude of sensory, cognitive, and secondary motor tasks. Decades of neurophysiological research in monkeys and behavioral studies in humans have characterized the neural basis of healthy oculomotor control. This review links eye movement abnormalities in persons living with PD to the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms and pathways. Building on this foundation, we highlight recent progress in using eye movements to gauge symptom severity, assess treatment effects, and serve as potential precision biomarkers. We conclude that whereas eye movements provide insights into PD mechanisms, based on current evidence they appear to lack sufficient sensitivity and specificity to serve as a standalone diagnostic tool. Their full potential may be realized when combined with other disease indicators in big datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystalina A Antoniades
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Miriam Spering
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences and Djavad Mowafaghian Center for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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6
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Parr AC, Riek HC, Coe BC, Pari G, Masellis M, Marras C, Munoz DP. Genetic variation in the dopamine system is associated with mixed-strategy decision-making in patients with Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:4523-4544. [PMID: 36453013 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Decision-making during mixed-strategy games requires flexibly adapting choice strategies in response to others' actions and dynamically tracking outcomes. Such decisions involve diverse cognitive processes, including reinforcement learning, which are affected by disruptions to the striatal dopamine system. We therefore investigated how genetic variation in dopamine function affected mixed-strategy decision-making in Parkinson's disease (PD), which involves striatal dopamine pathology. Sixty-six PD patients (ages 49-85, Hoehn and Yahr Stages 1-3) and 22 healthy controls (ages 54-75) competed in a mixed-strategy game where successful performance depended on minimizing choice biases (i.e., flexibly adapting choices trial by trial). Participants also completed a fixed-strategy task that was matched for sensory input, motor outputs and overall reward rate. Factor analyses were used to disentangle cognitive from motor aspects within both tasks. Using a within-subject, multi-centre design, patients were examined on and off dopaminergic therapy, and genetic variation was examined via a multilocus genetic profile score representing the additive effects of three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that influence dopamine transmission: rs4680 (COMT Val158 Met), rs6277 (C957T) and rs907094 (encoding DARPP-32). PD and control participants displayed comparable mixed-strategy choice behaviour (overall); however, PD patients with genetic profile scores indicating higher dopamine transmission showed improved performance relative to those with low scores. Exploratory follow-up tests across individual SNPs revealed better performance in individuals with the C957T polymorphism, reflecting higher striatal D2/D3 receptor density. Importantly, genetic variation modulated cognitive aspects of performance, above and beyond motor function, suggesting that genetic variation in dopamine signalling may underlie individual differences in cognitive function in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C Parr
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Heidi C Riek
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian C Coe
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giovanna Pari
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Movement Disorder Clinic, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Connie Marras
- Movement Disorders Clinic, Krembil Neuroscience Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Douglas P Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Watanabe Y, Takeuchi S, Uehara K, Takeda H, Hanajima R. Clinical availability of eye movement during reading. Neurosci Res 2023; 195:52-61. [PMID: 37245663 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Eyes provide valuable information for neurological diagnosis. So far, the use of diagnostic devices to analyze eye movement is limited. We explored whether the analysis of eye movements can be efficacious. Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) (n = 29), spinocerebellar degeneration (SCD) (21), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) (19), and control individuals (19) participated in this study. The patients read aloud two sets of sentences displayed on a monitor: one was displayed horizontally, and the other vertically. Parameters such as eye movement speed, travel distance, and fixation/saccade ratio were extracted, and comparisons between groups were performed. Maneuvers of eye movements were also subjected to image classification using deep learning. Reading velocity and fixation/saccade ratio were altered in the PD group, and the SCD group exhibited ineffective eye movements due to dysmetria and nystagmus. Vertical gaze parameters showed aberrant values in the PSP group. Vertical written sentences were more sensitive than horizontal ones in detecting these abnormalities. In the regression analysis, vertical reading indicated a high accuracy in identifying each group. The machine learning analysis showed more than 90 % accuracy in distinguishing between the control and SCD groups and between the SCD and PSP groups. Analyzing eye movements is useful and easily applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Watanabe
- Division of Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan.
| | - Suzuha Takeuchi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Kazutake Uehara
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Yonago College, Yonago, Japan
| | - Haruka Takeda
- Division of Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Hanajima
- Division of Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
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Graham L, Armitage J, Vitorio R, Das J, Barry G, Godfrey A, McDonald C, Walker R, Mancini M, Morris R, Stuart S. Visual Exploration While Walking With and Without Visual Cues in Parkinson's Disease: Freezer Versus Non-Freezer. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2023; 37:734-743. [PMID: 37772512 PMCID: PMC10666478 DOI: 10.1177/15459683231201149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visual cues can improve gait in Parkinson's disease (PD), including those experiencing freezing of gait (FOG). However, responses are variable and underpinning mechanisms remain unclear. Visuo-cognitive processing (measured through visual exploration) has been implicated in cue response, but this has not been comprehensively examined. OBJECTIVE To examine visual exploration and gait with and without visual cues in PD who do and do not self-report FOG, and healthy controls (HC). METHODS 17 HC, 21 PD without FOG, and 22 PD with FOG walked with and without visual cues, under single and dual-task conditions. Visual exploration (ie, saccade frequency, duration, peak velocity, amplitude, and fixation duration) was measured via mobile eye-tracking and gait (ie, gait speed, stride length, foot strike angle, stride time, and stride time variability) with inertial sensors. RESULTS PD had impaired gait compared to HC, and dual-tasking made gait variables worse across groups (all P < .01). Visual cues improved stride length, foot strike angle, and stride time in all groups (P < .01). Visual cueing also increased saccade frequency, but reduced saccade peak velocity and amplitude in all groups (P < .01). Gait improvement related to changes in visual exploration with visual cues in PD but not HC, with relationships dependent on group (FOG vs non-FOG) and task (single vs dual). CONCLUSION Visual cues improved visual exploration and gait outcomes in HC and PD, with similar responses in freezers and non-freezers. Freezer and non-freezer specific associations between cue-related changes in visual exploration and gait indicate different underlying visuo-cognitive processing within these subgroups for cue response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Graham
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Jordan Armitage
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Rodrigo Vitorio
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Shields, UK
| | - Julia Das
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Shields, UK
| | - Gill Barry
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Alan Godfrey
- Department of Computer and Information Science, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
| | | | - Richard Walker
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Shields, UK
| | - Martina Mancini
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Rosie Morris
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Shields, UK
| | - Samuel Stuart
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Shields, UK
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Ouerfelli-Ethier J, Fournet R, Khan AZ, Pisella L. Spatial bias in anti-saccade endpoints following bilateral dorsal posterior parietal lesions. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:3488-3502. [PMID: 37501610 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Anti-saccades are eye movements in which the saccade is executed in the opposite direction of a visual target and are often hypometric. Because the visual target and saccade goal are decoupled, it has been suggested that competition between the two locations occurs and needs to be resolved. It has been hypothesized that the hypometria of anti-saccades reflects this spatial competition by revealing a bias towards the visual target. To confirm that this hypometria is not simply due to reduced gain, we tested 10 healthy subjects on three different anti-saccade spatial configuration tasks: 90° away across hemifields, 90° away within the same hemifield and 180° away (classic, diagonally opposite). Specifically, we examined whether saccade endpoints showed evidence for the visual target location's interference with anti-saccade programming and execution processes. Among other neural substrates involved in anti-saccades production, the dorsal posterior parietal cortex (PPC) has been implicated in the spatial inhibition of contralateral visual target. To gain insight into the neural processes involved in spatial competition during anti-saccades, we also tested one patient with a bilateral dorsal PPC lesion. In all spatial configurations, we observed that anti-saccade endpoints demonstrated a spatial bias towards the visual target for all participants, likely due to an incomplete inhibition of the visual target location. This spatial bias was exacerbated in our patient, which suggests that the dorsal PPC contributes to the amalgamation of the two competing spatial representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ouerfelli-Ethier
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL, Trajectoires, France
- School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Romain Fournet
- School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aarlenne Z Khan
- School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laure Pisella
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL, Trajectoires, France
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Rane D, Dash DP, Dutt A, Dutta A, Das A, Lahiri U. Distinctive visual tasks for characterizing mild cognitive impairment and dementia using oculomotor behavior. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1125651. [PMID: 37547742 PMCID: PMC10397802 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1125651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction One's eye movement (in response to visual tasks) provides a unique window into the cognitive processes and higher-order cognitive functions that become adversely affected in cases with cognitive decline, such as those mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. MCI is a transitional stage between normal aging and dementia. Methods In the current work, we have focused on identifying visual tasks (such as horizontal and vertical Pro-saccade, Anti-saccade and Memory Guided Fixation tasks) that can differentiate individuals with MCI and dementia from their cognitively unimpaired healthy aging counterparts based on oculomotor Performance indices. In an attempt to identify the optimal combination of visual tasks that can be used to differentiate the participant groups, clustering was performed using the oculomotor Performance indices. Results Results of our study with a group of 60 cognitively unimpaired healthy aging individuals, a group with 60 individuals with MCI and a group with 60 individuals with dementia indicate that the horizontal and vertical Anti-saccade tasks provided the optimal combination that could differentiate individuals with MCI and dementia from their cognitively unimpaired healthy aging counterparts with clustering accuracy of ∼92% based on the saccade latencies. Also, the saccade latencies during both of these Anti-saccade tasks were found to strongly correlate with the Neuropsychological test scores. Discussion This suggests that the Anti-saccade tasks can hold promise in clinical practice for professionals working with individuals with MCI and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharma Rane
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Electrical Engineering, Palaj, Gujarat, India
| | - Deba Prasad Dash
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Electrical Engineering, Palaj, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Anirban Dutta
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo SUNY, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Abhijit Das
- Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Uttama Lahiri
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Electrical Engineering, Palaj, Gujarat, India
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Afshangian F, Rahimi Jaberi A, Wellington J, Ahmed Kamel Amer S, Chaurasia B, khanzadeh S, Safari H, Freddi T, Soltani A, Pipek L, Zimelewicz Oberman D, Resid Onen M, Akgul E, Montemurro N, Hajebi Khaniki S, Pashmforoosh R. Eye movement in reading and linguistic processing among bilingualism in oculomotor apraxia in patients with aphasia. BRITISH JOURNAL OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/02646196221145378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study compared linguistic processes and eye movement among individuals diagnosed with oculomotor apraxia (OMA) and the influence of bilingualism on OMA. Four patients consisting of one male and three females were diagnosed with OMA, and a group of four healthy individuals, comprising two males and two females who were all right-hand dominant. Also, a group of four stroke patients without ocular apraxia. Findings show that pointing skills in both the first (L1) and second language (L2) have increased, demonstrating statistical significance ( P-value < .001 and P-value = .02, respectively). Also, simple commands over time have increased in L1 and L2, showing statistical significance ( P-value < .01 and P-value < .01, respectively). Naming skills in L1 have increased over time, demonstrating statistical insignificance ( P-value < .01). However, in L2, no statistically significant change was observed ( P-value = .08). This skill in L1 in patients with OMA was significantly reduced compared to the healthy control group ( P-value = .03). Still, patients with OMA showed no statistically significant difference from their healthy counterparts ( P-value = .15). The orthographic ability of patients in L1 during the study period did not statistically change significantly ( P-value = .11). This skill level in L1 between patients with OMA and the healthy control group did not show a statistically significant difference ( P-value = .06). Still, there was a statistically significant change in the healthy control group in L2 ( P-value < .01). These findings suggest that the bilingual does not reflect a general executive in attentional guidance but could reflect more efficient guidance only under specific tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hosien Safari
- Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Tomas Freddi
- Sao Paulo University of Medical Sciences, Brazil
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12
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Sunderland KM, Beaton D, Arnott SR, Kleinstiver P, Kwan D, Lawrence-Dewar JM, Ramirez J, Tan B, Bartha R, Black SE, Borrie M, Brien D, Casaubon LK, Coe BC, Cornish B, Dilliott AA, Dowlatshahi D, Finger E, Fischer C, Frank A, Fraser J, Freedman M, Greenberg B, Grimes DA, Hassan A, Hatch W, Hegele RA, Hudson C, Jog M, Kumar S, Lang A, Levine B, Lou W, Mandzia J, Marras C, McIlroy W, Montero-Odasso M, Munoz DG, Munoz DP, Orange JB, Park DS, Pasternak SH, Pieruccini-Faria F, Rajji TK, Roberts AC, Robinson JF, Rogaeva E, Sahlas DJ, Saposnik G, Scott CJM, Seitz D, Shoesmith C, Steeves TDL, Strong MJ, Strother SC, Swartz RH, Symons S, Tang-Wai DF, Tartaglia MC, Troyer AK, Turnbull J, Zinman L, McLaughlin PM, Masellis M, Binns MA, Adamo S, Berezuk C, Black A, Breen DP, Bulman D, Chen Y, El‐Defrawy S, Farhan S, Ghani M, Gonder J, Haddad SMH, Holmes M, Huang J, Leontieva E, Mandelcorn E, Margolin E, Nanayakkara N, Ozzoude M, Peltsch AJ, Pollock B, Raamana P, Rashkovan N, Yanina, Southwell A, Sujanthan S, Tayyari F, Van Ooteghem K, Woulfe J, Zamyadi M, Zou G. Characteristics of the Ontario Neurodegenerative Disease Research Initiative cohort. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:226-243. [PMID: 36318754 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding synergies between neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular pathologies that modify dementia presentation represents an important knowledge gap. METHODS This multi-site, longitudinal, observational cohort study recruited participants across prevalent neurodegenerative diseases and cerebrovascular disease and assessed participants comprehensively across modalities. We describe univariate and multivariate baseline features of the cohort and summarize recruitment, data collection, and curation processes. RESULTS We enrolled 520 participants across five neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases. Median age was 69 years, median Montreal Cognitive Assessment score was 25, median independence in activities of daily living was 100% for basic and 93% for instrumental activities. Spousal study partners predominated; participants were often male, White, and more educated. Milder disease stages predominated, yet cohorts reflect clinical presentation. DISCUSSION Data will be shared with the global scientific community. Within-disease and disease-agnostic approaches are expected to identify markers of severity, progression, and therapy targets. Sampling characteristics also provide guidance for future study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Sunderland
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Derek Beaton
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen R Arnott
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Kleinstiver
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donna Kwan
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Joel Ramirez
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Tan
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Bartha
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra E Black
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Borrie
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,St. Joseph's Healthcare Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donald Brien
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leanne K Casaubon
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian C Coe
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin Cornish
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allison A Dilliott
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dar Dowlatshahi
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Corinne Fischer
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Frank
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julia Fraser
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Morris Freedman
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Barry Greenberg
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David A Grimes
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayman Hassan
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wendy Hatch
- Kensington Eye Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher Hudson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mandar Jog
- London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony Lang
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Levine
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wendy Lou
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Mandzia
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Connie Marras
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William McIlroy
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manuel Montero-Odasso
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Gait and Brain Lab, Parkwood Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David G Munoz
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Douglas P Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph B Orange
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Elborn College, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David S Park
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephen H Pasternak
- St. Joseph's Healthcare Centre, London, Ontario, Canada.,Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Research Centre, Parkwood Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frederico Pieruccini-Faria
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Gait and Brain Lab, Parkwood Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tarek K Rajji
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angela C Roberts
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Elborn College, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - John F Robinson
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Gustavo Saposnik
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher J M Scott
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dallas Seitz
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Michael J Strong
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Canadian Institutes for Health Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen C Strother
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard H Swartz
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean Symons
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David F Tang-Wai
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angela K Troyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Neuropsychology and Cognitive Health, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Turnbull
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lorne Zinman
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paula M McLaughlin
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Malcolm A Binns
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Waldthaler J, Stock L, Krüger‐Zechlin C, Deeb Z, Timmermann L. Cluster analysis reveals distinct patterns of saccade impairment and their relation to cognitive profiles in Parkinson's disease. J Neuropsychol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Waldthaler
- Department of Neurology Philipps‐University Marburg Marburg Germany
- CMBB – Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior Universities of Marburg and Gießen Marburg Germany
| | - Lena Stock
- Department of Neurology Philipps‐University Marburg Marburg Germany
| | | | - Zain Deeb
- Department of Neurology Philipps‐University Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Lars Timmermann
- Department of Neurology Philipps‐University Marburg Marburg Germany
- CMBB – Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior Universities of Marburg and Gießen Marburg Germany
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Chamorro Y, Betz LT, Philipsen A, Kambeitz J, Ettinger U. The Eyes Have It: A Meta-analysis of Oculomotor Inhibition in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:1090-1102. [PMID: 34052459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diminished inhibitory control is one of the main characteristics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and impairments in oculomotor inhibition have been proposed as a potential biomarker of the disorder. The present meta-analysis summarizes the effects reported in studies comparing oculomotor inhibition in ADHD patients and healthy control subjects. METHODS Inhibitory outcomes were derived from oculomotor experimental paradigms including the antisaccade (AS), memory-guided saccade, and prolonged fixation tasks. Temporal and spatial measures were also extracted from these tasks and from visually guided saccade tasks as secondary outcomes. Data were available from k = 31 studies (N = 1567 participants). Summary effect sizes were computed using random-effects models and a restricted maximum-likelihood estimator. RESULTS Among inhibitory outcomes, direction errors in AS, after correcting for publication bias, showed a moderate effect and large between-study heterogeneity (k = 18, n = 739, g = 0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.27, 0.88], I2= 74%); anticipatory saccades in memory-guided saccade showed a large effect and low heterogeneity (k = 11, n = 487; g = 0.86, 95% CI [0.64, 1.08], I2 = 17.7%); and saccades during prolonged fixation evidenced large effect size and heterogeneity (k = 6, n = 325 g = 1.11, 95% CI [0.56, 1.65], I2 = 79.1%) partially related to age. Among secondary outcomes, saccadic reaction time in AS (k = 22, n = 932, g = 0.34, 95% CI [0.06, 0.63], I2 = 53.12%) and coefficient of variability in visually guided saccade (k = 5, n = 282, g = 0.53, 95% CI [0.28, 0.78], I2 = 0.01%) indicated significant effects with small to moderate effects sizes. CONCLUSIONS ADHD groups commit more oculomotor inhibition failures than control groups. The substantial effects support the conclusion that oculomotor disinhibition is a relevant ADHD-related mechanism. Moderate effects observed in saccadic reaction time variability suggest that fluctuant performance in oculomotor tasks is another relevant characteristic of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaira Chamorro
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.
| | - Linda T Betz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joseph Kambeitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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15
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Munoz MJ, Reilly JL, Pal GD, Verhagen Metman L, Rivera YM, Drane QH, Corcos DM, David FJ, Goelz LC. Medication adversely impacts visually-guided eye movements in Parkinson's disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2022; 143:145-153. [PMID: 35995722 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.07.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined whether previous inconsistent findings about the effect of anti-Parkinsonian medication on visually-guided saccades (VGS) were due to the use of different paradigms, which change the timing of fixation offset and target onset, or different target eccentricities. METHODS Thirty-three participants with Parkinson's disease (PD) completed the VGS tasks OFF and ON medication, along with 13 healthy controls. Performance on 3 paradigms (gap, step, and overlap) and 2 target eccentricities was recorded. We used mixed models to determine the effect of medication, paradigm, and target eccentricity on saccade latency, gain, and peak velocity. RESULTS First, we confirmed known paradigm effects on latency, and target eccentricity effects on gain and peak velocity in participants with PD. Second, latency was positively associated with OFF medication Movement Disorders Society - Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) motor score in PD. Third, medication prolonged latency for the larger target eccentricity across the 3 paradigms, while decreasing gain and peak velocity in the step paradigm across target eccentricities. CONCLUSIONS Medication adversely affected and was not therapeutically beneficial for VGS. Previous inconsistencies may have resulted from chosen target eccentricity. SIGNIFICANCE The negative medication effect on VGS may be clinically significant, as many activities in daily life require oculomotor control, inhibitory control, and visually-guided shifts of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda J Munoz
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - James L Reilly
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gian D Pal
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Department of Neurological Sciences, Section of Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leo Verhagen Metman
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Section of Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yessenia M Rivera
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Quentin H Drane
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel M Corcos
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fabian J David
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lisa C Goelz
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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16
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Ma W, Li M, Wu J, Zhang Z, Jia F, Zhang M, Bergman H, Li X, Ling Z, Xu X. Multiple step saccades in simply reactive saccades could serve as a complementary biomarker for the early diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:912967. [PMID: 35966789 PMCID: PMC9363762 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.912967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective It has been argued that the incidence of multiple step saccades (MSS) in voluntary saccades could serve as a complementary biomarker for diagnosing Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, voluntary saccadic tasks are usually difficult for elderly subjects to complete. Therefore, task difficulties restrict the application of MSS measurements for the diagnosis of PD. The primary objective of the present study is to assess whether the incidence of MSS in simply reactive saccades could serve as a complementary biomarker for the early diagnosis of PD. Materials and methods There were four groups of human subjects: PD patients, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients, elderly healthy controls (EHCs), and young healthy controls (YHCs). There were four monkeys with subclinical hemi-PD induced by injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) through the unilateral internal carotid artery and three healthy control monkeys. The behavioral task was a visually guided reactive saccade. Results In a human study, the incidence of MSS was significantly higher in PD than in YHC, EHC, and MCI groups. In addition, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis could discriminate PD from the EHC and MCI groups, with areas under the ROC curve (AUCs) of 0.76 and 0.69, respectively. In a monkey study, while typical PD symptoms were absent, subclinical hemi-PD monkeys showed a significantly higher incidence of MSS than control monkeys when the dose of MPTP was greater than 0.4 mg/kg. Conclusion The incidence of MSS in simply reactive saccades could be a complementary biomarker for the early diagnosis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Division of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Division of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Junru Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Division of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Division of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangfang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Division of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingsha Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Division of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hagai Bergman
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Xuemei Li
- Department of Cadre Medical Service, The First Clinical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xuemei Li,
| | - Zhipei Ling
- Senior Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Zhipei Ling,
| | - Xin Xu
- Senior Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Xin Xu,
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Karin O, Alon U. The dopamine circuit as a reward-taxis navigation system. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010340. [PMID: 35877694 PMCID: PMC9352198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying the brain circuits that control behavior is challenging, since in addition to their structural complexity there are continuous feedback interactions between actions and sensed inputs from the environment. It is therefore important to identify mathematical principles that can be used to develop testable hypotheses. In this study, we use ideas and concepts from systems biology to study the dopamine system, which controls learning, motivation, and movement. Using data from neuronal recordings in behavioral experiments, we developed a mathematical model for dopamine responses and the effect of dopamine on movement. We show that the dopamine system shares core functional analogies with bacterial chemotaxis. Just as chemotaxis robustly climbs chemical attractant gradients, the dopamine circuit performs ‘reward-taxis’ where the attractant is the expected value of reward. The reward-taxis mechanism provides a simple explanation for scale-invariant dopaminergic responses and for matching in free operant settings, and makes testable quantitative predictions. We propose that reward-taxis is a simple and robust navigation strategy that complements other, more goal-directed navigation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Karin
- Dept. of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot Israel
- Dept. of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (OK); (UA)
| | - Uri Alon
- Dept. of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot Israel
- * E-mail: (OK); (UA)
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18
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Eye tracking identifies biomarkers in α-synucleinopathies versus progressive supranuclear palsy. J Neurol 2022; 269:4920-4938. [PMID: 35501501 PMCID: PMC9363304 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11136-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study (1) describes and compares saccade and pupil abnormalities in patients with manifest alpha-synucleinopathies (αSYN: Parkinson’s disease (PD), Multiple System Atrophy (MSA)) and a tauopathy (progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)); (2) determines whether patients with rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder (RBD), a prodromal stage of αSYN, already have abnormal responses that may indicate a risk for developing PD or MSA. Methods Ninety (46 RBD, 27 PD, 17 MSA) patients with an αSYN, 10 PSP patients, and 132 healthy age-matched controls (CTRL) were examined with a 10-min video-based eye-tracking task (Free Viewing). Participants were free to look anywhere on the screen while saccade and pupil behaviours were measured. Results PD, MSA, and PSP spent more time fixating the centre of the screen than CTRL. All patient groups made fewer macro-saccades (> 2◦ amplitude) with smaller amplitude than CTRL. Saccade frequency was greater in RBD than in other patients. Following clip change, saccades were temporarily suppressed, then rebounded at a slower pace than CTRL in all patient groups. RBD had distinct, although discrete saccade abnormalities that were more marked in PD, MSA, and even more in PSP. The vertical saccade rate was reduced in all patients and decreased most in PSP. Clip changes produced large increases or decreases in screen luminance requiring pupil constriction or dilation, respectively. PSP elicited smaller pupil constriction/dilation responses than CTRL, while MSA elicited the opposite. Conclusion RBD patients already have discrete but less pronounced saccade abnormalities than PD and MSA patients. Vertical gaze palsy and altered pupil control differentiate PSP from αSYN. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00415-022-11136-5.
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Reverse Visually Guided Reaching in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 2022:8132923. [PMID: 35386952 PMCID: PMC8979744 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8132923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In addition to motor symptoms such as difficulty in movement initiation and bradykinesia, patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) display nonmotor executive cognitive dysfunction with deficits in inhibitory control. Preoperative psychological assessments are used to screen for impulsivity that may be worsened by deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN). However, it is unclear whether anti-Parkinson’s therapy, such as dopamine replacement therapy (DRT) or DBS, which has beneficial effects on motor function, adversely affects inhibitory control or its domains. The detrimental effects of STN-DBS are more apparent when tasks test the inhibition of habitual prepotent responses or involve complex cognitive loads. Our goal was to use a reverse visually guided reaching (RVGR) task, a hand-based version of the antisaccade task, to simultaneously measure motor performance and response inhibition in subjects with PD. We recruited 55 healthy control subjects, 26 PD subjects receiving treatment with DRTs, and 7 PD subjects receiving treatment with STN-DBS and DRTs. In the RVGR task, a cursor moved opposite to the subject’s hand movement. This was compared to visually guided reaching (VGR) where the cursor moved in the same direction as the subject’s hand movement. Reaction time, mean speed, and direction errors (in RVGR) were assessed. Reaction times were longer, and mean speeds were slower during RVGR compared to VGR in all three groups but worse in untreated subjects with PD. Treatment with DRTs, DBS, or DBS + DRT improved the reaction time and speed on the RVGR task to a greater extent than VGR. Additionally, DBS or DBS + DRT demonstrated an increase in direction errors, which was correlated with decreased reaction time. These results show that the RVGR task quantifies the benefit of STN-DBS on bradykinesia and the concomitant reduction of proactive inhibitory control. The RVGR task has the potential to be used to rapidly screen for preoperative deficits in inhibitory control and to titrate STN-DBS, to maximize the therapeutic benefits on movement, and minimize impaired inhibitory control.
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Ba F, Sang TT, He W, Fatehi J, Mostofi E, Zheng B. Stereopsis and Eye Movement Abnormalities in Parkinson’s Disease and Their Clinical Implications. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:783773. [PMID: 35211005 PMCID: PMC8861359 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.783773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson’s disease (PD) is not exclusively a motor disorder. Among non-motor features, patients with PD possess sensory visual dysfunctions. Depth perception and oculomotor deficits can significantly impact patients’ motor performance. Stereopsis and eye behavioral study using 3D stimuli may help determine their implications in disease status. Objective The objective of this study is to investigate stereopsis and eye movement abnormalities in PD with reliable tools and their correlation with indicators of PD severity. We hypothesize that patients with PD exhibit different eye behaviors and that these differences may correlate to the severity of motor symptoms and cognitive status. Methods Control and PD participants were first evaluated for visual acuity, visual field, contrast acuity, and stereo perception with 2D and Titmus stereotests, followed by the assessment with a 3D active shutter system. Eye movement behaviors were assessed by a Tobii X2-60 eye tracker. Results Screening visual tests did not reveal any differences between the PD and control groups. With the 3D active shutter system, the PD group demonstrated significantly worse stereopsis. The preserved cognitive function was correlated to a more intact stereo function. Patients with PD had longer visual response times, with a higher number of fixations and bigger saccade amplitude, suggesting fixation stabilization difficulties. Such changes showed a positive correlation with the severity of motor symptoms and a negative correlation with normal cognitive status. Conclusion We assessed stereopsis with a 3D active shutter system and oculomotor behaviors with the Tobii eye tracker. Patients with PD exhibit poorer stereopsis and impaired oculomotor behaviors during response time. These deficits were correlated with PD motor and cognitive status. The visual parameters may potentially serve as the clinical biomarkers for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ba
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Fang Ba,
| | - Tina T. Sang
- Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Wenjing He
- Surgical Simulation Research Lab, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jaleh Fatehi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Emanuel Mostofi
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Bin Zheng
- Surgical Simulation Research Lab, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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21
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Si Y, Wang L, Zhao M. Anti-saccade as a Tool to Evaluate Neurocognitive Impairment in Alcohol Use Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:823848. [PMID: 35573351 PMCID: PMC9094713 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.823848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been widely shown that chronic alcohol use leads to cognitive dysfunctions, especially inhibitory control. In an extension of the traditional approach, this research field has benefited from the emergence of innovative measures, among which is an anti-saccade, allowing direct and sensitive measure of the eye movements indexing attention bias to alcohol-related cues and the capability of inhibiting the reflexive saccades to the cues. During the past decade, there are numerous reports showing that drinkers make more unwanted reflexive saccades and longer latency in the anti-saccade task. These increased errors are usually explained by the deficits in inhibitory control. It has been demonstrated that inhibitory control on eye movement may be one of the earliest biomarkers of the onset of alcohol-related cognitive impairments. This review summarizes how an anti-saccade task can be used as a tool to investigate and assess the cognitive dysfunctions and the early detection of relapsing risk of alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Si
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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22
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Waldthaler J, Stock L, Student J, Sommerkorn J, Dowiasch S, Timmermann L. Antisaccades in Parkinson's Disease: A Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2021; 31:628-642. [PMID: 33742354 PMCID: PMC8592977 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-021-09489-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The usefulness of eye-tracking tasks as potential biomarkers for motor or cognitive disease burden in Parkinson's disease (PD) has been subject of debate for many years. Several studies suggest that the performance in the antisaccade task may be altered in patients with PD and associated with motor disease severity or executive dysfunction. In this meta-analysis, random effects models were used to synthesize the existing evidence on antisaccade error rates and latency in PD. Furthermore, meta-regressions were performed to assess the role of motor and cognitive disease severity, dopaminergic medication and methodological factors. Additionally, the impact of acute levodopa administration and activation of deep brain stimulation was evaluated in two separate sub-analyses.This meta-analysis confirms that antisaccade latency and error rate are significantly increased in PD. Disease duration, Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale score and Hoehn and Yahr stage mediate the effect of PD on antisaccade latency with higher motor burden being associated with increased antisaccade latency.Acute administration of levodopa had no significant effects on antisaccade performance in a small number of eligible studies. Deep brain stimulation in the subthalamic nucleus, on the other hand, may alter the speed accuracy trade-off supporting an increase of impulsivity following deep brain stimulation in PD.According to the results of the meta-analysis, antisaccade latency may provide a potential marker for disease severity and progression in PD which needs further confirmation in longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Waldthaler
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Marburg, 35033, Marburg, Germany.
- CMBB - Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Universities Gießen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Lena Stock
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Marburg, 35033, Marburg, Germany
| | - Justus Student
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Marburg, 35033, Marburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Sommerkorn
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Marburg, 35033, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Dowiasch
- CMBB - Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Universities Gießen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Neurophysics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Thomas RECORDING GmbH, Giessen, Germany
| | - Lars Timmermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Marburg, 35033, Marburg, Germany
- CMBB - Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Universities Gießen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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23
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Tsai CL, Chang YC, Pan CY, Wang TC, Ukropec J, Ukropcová B. Acute Effects of Different Exercise Intensities on Executive Function and Oculomotor Performance in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise vs. High-Intensity Interval Exercise. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:743479. [PMID: 34720993 PMCID: PMC8548419 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.743479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A wealth of evidence has shown that a single bout of aerobic exercise can facilitate executive function. However, none of current studies on this topic have addressed whether the magnitude of the acute-exercise benefit on executive function and oculomotor performance is influenced by different aerobic exercise modes. The present study was thus aimed toward an investigation of the acute effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) vs. moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) on executive-related oculomotor performance in healthy late middle-aged and older adults. Using a within-subject design, twenty-two participants completed a single bout of 30 min of HIIE, MICE, or a non-exercise-intervention (REST) session in a counterbalanced order. The behavioral [e.g., reaction times (RTs), coefficient of variation (CV) of the RT], and oculomotor (e.g., saccade amplitude, saccade latency, and saccadic peak velocity) indices were measured when participants performed antisaccade and prosaccade tasks prior to and after an intervention mode. The results showed that a 30-min single-bout of HIIE and MICE interventions shortened the RTs in the antisaccade task, with the null effect on the CV of the RT in the late middle-aged and older adults. In terms of oculomotor metrics, although the two exercise modes could not modify the performance in terms of saccade amplitudes and saccade latencies, the participants’ saccadic peak velocities while performing the oculomotor paradigm were significantly altered only following an acute HIIE intervention. The present findings suggested that a 30-min single-bout of HIIE and MICE interventions modulated post-exercise antisaccade control on behavioral performance (e.g., RTs). Nevertheless, the HIIE relative MICE mode appears to be a more effective aerobic exercise in terms of oculomotor control (e.g., saccadic peak velocities) in late middle-aged and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Liang Tsai
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Chang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Pan
- Department of Physical Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Chiao Wang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jozef Ukropec
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbara Ukropcová
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathological Physiology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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24
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Likitgorn T, Yan Y, Liao YJ. Freezing of saccades in dopa-responsive parkinsonian syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2021; 23:101124. [PMID: 34169178 PMCID: PMC8208961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2021.101124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Ocular motor abnormalities such as abnormal saccades are common in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) and atypical parkinsonian syndrome, such as progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD). In this study, we describe a case of patient with PD and show a video illustrating severe delay of reflexive saccades. Observations A 68-year-old Caucasian woman with diagnosis of PD presented for evaluation of diplopia. Neuro-ophthalmic examination revealed good visual acuity in both eyes and normal optic nerves but prominent ocular motor abnormalities, including hypometric saccades, impaired smooth pursuit, and convergence insufficiency causing diplopia at near. Despite treatment with carbidopa-levodopa three times per day, she exhibited episodic, severe delay of reflexive saccades. During these episodes, the patient appeared frozen and unable to initiate reflexive saccades for 20 s or longer. This freezing of reflexive saccades was variable and occurred suddenly during exam but could be interrupted by smooth pursuit. There was no gait freezing, eyelid apraxia, or prominent exacerbation of other motor symptoms. Freezing of saccades dramatically resolved after increasing dosage of carbidopa-levodopa. Conclusions and Importance We describe a patient with dopa-responsive parkinsonian syndrome with intermittent difficulty initiating reflexive saccades mimicking ocular motor apraxia. Resolution of saccadic freezing with higher carbidopa-levodopa is consistent with ocular motor impairment as a result of degeneration and dysfunction of the dopaminergic pathways in supranuclear ocular motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Techawit Likitgorn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Ophthalmology Center, Thonburi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaping Joyce Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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25
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Tanaka M, Kunimatsu J, Suzuki TW, Kameda M, Ohmae S, Uematsu A, Takeya R. Roles of the Cerebellum in Motor Preparation and Prediction of Timing. Neuroscience 2021; 462:220-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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26
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The effect of directional social cues on saccadic eye movements in Parkinson's disease. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:2063-2075. [PMID: 33928399 PMCID: PMC8282557 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest in how social processes and behaviour might be affected in Parkinson’s disease. A task which has been widely used to assess how people orient attention in response to social cues is the spatial cueing task. Socially relevant directional cues, such as a picture of someone gazing or pointing to the left or the right have been shown to cause orienting of visual attention in the cued direction. The basal ganglia may play a role in responding to such directional cues, but no studies to date have examined whether similar social cueing effects are seen in people with Parkinson’s disease. In this study, patients and healthy controls completed a prosaccade (Experiment 1) and an antisaccade task (Experiment 2) in which the target was preceded by arrow, eye gaze or pointing finger cues. Patients showed increased errors and response times for antisaccades but not prosaccades. Healthy participants made most anticipatory errors on pointing finger cue trials, but Parkinson's patients were equally affected by arrow, eye gaze and pointing cues. It is concluded that Parkinson's patients have a reduced ability to suppress responding to directional cues, but this effect is not specific to social cues.
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27
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Kobayashi M, Kuwabara S. The Association of Visually Guided Saccades and DAT-SPECT Findings in Parkinson's Disease. Eur Neurol 2021; 84:110-118. [PMID: 33823506 DOI: 10.1159/000514246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD), visually guided saccades (VGSs) reportedly reflect general motor dysfunction and cognitive impairments. However, it has not been fully elucidated whether the VGS abnormalities result from nigrostriatal degeneration or other PD-related neural changes. METHODS We measured VGS latency and gain in 50 PD participants and 56 age-matched normal controls (NCs), and PD participants underwent dopamine transporter (DAT) single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) within 2 months of the measurement. VGSs were evoked by a white dot on a monitor, which was presented at the center and pseudo-randomly jumped off horizontally (10° or 20° eccentricity) or vertically (10° or 15°). First, we compared the parameters between PD participants and NCs for each target location. Second, in the participants who exhibited striatal DAT asymmetry on SPECT, VGSs contralaterally directed to the more severely affected striatum were compared with those ipsilaterally directed. Third, effects of the DAT-SPECT specific binding ratio (SBR) on VGSs were analyzed. RESULTS PD participants demonstrated prolonged latencies when the target was presented at the upward 15° eccentricity and decreased gains at all target locations. Contralateral VGSs relative to the side of the more severely affected striatum were more delayed and hypometric than ipsilateral. The SBR had a significant positive effect on VGS gain. CONCLUSIONS In participants with PD, saccadic abnormalities were emphasized when VGSs were directed contralaterally to the more severely affected striatum. Moreover, the dopaminergic nigrostriatal degeneration on DAT-SPECT was mainly associated with VGS gain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Satoshi Kuwabara
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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28
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29
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Perkins JE, Janzen A, Bernhard FP, Wilhelm K, Brien DC, Huang J, Coe BC, Vadasz D, Mayer G, Munoz DP, Oertel WH. Saccade, Pupil, and Blink Responses in Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1720-1726. [PMID: 33754406 PMCID: PMC8359943 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease (PD) patients exhibit deficits in saccade performance, pupil function, and blink rate. Isolated REM (rapid eye movement) Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a harbinger to PD making them candidates to investigate for early oculomotor abnormalities as PD biomarkers. Objectives We tested whether saccade, pupillary, and blink responses in RBD were similar to PD. Methods RBD (n = 22), PD (n = 22) patients, and healthy controls (CTRL) (n = 74) were studied with video‐based eye‐tracking. Results RBD patients did not have significantly different saccadic behavior compared to CTRL, but PD patients differed from CTRL and RBD. Both patient groups had significantly lower blink rates, dampened pupil constriction, and dilation responses compared to CTRL. Conclusion RBD and PD patients had altered pupil and blink behavior compared to CTRL. Because RBD saccade parameters were comparable to CTRL, pupil and blink brain areas may be impacted before saccadic control areas, making them potential prodromal PD biomarkers. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Perkins
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Annette Janzen
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Karén Wilhelm
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Donald C Brien
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeff Huang
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian C Coe
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Vadasz
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Geert Mayer
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Douglas P Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Lee TL, Yeung MK, Sze SL, Chan AS. Eye-Tracking Training Improves Inhibitory Control in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Brain Sci 2021; 11:314. [PMID: 33801559 PMCID: PMC8002197 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11030314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Disinhibition is a common sign among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The present study examined the effect of computerized eye-tracking training to improve inhibitory control in ADHD children. Thirty-two ADHD children (mean age = 8.4 years) were recruited. Half of the participants underwent 240 min of eye-tracking training over two weeks (i.e., experimental group), while the other half did not receive any training (i.e., control group). After training, the experimental group exhibited significant improvements in neuropsychological tests of inhibition, such as faster reaction time in the incongruent condition of the Flanker test, more unique designs in the Category Fluency and Five-Point Tests, and a faster completion time in Trail 2 of the Children's Color Trail Test. The control group did not show significant changes in any of these tests. Our findings support the use of eye-tracking training to improve the inhibitory control of ADHD children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz Lok Lee
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; (T.L.L.); (S.L.S.)
| | - Michael K. Yeung
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Sophia L. Sze
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; (T.L.L.); (S.L.S.)
- Research Center for Neuropsychological Well-Being, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Agnes S. Chan
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; (T.L.L.); (S.L.S.)
- Research Center for Neuropsychological Well-Being, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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31
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Okada KI, Takahira M, Mano T, Uga T, Konaka K, Hosomi K, Saitoh Y. Concomitant improvement in anti-saccade success rate and postural instability gait difficulty after rTMS treatment for Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2472. [PMID: 33510266 PMCID: PMC7844238 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81795-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder characterised by motor and non-motor deficits. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the bilateral primary motor cortex at a high frequency (5 Hz or higher) is reported to be a potential treatment of PD. We aimed to assess the effect of rTMS on eye movement control in patients with PD in their ‘on’ state. We enrolled 14 patients with PD and assessed motor symptoms (Movement Disorder Society-Sponsored Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; MDS-UPDRS) and eye movement performances (visually guided saccades, volitional anti-saccades, and small involuntary saccades during fixation) at baseline and after administering bilateral 10 Hz rTMS on leg region of the motor cortex. We confirmed that rTMS improved the MDS-UPDRS motor scores and found that rTMS improved the anti-saccade success rate, which requires adequate inhibition of the reflexive response. The improvement in anti-saccade success rate was correlated with that of the postural instability gait difficulty (PIGD) sub-scores of MDS-UPDRS and lower baseline Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores. This result is consistent with previous findings that PIGD and inhibitory control deficits share common brain dysfunctions in PD. rTMS may alleviate dysfunctions of that circuit and have a clinical effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Okada
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.,Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, and Osaka University, 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Mizuki Takahira
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoo Mano
- Department of Neuromodulation and Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Taichi Uga
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kuni Konaka
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Osaka Yukioka College of Health Science, 1-1-41 Soujiji, Ibaraki, 567-0801, Japan
| | - Koichi Hosomi
- Department of Neuromodulation and Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Youichi Saitoh
- Department of Neuromodulation and Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.
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32
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Spatial attention and spatial short term memory in PSP and Parkinson's disease. Cortex 2021; 137:49-60. [PMID: 33588132 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterised by deterioration in motor, oculomotor and cognitive function. A key clinical feature of PSP is the progressive paralysis of eye movements, most notably for vertical saccades. These oculomotor signs can be subtle, however, and PSP is often misdiagnosed as Parkinson's disease (PD), in its early stages. Although some of the clinical features of PD and PSP overlap, they are distinct disorders with differing underlying pathological processes, responses to treatment and prognoses. One key difference lies in the effects the diseases have on cognition. The oculomotor system is tightly linked to cognitive processes such as spatial attention and spatial short-term memory (sSTM), and previous studies have suggested that PSP and PD experience different deficits in these domains. We therefore hypothesised that people with PSP (N = 15) would experience problems with attention (assessed with feature and conjunction visual search tasks) and sSTM (assessed with the Corsi blocks task) compared to people with PD (N = 16) and Age Matched Controls (N = 15). As predicted, feature and conjunction search were sgnificantly slower in the PSP group compared to the other groups, and this deficit was significantly worse for feature compared to conjunction search. The PD group did not differ from AMC on feature search but were significantly impaired on the conjunction search. The PSP group also had a pronounced vertical sSTM impairment that was not present in PD or AMC groups. It is argued that PSP is associated with specific impairment of visuospatial cognition which is caused by degeneration of the oculomotor structures that support exogenous spatial attention, consistent with oculomotor theories of spatial attention and memory.
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van den Wildenberg WPM, van Wouwe NC, Ridderinkhof KR, Neimat JS, Elias WJ, Bashore TR, Wylie SA. Deep-brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus improves overriding motor actions in Parkinson's disease. Behav Brain Res 2021; 402:113124. [PMID: 33422595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Findings from previous research using the classic stop-signal task indicate that the subthalamic nucleus (STN) plays an important role in the ability to inhibit motor actions. Here we extend these findings using a stop-change task that requires voluntary action override to stop an ongoing motor response and change to an alternative response. Sixteen patients diagnosed with Parkinson's disease (PD) and 16 healthy control participants (HC) performed the stop-change task. PD patients completed the task when deep-brain stimulation (DBS) of the STN was turned on and when it was turned off. Behavioral results indicated that going, stopping, and changing latencies were shortened significantly among PD patients during STN DBS, the former two reductions replicating findings from previous DBS studies using the classic stop-signal task. The shortened go latencies observed among PD patients fell within the control range. In contrast, stopping latencies among PD patients, although reduced significantly, continued to be significantly longer than those of the HC. Like go latencies, stop-change latencies were reduced sufficiently among PD patients for them to fall within the control range, a novel finding. In conclusion, STN DBS produced a general, but differential, improvement in the ability of PD patients to override motor actions. Going, stopping, and stop-change latencies were all shortened, but only going and stop-change latencies were normalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wery P M van den Wildenberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | | | - K Richard Ridderinkhof
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joseph S Neimat
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - W Jeffrey Elias
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia Health Systems, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Theodore R Bashore
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; School of Psychological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, USA
| | - Scott A Wylie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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The neuropathological basis of anxiety in Parkinson’s disease. Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:110048. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Amphetamine-induced alteration to gaze parameters: A novel conceptual pathway and implications for naturalistic behavior. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 199:101929. [PMID: 33091542 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Amphetamine produces a multiplicity of well-documented end-order biochemical, pharmacological and biobehavioural effects. Mechanistically, amphetamine downregulates presynaptic and postsynaptic striatal monoamine (primarily dopaminergic) systems, producing alterations to key brain regions which manifest as stereotyped ridged behaviour which occurs under both acute and chronic dosing schedules and persists beyond detoxification. Despite evidence of amphetamine-induced visual attentional dysfunction, no conceptual synthesis has yet captured how characteristic pharmaco-behavioural processes are critically implicated via these pathways, nor described the potential implications for safety-sensitive behaviours. Drawing on known pathomechanisms, we propose a cross-disciplinary, novel conceptual functional system framework for delineating the biobehavioural consequences of amphetamine use on visual attentional capacity and discuss the implications for functional and behavioural outcomes. Specifically, we highlight the manifest implications for behaviours that are conceptually driven and highly dependent on visual information processing for timely execution of visually-guided movements. Following this, we highlight the potential impact on safety-sensitive, but common behaviours, such as driving a motor vehicle. The close pathophysiological relationship between oculomotor control and higher-order cognitive processes further suggests that dynamic measurement of movement related to the motion of the eye (gaze behaviour) may be a simple, effective and direct measure of behavioural performance capabilities in naturalistic settings. Consequently, we discuss the potential efficacy of ocular monitoring for the detection and monitoring of driver states for this drug user group, and potential wider application. Significance statement: We propose a novel biochemical-physiological-behavioural pathway which delineates how amphetamine use critically alters oculomotor function, visual-attentional performance and information processing capabilities. Given the manifest implications for behaviours that are conceptually driven and highly dependent on these processes, we recommend oculography as a novel means of detecting and monitoring gaze behaviours during naturalistic tasks such as driving. Real-word examination of gaze behaviour therefore present as an effective means to detect driver impairment and prevent performance degradation due to these drugs.
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Sajad A, Sadeh M, Crawford JD. Spatiotemporal transformations for gaze control. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14533. [PMID: 32812395 PMCID: PMC7435051 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensorimotor transformations require spatiotemporal coordination of signals, that is, through both time and space. For example, the gaze control system employs signals that are time-locked to various sensorimotor events, but the spatial content of these signals is difficult to assess during ordinary gaze shifts. In this review, we describe the various models and methods that have been devised to test this question, and their limitations. We then describe a new method that can (a) simultaneously test between all of these models during natural, head-unrestrained conditions, and (b) track the evolving spatial continuum from target (T) to future gaze coding (G, including errors) through time. We then summarize some applications of this technique, comparing spatiotemporal coding in the primate frontal eye field (FEF) and superior colliculus (SC). The results confirm that these areas preferentially encode eye-centered, effector-independent parameters, and show-for the first time in ordinary gaze shifts-a spatial transformation between visual and motor responses from T to G coding. We introduce a new set of spatial models (T-G continuum) that revealed task-dependent timing of this transformation: progressive during a memory delay between vision and action, and almost immediate without such a delay. We synthesize the results from our studies and supplement it with previous knowledge of anatomy and physiology to propose a conceptual model where cumulative transformation noise is realized as inaccuracies in gaze behavior. We conclude that the spatiotemporal transformation for gaze is both local (observed within and across neurons in a given area) and distributed (with common signals shared across remote but interconnected structures).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirsaman Sajad
- Centre for Vision ResearchYork UniversityTorontoONCanada
- Psychology DepartmentVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Morteza Sadeh
- Centre for Vision ResearchYork UniversityTorontoONCanada
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - John Douglas Crawford
- Centre for Vision ResearchYork UniversityTorontoONCanada
- Vision: Science to Applications Program (VISTA)Neuroscience Graduate Diploma ProgramDepartments of Psychology, Biology, Kinesiology & Health SciencesYork UniversityTorontoONCanada
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Klarendic M, Kaski D. Deep brain stimulation and eye movements. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:2344-2361. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Klarendic
- Neurological Department University Clinical Center Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Diego Kaski
- Department of Clinical and Motor Neurosciences Centre for Vestibular and Behavioural Neurosciences University College London London UK
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Neuropsychiatric aspects of Parkinson disease psychopharmacology: Insights from circuit dynamics. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 165:83-121. [PMID: 31727232 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64012-3.00007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with a complex pathophysiology characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra. Persons with PD experience several motoric and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Neuropsychiatric features of PD include depression, anxiety, psychosis, impulse control disorders, and apathy. In this chapter, we will utilize the National Institutes of Mental Health Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) to frame and integrate observations from two prevailing disease constructions: neurotransmitter anomalies and circuit physiology. When there is available evidence, we posit how unified translational observations may have clinical relevance and postulate importance outside of PD. Finally, we review the limited evidence available for pharmacologic management of these symptoms.
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Srivastava A, Sharma R, Goyal V, Chaudhary S, Sood SK, Kumaran SS. Saccadic Eye Movements in Young-Onset Parkinson's Disease - A BOLD fMRI Study. Neuroophthalmology 2020; 44:89-99. [PMID: 32395155 DOI: 10.1080/01658107.2019.1652656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to understand control of saccadic eye movements in patients with young onset Parkinson's disease (YOPD) where onset of disease symptoms appears early in life (<40 years of age). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was performed in patients with YOPD and control subjects while they performed saccadic tasks, which consisted of a reflexive task and another task that required inhibitory control of eye movements (Go-NoGo task). Functional imaging related to saccadic eye movements in this group of patients has not been widely reported. A 1.5T MR scanner was used for structural and functional imaging. Analysis of blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI was performed using Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software and compared in patients and controls. In patients with YOPD greater activation was seen significantly in the middle frontal gyrus, medial frontal gyrus, angular gyrus, cingulate gyrus, precuneus and cerebellum, when compared with the control group, during the saccadic tasks. Gap and overlap protocols revealed differential activation patterns. The abnormal activation during reflexive saccades was observed in the overlap condition, while during Go-NoGo saccades in the gap condition. The results suggest that impaired circuitry in patients with YOPD results in recruitment of more cortical areas. This increased frontal and parietal cortical activity possibly reflects compensatory mechanisms for impaired cognitive and saccadic circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Srivastava
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ratna Sharma
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vinay Goyal
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shefali Chaudhary
- Department of NMR, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - S Senthil Kumaran
- Department of NMR, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Bangash OK, Dissanayake AS, Knight S, Murray J, Thorburn M, Thani N, Bala A, Stell R, Lind CRP. Modulation of saccades in humans by electrical stimulation of the posterior subthalamic area. J Neurosurg 2020; 132:1218-1226. [PMID: 30875687 DOI: 10.3171/2018.12.jns18502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Posterior subthalamic area (PSA) deep brain stimulation (DBS) targeting the zona incerta (ZI) is an emerging treatment for tremor syndromes, including Parkinson's disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET). Evidence from animal studies has indicated that the ZI may play a role in saccadic eye movements via pathways between the ZI and superior colliculus (incerto-collicular pathways). PSA DBS permitted testing this hypothesis in humans. METHODS Sixteen patients (12 with PD and 4 with ET) underwent DBS using the MRI-directed implantable guide tube technique. Active electrode positions were confirmed at the caudal ZI. Eye movements were tested using direct current electrooculography (EOG) in the medicated state pre- and postoperatively on a horizontal predictive task subtending 30°. Postoperative assessments consisted of stimulation-off, constituting a microlesion (ML) condition, and high-frequency stimulation (HFS; frequency = 130 Hz) up to 3 V. RESULTS With PSA HFS, the first saccade amplitude was significantly reduced by 10.4% (95% CI 8.68%-12.2%) and 12.6% (95% CI 10.0%-15.9%) in the PD and ET groups, respectively. With HFS, peak velocity was reduced by 14.7% (95% CI 11.7%-17.6%) in the PD group and 27.7% (95% CI 23.7%-31.7%) in the ET group. HFS led to PD patients performing 21% (95% CI 16%-26%) and ET patients 31% (95% CI 19%-38%) more saccadic steps to reach the target. CONCLUSIONS PSA DBS in patients with PD and ET leads to hypometric, slowed saccades with an increase in the number of steps taken to reach the target. These effects contrast with the saccadometric findings observed with subthalamic nucleus DBS. Given the location of the active contacts, incerto-collicular pathways are likely responsible. Whether the acute finding of saccadic impairment persists with chronic PSA stimulation is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar K Bangash
- 1Neurosurgical Service of Western Australia and
- 3Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Shirley Knight
- 2Department of Neurology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth; and
| | - John Murray
- 2Department of Neurology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth; and
| | | | - Nova Thani
- 1Neurosurgical Service of Western Australia and
| | - Arul Bala
- 1Neurosurgical Service of Western Australia and
| | - Rick Stell
- 2Department of Neurology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth; and
| | - Christopher R P Lind
- 1Neurosurgical Service of Western Australia and
- 3Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Moro E, Bellot E, Meoni S, Pelissier P, Hera R, Dojat M, Coizet V. Visual Dysfunction of the Superior Colliculus in De Novo Parkinsonian Patients. Ann Neurol 2020; 87:533-546. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.25696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Moro
- Division of Neurology Grenoble University Hospital Center Grenoble France
| | - Emmanuelle Bellot
- Grenoble Alpes University Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences Grenoble France
| | - Sara Meoni
- Division of Neurology Grenoble University Hospital Center Grenoble France
| | - Pierre Pelissier
- Division of Neurology Grenoble University Hospital Center Grenoble France
| | | | - Michel Dojat
- Grenoble Alpes University Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences Grenoble France
| | - Veronique Coizet
- Grenoble Alpes University Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences Grenoble France
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Edman MC, Janga SR, Kakan SS, Okamoto CT, Freire D, Feigenbaum D, Lew M, Hamm-Alvarez SF. Tears - more to them than meets the eye: why tears are a good source of biomarkers in Parkinson's disease. Biomark Med 2020; 14:151-163. [PMID: 32064896 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2019-0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tears are a known source of biomarkers for both ocular and systemic diseases with particular advantages; specifically, the noninvasiveness of sample collection and a unique and increasingly better-defined protein composition. Here, we discuss our rationale for use of tears for discovery of biomarkers for Parkinson's disease (PD). These reasons include literature supporting changes in tear flow and composition in PD, and the interconnections between the ocular surface system and neurons affected in PD. We highlight recent data on the identification of tear biomarkers including oligomeric α-synuclein, associated with neuronal degeneration in PD, in tears of PD patients and discuss possible sources for its release into tears. Challenges and next steps for advancing such biomarkers to clinical usage are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Edman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Srikanth R Janga
- Department of Ophthalmology and Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Shruti Singh Kakan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Curtis T Okamoto
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Daniel Freire
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Danielle Feigenbaum
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Mark Lew
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Sarah F Hamm-Alvarez
- Department of Ophthalmology and Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Hypomania and saccadic changes in Parkinson's disease: influence of D2 and D3 dopaminergic signalling. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 6:5. [PMID: 31970287 PMCID: PMC6969176 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-019-0107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to understand the influence of two dopaminergic signalling pathways, TaqIA rs1800497 (influencing striatal D2 receptor density) and Ser9Gly rs6280 (influencing the striatal D3 dopamine-binding affinity), on saccade generation and psychiatric comorbidities in Parkinson’s disease, this study aimed to investigate the association of saccadic performance in hypomanic or impulsive behaviour in parkinsonian patients; besides we questioned whether variants of D2 (A1+/A1−) and D3 (B1+/B1−) receptor polymorphism influence saccadic parameters differently, and if clinical parameters or brain connectivity changes modulate this association in the nigro-caudatal and nigro-collicular tract. Initially, patients and controls were compared regarding saccadic performance and differed in the parameter duration in memory-guided saccades (MGS) and visually guided saccades (VGS) trials (p < 0.0001) and in the MGS trial (p < 0.03). We were able to find associations between hypomanic behaviour (HPS) and saccade parameters (duration, latency, gain and amplitude) for both conditions [MGS (p = 0.036); VGS (p = 0.033)], but not for impulsive behaviour. For the A1 variant duration was significantly associated with HPS [VGS (p = 0.024); MGS (p = 0.033)]. In patients with the B1 variant, HPS scores were more consistently associated with duration [VGS (p = 0.005); MGS (p = 0.015), latency [VGS (p = 0.022)]] and amplitude [MGS (p = 0.006); VGS (p = 0.005)]. The mediation analysis only revealed a significant indirect effect for amplitude in the MGS modality for the variable UPDRS-ON (p < 0.05). All other clinical scales and brain connectivity parameters were not associated with behavioural traits. Collectively, our findings stress the role of striatal D2 and D3 signalling mechanisms in saccade generation and suggest that saccadic performance is associated with the clinical psychiatric state in Parkinson’s disease.
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Murray NG, Szekely B, Islas A, Munkasy B, Gore R, Berryhill M, Reed-Jones RJ. Smooth Pursuit and Saccades after Sport-Related Concussion. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:340-346. [PMID: 31524054 PMCID: PMC7059002 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEMs) and saccadic eye movements are both commonly impaired following sport-related concussion (SRC). Typical oculomotor assessments measure individual eye movements in a series of restrictive tests designed to isolate features such as response times. These measures lack ecological validity for athletes because athletes are adept at simple tasks designed for the general population. Yet, because eye movement metrics are sensitive and well-characterized neuroanatomically, it would be valuable to test whether athletes exhibit abnormal eye movements with more challenging tasks. To address this gap in knowledge, we collected eye-tracking data during a sport-like task to gain insight on gaze behavior during active self-motion. SPEMs and saccadic eye movements were recorded during a sport-like visual task within 24-48 h following SRC. Thirty-six Division I student-athletes were divided into SRC and control (CON) groups. All participants completed two blocks of the Wii Fit© soccer heading game (WF) while wearing a monocular infrared eye tracker. Eye movement classification systems quantified saccadic amplitude (SA), velocity (SV), and count (SC); as well as SPEM velocity (SPV) and amplitude (SPA). Separate Mann-Whitney U tests evaluated SPA and SC and found no significant effects (SPA, p = 0.11; SC, p = 0.10). A multi-variate analysis of variance (MANOVA) for remaining variables revealed SPV was significantly greater in CON (p < 0.05), but the SRC group had greater SA and SV (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that during a sport-like task, to maintain foveation SRC subjects used larger amplitude, faster saccades, but exhibited slower SPEMs. Measuring oculomotor function during ecologically valid, sport-like tasks may serve as a concussion biomarker and provide insights into eye movement control after SRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G. Murray
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | - Brian Szekely
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
- Psychology Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | - Arthur Islas
- School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | - Barry Munkasy
- Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia
| | - Russell Gore
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Complex Concussion Clinic, Shepherd Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Marian Berryhill
- Programs in Cognitive and Brain Sciences and Neuroscience, Psychology Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | - Rebecca J. Reed-Jones
- Department of Applied Human Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
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Multiple neuronal circuits for variable object-action choices based on short- and long-term memories. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:26313-26320. [PMID: 31871157 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902283116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
At each time in our life, we choose one or few behaviors, while suppressing many other behaviors. This is the basic mechanism in the basal ganglia, which is done by tonic inhibition and selective disinhibition. Dysfunctions of the basal ganglia then cause 2 types of disorders (difficulty in initiating necessary actions and difficulty in suppressing unnecessary actions) that occur in Parkinson's disease. The basal ganglia generate such opposite outcomes through parallel circuits: The direct pathway for initiation and indirect pathway for suppression. Importantly, the direct pathway processes good information and the indirect pathway processes bad information, which enables the choice of good behavior and the rejection of bad behavior. This is mainly enabled by dopaminergic inputs to these circuits. However, the value judgment is complex because the world is complex. Sometimes, the value must be based on recent events, thus is based on short-term memories. Or, the value must be based on historical events, thus is based on long-term memories. Such memory-based value judgment is generated by another parallel circuit originating from the caudate head and caudate tail. These circuit-information mechanisms allow other brain areas (e.g., prefrontal cortex) to contribute to decisions by sending information to these basal ganglia circuits. Moreover, the basal ganglia mechanisms (i.e., what to choose) are associated with cerebellum mechanisms (i.e., when to choose). Overall, multiple levels of parallel circuits in and around the basal ganglia are essential for coordinated behaviors. Understanding these circuits is useful for creating clinical treatments of disorders resulting from the failure of these circuits.
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Bek J, Poliakoff E, Lander K. Measuring emotion recognition by people with Parkinson's disease using eye-tracking with dynamic facial expressions. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 331:108524. [PMID: 31747554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motion is an important cue to emotion recognition, and it has been suggested that we recognize emotions via internal simulation of others' expressions. There is a reduction of facial expression in Parkinson's disease (PD), which may influence the ability to use motion to recognise emotions in others. However, the majority of previous work in PD has used only static expressions. Moreover, few studies have used eye-tracking to explore emotion processing in PD. NEW METHOD We measured accuracy and eye movements in people with PD and healthy controls when identifying emotions from both static and dynamic facial expressions. RESULTS The groups did not differ overall in emotion recognition accuracy, but motion significantly increased recognition only in the control group. Participants made fewer and longer fixations when viewing dynamic expressions, and interest area analysis revealed increased gaze to the mouth region and decreased gaze to the eyes for dynamic stimuli, although the latter was specific to the control group. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Ours is the first study to directly compare recognition of static and dynamic emotional expressions in PD using eye-tracking, revealing subtle differences between groups that may otherwise be undetected. CONCLUSIONS It is feasible and informative to use eye-tracking with dynamic expressions to investigate emotion recognition in PD. Our findings suggest that people with PD may differ from healthy older adults in how they utilise motion during facial emotion recognition. Nonetheless, gaze patterns indicate some effects of motion on emotional processing, highlighting the need for further investigation in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Bek
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Ellen Poliakoff
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Karen Lander
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, UK.
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Nagai K, Kaneko Y, Suzuki M, Teramoto H, Morita A, Kamei S, Watanabe Y, Okada M, Uchiyama M. Multimodal visual exploration disturbances in Parkinson's disease detected with an infrared eye-movement assessment system. Neurosci Res 2019; 160:50-56. [PMID: 31715198 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) reportedly show disturbed visual exploration. However, whether this disturbance is due to dysfunctional visual information processing remains unclear. To clarify the effects of PD on visual information processing when exploring for targets and to compare disease effects with aging effects, we used an infrared eye-movement assessment system. Cognitively normal PD patients (n = 13), healthy age-matched (n = 17) and young controls (n = 36) participated in this study, and were evaluated using two figure-matching tasks representing visual information processing (clock-matching and inverted clock-matching tasks) and saccade tasks representing oculomotor function. With figure-matching tasks, PD patients showed significantly larger numbers of images watched in a single trial compared to healthy age-matched controls on the inverted clock-matching task. No aging effects was found in these variables. In contrast, no disease effect was apparent for reaction time, which was significantly longer in healthy age-matched controls than in healthy young controls. For saccade tasks, PD patients showed significantly smaller saccade size than healthy age-matched controls on the antisaccade task, but no aging effects were evident. Our approaches highlighted that visual exploration disturbance in PD may be due to dysfunctional visual information processing in addition to dysfunctional oculomotor processing. These disease effects may differ from aging effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kou Nagai
- Department of Psychiatry, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kaneko
- Department of Psychiatry, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hiroko Teramoto
- Department of Neurology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Morita
- Department of Neurology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kamei
- Department of Neurology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Watanabe
- Department of Radiology, Showa General Hospital, 2-450 Tenjincho, Kodaira-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Okada
- Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Uchiyama
- Department of Psychiatry, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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48
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The effect of levodopa on saccades – Oxford Quantification in Parkinsonism study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019; 68:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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49
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Pretegiani E, Vanegas-Arroyave N, FitzGibbon EJ, Hallett M, Optican LM. Evidence From Parkinson's Disease That the Superior Colliculus Couples Action and Perception. Mov Disord 2019; 34:1680-1689. [PMID: 31633242 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Action and perception should be coordinated for good visual-motor performance. The mechanism coupling action and perception may be a prominence map in the intermediate layer of the superior colliculus that modulates motor and attentional/perceptual processes. This coordination comes with a cost: the misperception that briefly overlapping stimuli are separated in time. Our model predicts that abnormal intermediate layer of the superior colliculus inhibition, such as that arising from increased basal ganglia output, would affect the action and perception coupling, and it would worsen the misperception. OBJECTIVE To test the prominence map model by measuring reaction times and perceptions in human intermediate layer of the superior colliculus dysfunction. METHODS We measured the saccadic and perceptual reaction time changes and the percept for different temporal asynchronies between fixation point offset and peripheral target onset in Parkinson's disease (PD). RESULTS We found that increased basal ganglia inhibitory output to the intermediate layer of the superior colliculus prominence map disrupted the normal coupling of action and perception. With increasing temporal asynchronies, the PD perceptual reaction times increased approximately 3 times more than the increase of the saccadic reaction times. Also, PD subjects misperceive small overlaps as gaps for temporal asynchronies up to 3 times longer than controls. The results can be reproduced by an intermediate layer of the superior colliculus rostral-caudal gradient of inhibition. CONCLUSION These findings support the hypothesis that a prominence map in the intermediate layer of the superior colliculus couples action and perception through modulation of attention. A dysfunction of this network quantifies abnormal basal ganglia output and could underlie visual deficits, including common, yet poorly understood, misperceptions and visual-motor deficits of PD. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pretegiani
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nora Vanegas-Arroyave
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Edmond J FitzGibbon
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lance M Optican
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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50
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Montenegro SM, Edelman JA. Impact of task-specific training on saccadic eye movement performance. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:1661-1674. [PMID: 31461366 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00020.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prosaccades are saccadic eye movements made reflexively in response to the sudden appearance of visual stimuli, whereas antisaccades are saccades that are directed to a location opposite a stimulus. Bibi and Edelman (Bibi R, Edelman JA. J Neurophysiol 102: 3101-3110, 2009) demonstrated that decreases in reaction time resulting from training prosaccades along one spatial axis (horizontal or vertical) could transfer to prosaccades made along the other axis. To help determine whether visual or motor-related processes underlie this facilitation, in the present study we trained participants to make prosaccades and probed their performance (reaction time, error rate) on antisaccade trials and vice versa. Subjects were probed for the effects of training on saccade performance before, during, and after 12 sessions of training. Training on prosaccades improved performance on both pro- and antisaccade tasks. Antisaccade training, with either a classic step task or a gap task, improved performance on gap prosaccades, though by less than it improved antisaccade performance, but had limited effect on an overlap prosaccade task. Across all subjects, training on one task only rarely had an adverse impact on an untrained task. These findings suggest that the predominant effect of saccade training is to facilitate fixation disengagement and motor preparation processes while having little impact on visual input to the saccadic system.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first systematic examination of whether training of prosaccades and antisaccades is task specific or instead transfers to the other saccade type. It finds that training tends to improve performance of all saccade types tested. These behavioral results provide insight into saccade neurophysiology, suggesting that saccade training enhances processes related to motor excitation and inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Montenegro
- Department of Biology, The City College of The City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Jay A Edelman
- Department of Biology, The City College of The City University of New York, New York, New York.,Doctoral Program in Biology, The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, New York, New York
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